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Emotional behavior originally served both as an aid to survival and as a method of communicating intentions -Charles Darwin (1809-1882) 23-05-2012

What are EMOTIONS?

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Components of EMOTIONS
1. Subjective Feeling- That is how the individual interprets what they are feeling at any point. These are inner personal experiences.

2. Expressive behavior- This refers to the outward signs that an emotion is being experienced. 3. Physiological Responses- This involves bodily changes which occur when we experience an emotion.
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Functions of EMOTIONS
Arousal Motivation Adaptive functions Adding color to our lives Regulating social interactions

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Scientific Approach to EMOTIONS

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Candace Perts Theory

Her research suggests that emotions take the form of real, concrete substances in our body, called peptides. They continually come into contact with our immune system, endocrine system, nervous system, etc. Depending on our emotional state (happy, sad, angry, etc), different peptides are released and hence, different messages are sent throughout the body.

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Peptides and Receptors

Peptides are the most "popular" information substances. They can go around the neighborhood and throughout all the body's systems.

Receptors are attached to the oily surface (membrane) of the cells and receive messages from the glands. The job of the receptor is to receive the incoming update on "Body-Brain News".

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The message received by the receptor changes the cell in a specific way. The message is like a set of instructions for the cell to perform specific physiological activities, and it sets off a cascade of events like releasing of proteins etc which governs our actions and reactions.

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Types of EMOTIONS
6 Basic types of emotions Happiness Surprise Disgust Fear Anger Sadness
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Happiness is a positive emotion. Most of us see laughter as a sign of happiness, and can lead to good health.
Physiological changes Increases blood pressure Increases heart rate Changes breathing Reduces levels of certain neuro chemicals Provides a boost to the immune system

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 Surprise is also known as a positive emotion.

An expression used when something unexpected or sudden occurs. Physiological changes almost same as happiness.
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 Anger is also a negative emotion.

Anger is a strong feeling of annoyance and displeasure, often accompanied by hostility. Its intensity can range from mild irritation to intense rage and fury. Heart rate and blood pressure increase, as does the level of adrenalin, noradrenaline and your energy hormones.
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 Disgust is known as a negative emotion.

Disgust is a strong feeling of dislike.

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 Fear is a negative emotion.

A feeling that something dreadful or dangerous is about to happen. When we experience fear, it may result in a momentary loss of voice, or shaking of the limbs. It can also lead to freezing
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 Sadness is also known as a negative emotion.

The state of being sad, unhappy, sorrowful, or mournful

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Emotion or feeling Anger Fear

Possible Stimulus Prevented from doing something you want Any threat or danger

Adaptive behaviour Destroy the thing in your way Protection often through freezing so you are not noticed Search for help and comfort

Sadness

Loss of something important

Disgust

Something gruesome, awful

A sudden unexpected event

Reject or push away the thing that is revolting

Focus on the new thing, wide eyes take in as much as possible

Surprise

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Effect of Emotions on Health

Extensive research into feelings and attitudes of a person suggest negative or pessimistic attitudes about oneself and the world in general can have a negative impact on the body. Positive or optimistic attitudes result in increasing the flow of communication. This could result in boosting the immune system (i.e. health).

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Plutchik's Theory of Emotions

Robert Plutchik (1980), an American Psychologist proposed that there is a basic set of emotions that all people experience. These emotions are innate and directly related to adaptive behaviour that is designed to enhance our survival in just the same way as the fight or flight response is designed to help us survive. Plutchik's model is based on an emotion wheel
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EMOTIONAL WHEEL

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 Plutchik's model is based on an emotion wheel . This shows eight basic emotions According to Plutchik we cannot experience opposite emotions at the same time.

