Microbiology 200

Review for Final

Breakdown of the Final

46 Questions covering material from first 4 exams 54 Questions covering material on 3rd Respiratory Infection lecture, GI infections, STDs, and Occupational Safety
4 on 3rd Respiratory Infection lecture

24 on GI infections 21 on STDs 5 on Occupational Safety 9 case studies New material will be more specifically covered. Study new material as you studied the other organ systems.

Gastrointestinal Disease Emphasis

Know diseases and the infectious agents that cause them Virulence factors: low infective dose or if toxin is produced, specific name of toxin if there is one, certain tissue predilection, whether produces septicemia Characteristic Signs/symptoms: parotitis with mumps, rice-water stools with cholera, blood and mucus with Shigella dysenteriae and Entamoeba histolytica, # of hours before onset of signs/symptoms Association with dietary ingredients: dental caries and sucrose

Gastrointestinal Disease Emphasis

Characteristics of Hepatitis Virus:
HAV: naked ss (+) RNA virus HBV: enveloped circular dsDNA virus with ssDNA gaps and intermediate RNA stage HCV: enveloped ss (+) RNA virus

What protozoans are mentioned, what class is each protozoan in, and signs/symptoms associated with each?
Giardia lamblia: flagellate, very smelly loose fatty stools with excessive flatulence, weight loss; Entamoeba histolytica: amoeba, dysentery; Cryptosporidium parvum: sporozoan, self-limiting diarrhea in healthy people but life-threatening diarrhea in immunocompromised people

Gastrointestinal Disease Emphasis

What helminths were mentioned and what signs/symptoms are associated with these infestations?
Enterobius vermicularis: perianal itching, irritability, sleeplessness Ascaris lumbricoides: blockage and migration Necator americanus: iron deficiency anemia Taenia solium: maybe weight loss

Associated with eating particular food? (Taenia solium: pork)

Gastrointestinal infections
Intoxications vs Toxico-infections vs Infections
Toxico-Infections
Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringenes Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) Cholera ETEC, EHEC, EIEC Pseudomembranous colitis

Intoxications
Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens

Infections
Typhoid fever (enteric fever)

Bacterial vs. Viral GI diseases

Bacterial
Dental caries Gingivitis Periodontal disease Salmonellosis Typhoid (enteric) fever Bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) Campylobacter jejuni Peptic ulcers Cholera

Viral
Mumps Hepatitis A, B, C infection Rotavirus infection

Urinary tract infections and STDs emphasis

Know diseases and the infectious agents that cause them Know characteristics of infectious agents: Neisseria gonorrhoeae: gram (-) diplococci Treponema pallidum: spirochete Chlamydia trachomatis: gram (-) coccobacillus Hemophilus ducreyi: gram (-) rod Candida albicans: gram (+) budding yeast, pseudohyphae Trichomonas vaginalis: flagellated protozoan Know specific treatments

Urinary tract infections and STDs emphasis

Complications, if any UTI: septicemia Gonorrhea, NGU: PID, infertility, sterility, ectopic pregnancy Syphilis: tertiary syphilis, congenital syphilis (Hutchinsons teeth, saddle nose, Saber shin, deafness) Genital herpes: recurrent episodes, Caesarean delivery perhaps HPV: cervical carcinoma HIV: AIDS

Urinary tract infections and STDs emphasis

Specific predispositions to disease:
Candida albicans vaginitis: pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, antibiotic therapy Trichomonas vaginalis: vaginal pH > 5 Any STD is more easily transmitted to someone who is already infected with a STD that produces open lesions like syphilis, genital herpes, chancroid Indicator infections for AIDS

Bacterial Vs Viral STDs

Bacterial Gonorrhea NGU (post-gonococcal urethritis) LGV PID Syphilis Chancroid Viral Genital Herpes Genital Warts or Condyloma accuminata HIV infection or AIDS

Use your old exams and the old practice exams as study guides for the old material. Be able to answer each question correctly and then go back and ask yourself why the incorrect answers for each question are wrong. If you can do that for every question on the old exams, you should know that material well enough to answer any question I may ask.

