HAND TAPS

Taper
Tapered from end six threads Used to start thread easily Used for tapping hole that goes through work as well as blind hole

Plug
Tapered for three threads Tread hole through workpiece

Bottoming tap
Not tapered but chamfered at end Used for threading to bottom of blind hole

Another Method of Identifying Taps

Use of annular rings cut around top of shank
One taper tap

Two plug tap

Three bottoming tap

Tap Drill Size

Hole drilled to correct tap drill size

Leave proper amount of material for tap to cut thread (75%)
TDS D 1 N

Find tap drill size for a 7/8 in. 9NC tap

7 1 TDS 8 9 .875 .111 .764 in.
A = body size B = tap drill size C = minor diameter

TDS = tap drill size D = major diameter of tap N = number of threads per inch

Metric Taps
Several thread forms and standards in metric thread system International Standards Organization (ISO) has adopted standard metric thread

Will be used in US, Canada and other countries Have only 25 thread sizes (1.6 to 100 mm)

Available in sets of three: taper, plug and bottoming taps

Identified by letter M followed by nominal

diameter of thread in mm times pitch in mm

Tap Drill Sizes for Metric Taps

Tap

drill size for metric taps calculated in same manner as for U.S. Standard threads

TDS = major diameter (mm) pitch (mm)

Example: Find the tap drill size for a 22 2.5 mm thread TDS = 22 2.5 = 19.5 mm

Tapping a Hole
Operation of cutting internal thread using tap and tap wrench Taps hard and brittle Easily broken

Extreme care used to prevent breakage Broken tap in hole difficult to remove and

often results in scrapping work

To Tap Hole By Hand

1.

Select correct taps and tap wrench for job

2.

Apply suitable cutting fluid to the tap

No fluid required for tapping brass or cast iron

3.

Place tap in hole as vertically as possible; press downward on wrench, applying equal pressure on both handles; turn clockwise (for right-hand thread) for two turns

4. Remove tap wrench and check tap for squareness Check two positions at 90 to each other 5. If tap not entered squarely, remove from hole and restart it by applying pressure in direction from which tap leans 6. When tap properly started, feed it into hole by turning tap wrench 7. Turn tap clockwise one-quarter turn, and turn it backward about turn to break the chip (must turn with steady motion)

Removing Broken Taps

Several methods may be used to remove broken tap (some successful, others not!) Tap Extractor
Tool with four fingers that slip into flutes of broken

tap; wrench fitter to extractor and turned to extract

Drilling
Drill through broken tap

Acid Method
Acid acts on steel and loosens tap for extraction

Tap Disintegrators
Uses electrical discharge principle to cut through

tap

To Remove Broken Tap Using a Tap Extractor

1.
2.

Select proper size extractor for tap

Slide collar, to which fingers attached, down body so fingers project well below end of body Slide fingers into flutes of broken tap, making sure they go down into hole as far as possible

3.

4. Slide body down until it rests on top of broken tap Give maximum support to fingers 5. Slide collar down until it rests on top of work Also provides support for fingers 6. Apply wrench to square end of body top 7. Turn wrench gently in counterclockwise direction

Note: Do not force extractor will damage fingers

To Remove Broken Tap (Carbon Steel) By Drilling

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

Heat broken tap to bright red color and allow it to cool slowly Center-punch tap close to center Using drill smaller than distance between opposite flutes, carefully drill holl through broken tap Enlarge hole to remove as much of metal between flutes as possible Collapse remaining part with punch and remove pieces

To Remove Broken Tap (Highspeed Steel) Using the Acid Method

Dilute one part nitric acid with five parts water 2. Inject mixture into hole; acid will act on steel and loosen tap 3. Remove tap with extractor or pliers 4. Wash remaining acid from thread with water to neutralize acid
1.

Threading Dies
Used to cut external threads on round work Most common threading dies

Adjustable split die Adjustable screw plate die Solid die Used for chasing or recutting damaged threads May be driven by suitable wrench Not adjustable

Threading Dies

Adjustable split die

Has adjusting screw that permits

adjustment over or under standard depth of thread Fits into die stock
Adjustable screw plate Two die halves held in

die

collet by threaded plate Adjusting screws against each die half Greater adjustment than split die

To Thread With a Hand Die

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Chamfer end of workpiece with file or on grinder Fasten work securely in vise Select proper die and die stock Lubricate tapered end of die with suitable cutting lubricant Place tapered end of die squarely on workpiece

6. Press down on die stock handles and turn clockwise several turns 7. Check die to see that it has started squarely with work 8. If not square, remove die and restart 9. Turn die forward one turn and reverse it approximately one-half turn to break chip 10. During threading process, apply cutting fluid frequently
If thread must be cut to shoulder, remove die and restart it with tapered side of die facing up (complete the thread)

Threads

Thread
Helical ridge of uniform section formed on

inside or outside of cylinder or cone

Used for several purposes:

Fasten devices such as screws, bolts, studs,

and nuts Provide accurate measurement, as in micrometer Transmit motion Increase force

THREAD

TERMINOLOGY

Thread Terminology

Screw thread
Helical ridge of uniform section formed on

inside or outside of cylinder or cone

External thread
Cut on external surface or cone

Internal thread
Produced on inside of cylinder or cone

Thread Terminology

External thread (male)-A thread cut on the outside of a cylindrical body.

Internal (female)-A thread cut on the inside of a cylindrical body. thread

Right-hand thread Helical ridge of uniform cross section onto which nut is threaded in clockwise direction When cut on lathe, toolbit advanced from right to left

Left-hand thread
Helical ridge of uniform cross section onto which nut is threaded in counterclockwise direction When cut on lathe, toolbit advanced from left to right

Thread Forms

April, 1975 ISO came to an agreement covering standard metric thread profile
Specifies sizes and pitches for various

threads in new ISO Metric Thread Standard Has 25 thread sizes, range in diameter from 1.6 to 100 mm Identified by letter M, nominal diameter, and pitch M 5 X 0.8

ISO Metric Thread

60 included angle, crest = 0.125 times pitch

D (depth of thread) is 0.6143 times pitch Root is 1/4th of pitch, Flat on root (FR) wider than crest (FC)

Thread Form
Form is the profile shape of the thread.

Six Ways to Check Threads

Depends on accuracy required:

1. Master nut or screw 2. Thread micrometer 3. Three wires 4. Thread roll or snap gage 5. Thread ring or plug gage 6. Optical comparator

Common Methods of Measuring Threads

Thread ring gage 2. Thread plug gage 3. Thread snap gage 4. Screw thread micrometer 5. Optical comparator 6. Three-wire method
1.

THE END

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