MATHEMATICAL REASONING

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Reasoning is a field of studying pertaining to the method and principle used to differentiate between true statement and false statement. A statement is a type of sentence that the meaningis either true or false but not both.

Math Tips Sentences that are questions, directives or exclamations are not statement

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Determine whether each of the following sentences is a statement or not a statement.> Determine whether each of the following statement is true or false.>
using all the numbers and mathematical symbols given in the table, construct a true or false statement. >

i.

Determine whether each of the following sentences is a statement or not a statement.

Eight is greather than six. Does the digit 5 in 2158 represent the place value of tens? Subtract 2 from both sides of equation.

a) b) c)

SOLUTION a) A statement because the meaning of the sentence is true. b) Not a statement because the sentence is a question. c) Not a statement because the sentence is a directive.

Determine whether each of the following mathematical sentences is a statement or not a statement. a) is approximately equal to .
b) c) d)

x - 9y + 4

3 = 2 {b, e, t, u, l}

SOLUTION a) A statement and the mathematical sentence is true. b) Not a statement. c) A statement but the mathematical sentence is false. d) Not a statement.

Example 3: Determine whether each of the following statement is true or false.

a)

5 is a root of the equation 2 = 50

b)

c)
d)

4 = 1 + 3 158 is a reflex angle. A square has four sides of equal length.

SOLUTION a) A true statement b) A false statement c) A false statement d) A true statement

NUMBERS
2, 8, 13, 19

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
+, -, =

By using all the numbers and mathematical symbols given in the table, construct a) one true statement, b) one false statements. SOLUTION a) 13 + 8 2 = 19 b) 8 + 2 13 = 19

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Quantifiers explain the number of objects or cases that are involved in a statement.
Quantifier All, every, any Meaning Every object or case that satisfies certain conditions.

Some, a few, one of the, a part of A few and not necessarily every object or case that satisfies certain conditions.

 Constuct

true statements using the quantifier all and some.>

Construct

a true statement using the quantifier all or some, given an object and a property.>

Construct a true statement by using the quantifier all or some. a) All positive numbers can be written in standard form. b) Some roots of quadratic equation are negative. c) All zeroes that lie between non-zero digits are significant figures. d) Some fractions have numerator less than the denominator

Example 7

Write a true statement using the quantifier all or some based on the given object and property. a) Object : equilateral triangles Property : have three sides of the same length. b) Object : even number Property : produce an integers= when divided by 6. SOLUTION a) All equilateral triangles have three sides of the same length. b) Some even numbers produce an integer when divided by 6.

a)

b)

c)

d)

Change the truth value of a given statement by placing the word not into the original statement. Symbol : ~ (tilde)> Identify two statements from a compound statement that contains the word and and or.> Form a compound statement by combining two given statements using the word and and or.> Determine the truth value of compound statement which is the combination of two statements with the word and and or.>

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A true statement can be changed to a false statement and vice versa by using the word not or no. Negation is a process to negate a statement by using the word not or no. Negation of a statement changes a true statement to false and a false statement to true.
P True False ~p False True

Statement
a) P is greater than b) ~p is not greater than a) P Numbers that are multiple of 9 are divisible by 3. b) ~p Numbers that are multiples of 9 are not divisible by 3 a) P Set {e, r, a} is the same as set {a, r, b) ~p e} Set {e, r, a} is not the same as set {a, r, e}

Truth value
False True True False

True False

Example 9: Identify two statements that have been combined with The word and in each of the following statement a) 15 6 = 9 and 9 + 6 = 15 b) -8 < -10 and 8< -10 c) A polygon that has 8 sides is called a heptagon or octagon.
SOLUTION a) Statement 1 : 15 6 = 9 Statement 2 : 9 + 6 = 15 b) Statement 1 : -8 < -10 Statement 2 : 8 < 10 c) Statement 1 : A polygon that has 8 sides is called a heptagon. Statement 2 : A polygon that has 8 sides is called octagon

A new statement can be formed by combining two statements using the word and and or. EXAMPLE 8:
a)

4 7 = 28 7 6 = 42 8 = 64 -3 = 9 25 is a perfect square. 25 is an odd number.

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c)

SOLUTION
a) b) c)

4 7 = 28 and 7 6 = 42 8 = 64 and -3 = 9 25 is a perfect square or an odd number.

i.

And

p and q

true
true false false

true
false true false

true
false false false

i.

Or

p true true

q true false

p or q true true

false
false

true
false

true
false

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P : 4 8 = 32. True statement q : 4 = 12. False statement p and q : false P : 2 = 4. True statement q : 100 = 10. True statement p and q : true P : 4 8 = 32. True statement q : 4 = 12. False statement p or q : true P : 2 = 4. True statement q : 100 = 10. True statement p or q : true

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a)
b)

c)

d) e)

Identify the antecedent and consequent of an implication if p, then q.> Write two implications from a compound statement containing if and only if.> Construct mathematical statements in the form of implication. *If p, then q *p if and only if q> Determine the converse of a given implication.> Determine whether the converse of and implication is true or false.>

Example 11 :

Identify the antecedent and consequent of the following implication. a) If k = 2, then 2k + k = 10 b) If x = 5, then x = 25 SOLUTION a) Antecedent : k = 2 Consequent : 2k + k = 10 b) Antecedent : x = 5 Consequent : x = 25

Example 12 :
a)

x + 1 = 0 if and only if x = -1 Implication 1 : if x + 1 = 0, then x = -1 Implication 2 :if x = -1, then x + 1 = 0

*If p, then q *p if and only if q

Example 13 : Given that p : MN is a diameter of a circle with centre O q : MN = 2OM Construct a mathematical statement in the form of Implication. a) If p, then q b) p if and only if q SOLUTION a) If MN is a diameter of a circle with canter O, then MN = 2OM b) MN is a diameter of a circle with centre O if and only if MN = 2OM

The converse of the implication, if p, then q is if q, then p. Example 14 : State the converse of each the following implications. a) If the number of elements of set A is zero, then A is an empty set. b) x + x 2 = 0, then (x 1)(x + 2) = 0. SOLUTION a) The converse of the implication is if A is an empty set, then the number of elements of set A is zero. b) The converse of the implication is if (x 1)(x + 2) = 0, then x + x 2 = 0.

The converse of an implication is not necessarily true. Example 15 : Determine whether the converse of each of the following implications is true or false. a) If x > -4, then x > -8 b) If x < 5, then x < 8 SOLUTION a) Converse Value b) Converse Value : if x > -8, then x > -4 : True : If x < 8, then x < 5 : False

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Argumentation is a process to draw a conclusion based on several given statements. The given statements are known as premises. An argument consists of premises and a conclusion. Type of argument : a) Argument 1 b) Argument 2 c) Argument 3

Example 16 :
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b)

c)

Argument 1 Premise 1 : All even numbers are divisible by 2. Permise 2 : q is an even number Conclusion : q is are divisible by 2. Argument 2 Premise 1 : a < 0, then 2a < 3a Premise 2 : a < 0 Conclusion : 2a < 3a Argument 3 Premise 1 : if x is divisible by y, then y is a factor of x. Premise 2 : x is not divisible by y Conclusion : y is not a factor of x.

Deduction : a process of making a special conclusion based on a general statement. Induction : a process of making a general conclusion based on specific cases. Example 100 : a) The angle subtended at the circumference in a semi-circle is a right angle. Angle ABC is an angle subtended at the circumference in a semi-circle. Therefore, Angle ABC = 90.Thus, Deduction process. b) 3223 5443 6336 Therefore, m n n m, where n, m are any integers. Thus induction process.