In first lecture, I mentioned individuals who made important contributions to microbiology. You should know them and their contributions. Probably those mentioned more than once (Koch, Pasteur, Fleming, Jenner). Appearance of gram-positives vs. gram-negatives after the gram stain gram positive: purple gram negative:pink-red

Components of gram-positive cell walls and gram-negative cell walls

Gram-positive:
Peptidoglycan teichoic acids

Gram-negative:
Peptidoglycan Lipoproteins, phospholipids Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Lipid A (endotoxin) O polysaccharide

What is common to both and what is unique about each?

Difference between noncompetitive and competitive inhibition

Competitive: inhibitor binds to active site Noncompetitive: inhibitor binds somewhere else besides the active site, changing conformation of active site

Stages of bacterial growth curve and what is going on in each stage

Lag: bacteria adjusting to medium, active enzymatically Log (exponential): most active growth Stationary: # of growing organisms = # of dying organisms Death: wastes build up, nutrients spent, most cells dying

Best sterilization procedures for different types of materials

Autoclaving: for glass, anything that can withstand pressure, moisture, and temperature Ethylene oxide sterilization: for plastics, sutures, stuff that would melt or cant stand pressure. Disinfectants: QUATs: NH4+ core structure organic matter and soap neutralize. Glutaraldehyde: disinfectant: > 10 minutes Sterilizer: >3-10 hours

Know what conjugation, transformation, and transduction are

Conjugation: transfer of plasmid from F+ cell to F- cell. Involves cell to cell contact. Transformation: transfer of naked DNA Transduction: transfer of DNA with help of a bacteriophage (bacterial virus)

Important aspects of lac operon

function of repressor: block the ability of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription of genes function of inducer: induces transcription by binding to repressor and preventing it from binding to Operator region what the inducer is: allolactose what occurs at promoter region: where RNA polymerase interacts and initiates transcription what occurs at the operator region: where repressor sits in absence of inducer, stop-go signal

Enzymes used in biotechnology

restriction enzyme (endonuclease): enzyme that cuts DNA at particular nucleoside base sequence reverse transcriptase: enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA DNA ligase: enzyme that forms tight bonds between newly synthesized strands of DNA Taq polymerase: enzyme used in PCR; synthesizes DNA based on the template it is using

Biotech techniques
PCR: amplifies single gene into many copies Western blot: separates proteins in a sample by size using electrical field and then detects certain proteins with antibodies DNA fingerprinting: cuts a large piece of DNA into smaller pieces with enzymes and separates them by size using an electrical field; generates RFLPs

Metabolic Properties of Organisms

Photoautotroph: light (E), CO2 (C) Photoheterotroph: light (E), organic compounds (C) Chemoautotroph: Inorganic compounds (E), CO2 (C) Chemoheterotroph: Organic compounds (E) and (C)

Exotoxin vs. endotoxin

Exotoxin:
made by bacteria and secreted Usually associated with gram-positive organisms Some gram-negatives also make

Endotoxin:
Part of cell wall of all gram-negative bacteria Lipid A

ID of important organisms: diseases they cause and important biochemical info

Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Rhinovirus Candida albicans Streptococcus pneumoniae Plasmodium vivax Herpes Simplex Virus Prions Hemophilus influenzae b Varicella Zoster Virus Human Papilloma Virus Influenza Virus Bordetella pertussis Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Modes of action of antibiotics

Quinolones (ciprofloxacin): inhibit DNA gyrase Aminoglycosides (gentamicin): inhibit protein synthesis (prevents t-RNA from binding to 30S ribosome subunit); synergy with -lactams Penicillins: inhibit cell wall synthesis Tetracyclines: inhibit protein synthesis (prevents t-RNA from binding to 30S ribosome subunit) Erythromycin: inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosome subunit Cephalosporins: inhibit cell wall synthesis

