SAMPLING METHODS

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Sampling
Sampling refers to the statistical process of selecting and studying the characteristics of a relatively small number of items from a relatively large population of such items,, to draw statistically valid inferences about the characteristics about the entire population.

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Methods

There are two broad methods of sampling used by researchers.

Random (or probability) sampling.

Non-random (or nonprobability) sampling

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Random sampling (Probability sampling)

In this technique, each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected as subject.

The entire process of sampling is done in a single step with each subject selected independently of the other members of thepopulation.

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Types of random sampling methods

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Simple random sampling

Simple random sampling ensures that each possible sample has an equal probability of being selected, and each item in the entire population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

The entire process of sampling is done in a single step with each subject selected independently of the other members of thepopulation.

There are many methods to proceed with simple random sampling. The most primitive and mechanical would be the lottery method.

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Conti

Each member of the population is assigned a unique number. Each number is placed in a bowl or a hat and mixed thoroughly.

The blind-folded researcher then picks numbered tags from the hat. All the individuals bearing the numbers picked by the researcher are the subjects for the study.

Another way would be to let a computer do a random selection from your population. For populations with a small number of members, it is advisable to use the first method but if the population has many members, a computer-aided random selection is preferred.

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Systematic Sampling

In systematic random sampling, the researcher first randomly picks the first item or subject from the population. Then, the researcher will select each n'th subject from the list.

The procedure involved in systematic random sampling is very easy and can be done manually.

The results are representative of the population unless certain characteristics of the population are repeated for every n'th individual, which is highly unlikely.

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The process of obtaining the systematic sample is much like an arithmetic progression.

Starting number : The researcher selects an integer that must be less than the total number of individuals in the population. This integer will correspond to the first subject.

Interval : The researcher picks another integer which will serve as the constant difference between any two consecutive numbers in the progression.

The integer is typically selected so that the researcher obtains the correct sample size

For example, the researcher has a population total of 100 individuals and need 12 subjects. He first picks his starting number, 5.

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Stratified Sampling

Stratified sampling is a probability sampling technique wherein the researcher divides the entire population into different subgroups or strata, then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the differentstrata.

It is important to note that the strata must be non-overlapping. This completely negates the concept of stratified sampling as a type of probability sampling.

Equally important is the fact that the researcher must use simpleprobability sampling within the different strata.

The most common strata used in stratified random sampling are age, gender, socioeconomic status, religion, nationality and educational attainment.

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Cluster Sampling

In cluster sampling, instead of selecting all the subjects from the entire population right off, the researcher takes several steps in gathering his sample population. First, the researcher selects groups or clusters, and then from each cluster, the researcher selects the individual subjects by eithersimple randomorsystematic random sampling. The researcher can even opt to include the entire cluster and not just a subset from it.

The most common cluster used in research is a geographical cluster. For example, a researcher wants to survey academic performance of high school students in Spain. He can divide the entire population (population of Spain) into different clusters (cities).

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Then the researcher selects a number of clusters depending on his research through simple or systematic random sampling.

Then, from the selected clusters (randomly selected cities) the researcher can either include all the high school students as subjects or he can select a number of subjects from each cluster through simple or systematic random sampling.

The important thing to remember about thissampling techniqueis to give all the clusters equal chances of being selected.

Types of cluster sample.

1.

ONE-STAGE CLUSTER SAMPLE TWO-STAGE CLUSTER SAMPLE

2.

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Non random sampling (Non-probability sampling)

Non probability sampling is also known by different names such as deliberate sampling, purposive and judgement sampling.

It is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being included in the sample.

It does not allow the study's findings to be generalized from the sample to the population.

When discussing the results of a non-probability sample, the researcher must limit his/her findings to the persons or elements sampled.

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Non-random sampling methods

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Convenience sampling

Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher.

The subjects are selected just because they are easiest to recruit for the study and the researcher did not consider selecting subjects that are representative of the entire population.

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In all forms of research, it would be ideal to test the entire population, but in most cases, the population is just too large that it is impossible to include every individual.

This is the reason why most researchers rely on sampling techniques likeconvenience sampling, the most common of all sampling techniques. Many researchers prefer this sampling technique because it is fast, inexpensive, easy and thesubjectsare readily available.

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Purposive sampling

In purposive sampling we sample with a purpose in mind. In purposive sampling, the researcher employs his or her own "expert judgment about who to include in the sample frame.

Prior knowledge and research skill are used in selecting the respondents or elements to be sampled.

We usually would have one or more specific predefined groups we are seeking .

Used for situations for reaching a target sample quickly.

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Judgement sampling

A form of convenience sampling in which the population elements are purposively selected based on the judgement of the researcher.

It is low cost, convenient and quick. It is useful if broad population inferences are not required.

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Quota Sampling

Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the assembled sample has the same proportions of individuals as the entire population with respect to known characteristics, traits or focused phenomenon.

In addition to this, the researcher must make sure that the composition of the final sample to be used in the study meets the researchs quota criteria.

The main reason why researchers choose quota samples is that it allows the researchers to sample a subgroup that is of great interest to the study. If a study aims to investigate a trait or a characteristic of a certain subgroup, this type of sampling is the ideal technique.

Quota samplingalso allows the researchers to observe relationships between subgroups. In some studies, traits of a certain subgroup interact with other traits of another subgroup.

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Snowball sampling

In snowball sampling, you begin with identifying someone who meets the criteria for inclusion in your studies

You then ask them to recommend others who they may know who also meet the criteria.

It is useful when you are trying to reach populations that are inaccessible or hard to find.

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