Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Slide 8.3-1
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-2
Chapter 8: Trigonometric Functions and
Applications
8.1 Angles, Arcs, and Their Measures
8.2 The Unit Circle and Its Functions
8.3 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions
8.4 Graphs of the Other Circular Functions
8.5 Functions of Angles and Fundamental Identities
8.6 Evaluating Trigonometric Functions
8.7 Applications of Right Triangles
8.8 Harmonic Motion
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-3
8.3 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine
Functions
Many things in daily life repeat with a predictable
pattern. Because sine and cosine repeat their values
over and over in a regular pattern, they are
examples of periodic functions.
Periodic Function
A periodic function is a function f such that
f (x) = f (x + np),
for every real number x in the domain of f , every
integer n, and some positive real number p. The
smallest possible positive value of p is the period of
the function.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-4
8.3 Graph of the Sine Function
From the graph we can see that as s
increases, sin s oscillates between 1.
Using x rather than s, we can plot
points to obtain the graph y = sin x.

The graph is continuous
on (,).
Its x-intercepts are of the
form nt, n an integer.
Its period is 2t.
Its graph is symmetric
with respect to the origin,
and it is an odd function.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-5
8.3 Graph of the Cosine Function
The graph of y = cos x can be found much the same way as
y = sin x.
Note that the graph of y = cos x is the graph y = sin x
translated units to the left.

The graph is continuous
on (,).
Its x-intercepts are of the
form (2n + 1) , n an
integer.
Its period is 2t.
Its graph is symmetric
with respect to the y-axis,
and it is an even function.
2
t
2
t
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-6
8.3 Graphing Techniques, Amplitude, and
Period
Example Graph y = 2 sin x, and compare to the
graph of y = sin x.

Solution From the table, the only change in the
graph is the range, which becomes [2,2].
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-7
8.3 Amplitude
The amplitude of a periodic function is half the
difference between the maximum and minimum
values.
For sine and cosine, the amplitude is
. 1 ) 2 ( )] 1 ( 1 [
2
1
2
1
= =
Amplitude
The graph of y = a sin x or y = a cos x, with a = 0, will have
the same shape as y = sin x or y = cos x, respectively,
except with range [|a|, |a|]. The amplitude is |a|.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-8
8.3 Period
To find the period of y = sin bx or y = cos bx, solve
the inequality for b > 0





Thus, the period is


Divide the interval into four equal parts to get the
values for which y = sin bx or y = cos bx is 1, 0,
or 1. These values will give the minimum points, x-
intercepts, and maximum points on the graph.
.
2
0
2 0
b
x
bx
t
t
s s
s s
.
2
b
t
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-9
8.3 Period

For b > 0, the graph of y = sin bx will resemble that of
y = sin x, but with period

Also, the graph of y = cos bx will resemble that of
y = cos x, but with period

.
2
b
t
.
2
b
t
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-10
8.3 Graphing y = cos bx
Example Graph over one period.

Analytic Solution
x y
3
2
cos =
. intercepts -
and points, maximum points, minimum find to
3 and ,
4
9
,
2
3
,
4
3
0, values - at function the Evaluate
x
x t
t t t
. 3
2
is period The
3
2
t
t
=
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-11
8.3 Graphing y = cos bx
Graphing Calculator Solution

Use window [0,3t] by [2,2], with Xscl = 3t/4.







Choose Xscl = 3t/4 so that x-intercepts, maximums,
and minimums coincide with tick marks on the axis.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-12
8.3 Guidelines for Sketching Graphs of the
Sine and Cosine Functions

To graph y = a sin bx or y = a cos bx, with b > 0,
1. Find the period, Start at 0 on the x-axis, and
mark off a distance of
2. Divide the interval into four equal parts.
3. Evaluate the function for each of the five x-values
resulting from Step 2. The points will be the maximum
points, minimum points, and x-intercepts.
4. Plot the points found in Step 3, and join them with a
sinusoidal curve having amplitude |a|.
5. Draw the graph over additional periods, as needed.
.
2
b
t
.
2
b
t
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-13
8.3 Graphing y = a sin bx
Example Graph y = 2 sin 3x.

Solution

1. Period:

2. Divide the interval into four equal parts to
get the x-values
3.
3
2 2 t t
=
b
. , , , , 0
3
2
2 3 6
t t t t
| |
3
2
, 0
t
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-14
8.3 Graphing y = a sin bx
4. Plot the points (x, 2 sin 3x) from the table.







Notice that when a is negative, the graph of
y = 2 sin 3x is a reflection across the x-axis of
the graph of y = |a| sin bx.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-15
8.3 Translations
Horizontal
The graph of y = f (x d) translates the graph of y = f (x)
d units to the right if d > 0 and |d| units to the left
if d < 0.
A horizontal translation is called a phase shift and the
expression x d is called the argument.

Vertical
The graph of y = c + f (x) translates the graph of y = f (x)
c units upward if c > 0 and |c| units downward if c < 0.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-16
8.3 Further Guidelines for Sketching Graphs
of the Sine and Cosine Functions

A function of the form y = c + a sin[b(x d)] or
y = c + a cos[b(x d)], b > 0, can be graphed as follows.
Method 1 Follow these steps.
1. Find an interval whose length is one period by solving
the three part inequality 0 < b(x d) < 2t.
2. Divide the interval into four equal parts.
3. Evaluate the function for each of the five x-values resulting
from Step 2. The points will be the maximum points, minimum
points, and points that intersect the line y = c.
4. Plot the points found in Step 3, and join them with a sinusoidal
curve having amplitude |a|.
5. Draw the graph over additional periods, as needed.
2
b
t
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-17
8.3 Further Guidelines for Sketching Graphs
of the Sine and Cosine Functions

A function of the form y = c + a sin[b(x d)] or
y = c + a cos[b(x d)], b > 0, can be graphed as follows.
Method 2
First graph y = a sin bx or y = a cos bx. The amplitude of
the function is |a|, and the period is Then use
translations to graph the desired function. The vertical
translation is c units up if c > 0 and |c| units down if c < 0.
The horizontal translation (phase shift) is d units to the right
if d > 0 and |d| units to the left if d < 0.
2
.
b
t
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8.3-18
8.3 Graphing y = c + a sin b(x d)
Example Graph y = 1 + 2 sin(4x + t).

Solution Express y in the form c + a sin [b(x d)].



Amplitude = 2

Period

Translate |-1| = 1 unit downward
and units to the left.

Start the first period at x-value and end the first
period at
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
4
4 sin 2 1
t
x y
2 4
2 t t
= =
4 4
0
t t
=
4
t
.
4 2 4
t t t
= +