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Clinical Psychologist (Ph.D., C. Psych.) Psychiatrist (M.D.) Psychiatric Social Worker (M.S.W.) Psychoanalyst Therapist
murders? People who want to cut off their arms and legs? People who cant pay attention and concentrate?
I should like to make clear, therefore, that although I consider the concept of mental illness to be unserviceable, I believe that psychiatry could be a science. I also believe that psychotherapy is an effective method of helping people not to recover from an illness but rather to learn about themselves, others and life. Szasz
biomedical, culturally independent, value-free concept Or as a social, culturally relative, value-based concept.
A person has a mental disorder when their behaviour, ability, or experience is significantly different from average.
Uggo Betti:
All
of us are mad. If it werent for the fact that every one of us is slightly abnormal, there wouldnt be any point of giving each person a separate name.
Sedgwick (1982):
All
sickness is essentially deviancy from some alternative state of affairs which is considered more desirable The attribution of illness always proceeds from the computation of a gap between presented behaviour (or feeling) and some social norm.
Problems cont:
For
many mechanisms there is a wide range of adaptive functioning across people and situations (fear response).
Problems cont:
Many
about the person who abuses drugs or believes they are receiving messages from outer-space without experiencing distress?
may be situations that people should not adapt to This approach emphasizes fitting in as being ultimately important
Problems:
What
if violation is result of external circumstances Such a criteria can seem too arbitrary and open to abuse
A mental disorder is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioural or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.
How one thinks about the role of culture depends on your definition of mental disorder
If biomedical, then culture influences how a disorder impacts members of different cultures
Different
in interpersonal relations
Further exploration:
Linienfeld, S. O., & Marino, L. (1995). Mental Disorder as a Roschian Concept: A critique of Wakefields Harmful Dysfunction analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(3), 411420. Szasz, T. (2000). Second commentary on Aristotles function argument. Philosophical Psychiatry and Psychology 7(1), 3-16. Wakefield, J. (1992). The concept of mental disorder: On the boundary between biological facts and social values. American Psychologist, 47(3), 373-388.