Positive emotions are seen to have a positive impact on our health while negative emotions can make us ill. He did suggest that we can experience blends of emotions. These can be seen in the color wheel. Joy and acceptance for example produce the complex emotion of love.
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James Lange theory

James-Lange theory. suggests that when we perceive a threatening stimulus such as a very large spider near us, the perception immediately affects the autonomic nervous system. This creates a specific response with increases in things such as blood pressure, heart rate and breathing This theory assumes a different pattern of physiological response for each emotion

One of the main criticisms of this theory is that there is very little difference between the physiological patterns of arousal in a number of emotions such as anger, fear and sadness, yet our facial expression, body reaction and the way we rate the experience differ a lot.

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The Canon - Bard Theory

This theory suggests that when a person faces an event that affects them, the message collected from the sensory system travels to the thalamus in the brain. Here the message divides. One part goes to the cortex where we have a conscious subjective experience of the emotion such as fear, anger, surprise or joy.

This is what people will say when asked what they are "feeling The other part goes to the hypothalamus which then triggers off the physiological changes as well as the facial expression and body language that goes with certain responses.
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Location Of Hypothalamus

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AROUSAL AND PERFORMANCE

one of the main functions of emotions is to motivate new behaviors.

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 Performance on a task depends on the amount of physiological arousal that we experience at any point together with the perceived difficulty. Factors that influence optimum level of arousal for particular task.

Task Difficulty
Task familiarity Individual differences
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Influencing Emotions

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There are a lot of things in our daily lives that can influence our emotions. These can range anywhere from colour, to society, religion, family life, school, clothes, media, music, meditation etc.

Now we will look how colour can influence our emotions, what colours can do to help improve our emotions.

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Yellow: Is a mental stimulant, and stimulates the nerves. Emotional, positive, cautious. Orange: Brightens the emotions and also stimulates the nerves. Deep orange has the most exciting influence. Emotional, positive, organic. Green: Affects the nervous system, and is hypnotic and sedative. Lowers blood pressure. It is useful in cases of exhaustion, neuralgia, nervous irritability, anxieties, neurotic fears, and headaches. Has an overall calming affect (This is why green is used in operating theatres and on hospital gowns for its calming effect). Comforting.
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Violet: Has the most subduing influence followed by purple.

Red: Danger, negative feelings, and excitement.

Light blue: Youthful, cool, masculine

Dark blue: Calming, trustworthy, stable, mature.

Black: Seriousness, death, heaviness

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Facial Expressions

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Impact of Family
Our families are the first group of people we come into contact with. Therefore, who we are and who we become is shaped by the functionality of our family. When our needs are met, we are able to develop our internal resources so that we can meet our own needs by finding constructive ways.

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 Parents sometimes impose their needs and wants onto their children, trying to meet their own needs through their children. The result here is a dysfunctional family. Some examples of the roles in a dysfunctional family include: The Scapegoat: this could be a rebellious child who offers his/her parents a distraction from their problems. The Hero and Saint: this child could take on the role as a "perfect student" who supplies the family with dignity The Mascot: this child is cute and funny to relieve tension that may have developed between the parents.

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Dealing With EMOTIONS

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The first step toward feeling better is becoming better at feeling."

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10 ways to deal with emotions

1. Learn to accept yourself and your emotions as they are. 2. Objectify the emotion by: a. Writing a letter to it, b. Dialoguing with it, c. Drawing it, d. Speaking to it, e. Dancing it. 3. Keep up a high level of energy through proper diet, exercise, breathing, relaxation, meditation, etc. 4. Visualize yourself feeling safe and worthy in those situations, which usually cause you to feel unpleasant emotions. 5. Make more dynamic efforts towards changing your reality so that it is how you would like it to be.
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6. Develop faith in God, universal justice and in our own ability to deal with life.
7. Participate in discussion groups where you can share thoughts and feelings with others. 8. Learn to transform the form of the emotion in the subconscious.

9. Get help with transformation regressions to past experiences where you relive past events with the knowledge of the present.
10. Learn to do Dialoguing between "personas" or parts of us that have conflicting emotions.

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Presented by
Rashmi Jayanth Rahul Suman Manish

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