TOPICS FOR LECTURE

Introduction: What is distillation? Advantage of Distillation Limitations of Distillation operation Phase Rule: Application to single compound Application to binary system

DISTILLATION
Distillation is a method of separating the components of a solution which depends upon the distribution of the substances between a vapor & liquid phase, applied to cases where all components are present in both phases. The advantages of such a separation method are clear. In distillation, the new phase differs from the original by its heat content, but heat is readily added or removed, although of course the cost of doing this must inevitably considered. Absorption or desorption operations, on the other hand depends upon the introduction of a foreign substance.

 It provides us with a new solution which in turn may have to be separated by one of the diffusional operations unless it happens that the new solution is useful directly. There are in turn certain limitations to distillation as a separation process. In absorption or similar operations, where it has been agreed to introduce a foreign substance to provide a new phase for distribution purpose, we can ordinarily choose from a great variety of solvents in order to provide the greatest possible separation effect. But in distillation, there is no such choice.

DISTILLATION

 The vapors which can be created from a liquid by application of heat invariably consist only of the components constituting the liquid. Since the vapor is therefore chemically very similar to the liquid, large changes in composition resulting from the distribution of components between the two phases is ordinarily not very great. Indeed, in some cases, the change in composition is so small that the process becomes impractical. It may even happen that there is no change in composition whatsoever. Nevertheless, the direct separation which is ordinarily possible by distillation into pure products requiring no further processing has made DISTILLATION the most important of all the mass transfer operations.

DISTILLATION

 PHASE RULE: F=C-P+2 under equilibrium conditions. F= Degree of freedom C= No. of compounds P= No. of phases Single compound: C=1 1phase, F=2. Pressure & Temperature both can vary. 2 phase, F=1. At a given pressure, temperature is fixed. 3 phase, F=0. At triple point, temperature & pressure are fixed.

DISTILLATION

 FOR BINARY SYSTEM, VARIABLES ARE PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE , CONCENTRATION IN LIQUID PHASE & CONCENTRATION IN VAPOR PHASE, I.E., 4 NO. APPLYING PHASE RULE, C=2, P=2 F=2-2+2=2. HENCE, IF TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE ARE FIXED, COMPOSITION OF LIQUID & VAPOR PHASES ARE AUTOMATICALLY FIXED.

DISTILLATION

TOPICS FOR LECTURE

VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIA PRESSURE TEMPERATURE CONCENTRATION PHASE DIAGRAM CONSTANT PRESSURE EQUILIBRIA RELATIVE VOLATILITY IDEAL SOLUTIONS(RAULTS LAW) INCREASED PRESSURE CONSTANT TEMPERATURE EQUILIBRIA

Constant Temperature Vapour Liquid Equilibria

TOPICS FOR LECTURE(1)

POSITIVE DEVIATIONS FROM IDEALITY MINIMUM BOILING AZEOTROPES

Minimum- boiling azeotropism in the system CS2 -Acetone

Topics for the Lecture:(2hrs)

Negative Deviations from Ideality Maximum- boiling azeotropism Steam Distillation Differential ( Batch ) Distillation

Maximum- boiling azeotropism in the system Acetone- chloroform

Y* In va p o ur

* *
*i.e. x= 1 in Raults Law. **i.e. distillation temperature is always lower than individual boiling point of each constituent

Application of Phase RSule

F=C- P+2 C=2 (organic compound and steam) P=3 (2 immiscible liquid phases and 1 vapor phase) F=2-3+2= 1 Hence , if pressure is fixed (say 1atmosphere) ,then distillation temperature is automatically fixed.

Batch Distillation
Assumption:
Vapors generated in equilibrium with liquid in still Vapors are removed and condensed to get top product

dL*

*dD= dL,

y* dD=y* dL