Specific treatments
Acyclovir: herpes infections Azoles: fungal infections Specific drug regimens for STDs Genital herpes: acyclovir or its derivatives Syphilis: benzathine penicillin, IM Chlamydia: azithromycin orally Gonorrhea: ceftriaxone, IM HIV: HAART Specific therapies for diseases, i.e., rehydration for diarrhea

Cells of immune system and their functions and characteristics

Neutrophil: first cell to respond to an infectious agent B cell: principal cell of specific humoral immune response, becomes plasma cell and produces antibodies T-helper cell: CD4+ T cell, produces cytokines that tell other cells what to do Cytotoxic T cell: CD8+ T cell, CTL, kills infected or abnormal cells

Classes of antibodies and characteristics of the class

IgM: first class produced in response to an extracellular antigen IgG: most abundant class in serum; crosses the placenta IgA: associated with secretory fluids (tears, saliva, breast milk, mucus) and mucous membranes IgD: receptor on B cell IgE: associated with allergies, helminth infections

Cytokines mentioned in class and their effects on the body

Interleukin-1 (IL-1): causes fever Tumor Necrosis Factor- (TNF- ): increases permeability of blood vessels, can make blood pressure drop Interferons (IFN): interfere with viral replication

Oncogenic Viruses
Epstein-Barr Virus Hepatitis B Virus Human Papilloma Virus

Vaccines
Know what diseases have vaccines to prevent them and what the vaccine is called, type of vaccine
Smallpox (Variola Major): Vaccinia Chickenpox (Varicella Zoster Virus): Varivax Measle-Mumps-Rubella: MMR Rabies: HDCV Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis: DTaP, ACELIMUNE (pertussis) Polio: Sabin Oral Polio (TOPV) and Salk (TIPV) Hemophilus influenzae b: HibTITER Streptococcus pneumoniae: Pneumovax Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis): BCG Influenza: changes yearly Hepatitis B: recombinant vaccine (Energix B, Recombivax HB) Hepatitis A

Vaccines
Know what diseases have vaccines to prevent them and what the vaccine is called, type of vaccine
Meningococcal meningitis: Menactra Yellow Fever Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): Gardasil Anthrax: Bacillus anthracis Rotavirus (Rotateq) Typhoid fever : live attenuated Salmonella typhi

How different organisms are transmitted

Fecal-oral route: most GI infections, polio virus, Hepatitis A URT: most respiratory infections, measles, smallpox, rubella, most causes of meningitis Saliva: Herpes Simplex Virus-1, Mumps, EBV Direct contact: dermatophytes Arthropod-borne: St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile Fever, African Sleeping sickness, tularemia, bubonic plague, Lyme disease, RMSF, yellow fever, dengue fever, malaria, Chagas disease (know specific insect)

How different organisms are transmitted

Blood: HIV, HBV, HCV Sexual intercourse: HIV, gonorrhea, genital warts, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydia, HBV, HCV, Trichomonas

Signs/symptoms associated with infections

Pharyngitis: sore and inflamed throat Meningitis: stiff neck, headache, fever, photophobia Cystitis: dysuria, frequency and urgency in urination, pyuria Hepatitis: jaundice Otitis media: bulging eardrum Pneumonia: dull to percussion, fluid in lungs

Type of specimens required for diagnosis

Meningitis: CSF Septicemia: blood URT: throat swab LRT: usually sputum GI: feces STDs: semen, endocervical swab UTI: urine

What diseases overall are caused by exotoxins

Tetanus Botulism Anthrax Gas gangrene Bubonic plague Diphtheria Pertussis S.aureus food poisoning Escherichia coli Cholera Pseudomembranous colitis C. perfringens food poisoning Shigellosis

Diseases Associated with Animals

Brucellosis (cows) Anthrax (cows, sheep, goat) Toxoplasmosis (cats) Tularemia (rabbits) Bubonic plague (prairie dogs, squirrels) Rabies (any mammal) Histoplasmosis (bats, birds) Cryptococcal meningitis (birds) Salmonellosis (poultry, reptiles) Lassa Fever (rodents)