Chapter 9- The Water Cycle

Workbook p. 219- 249

Processes in the Water Cycle

Earth has a limited amount of water So, it has to be recycled The WATER CYCLE is made up of 5 processes
Evaporation/transpiration- water vapor entering the atmosphere (from large bodies or water or plants Whats the difference? Condensation- when air cools down, it cant hold all the moisture so it forms liquid drops on surfaces Precipitation- when water droplets get too large and fall out of clouds back to the Earth Infiltration- water that goes into the ground Runoff- water that flows back to the oceans over the land

The Water Cycle (p. 220)

Our Water
Where is most of our water? Only 3% is fresh (USABLE) water Where is most of that found? Only 1% of the Earths water has
utilizable, fresh, groundwater

So, Where is Freshwater Found?

Glaciers and icebergs Groundwater Atmosphere (water vapor) Streams/rivers Ponds/lakes

Groundwater

Makes up 33% of freshwater Found underground Gravity pulls water toward the center of

the Earth If water fills all the spaces in the rock it is called the ZONE OF SATURATION Area above the zone of saturation is where there isnt any water and is called the ZONE OF AERATION Layer in between is the WATER TABLE Aquifer- a layer of rock that is saturated with water

Storage and Movement

Porosity- measure of how much water can
pass through rocks Permeable- measure of how fast water can pass through spaces in rocks Impermeable- water cannot pass through the rocks spaces Aquifer- a permeable layer of rock that is saturated with water

Storage and Movement 1. Porosity- how much water soil can hold
Amount of space between particles NOT on size of pores

Depends on:
Shape- More round = more porous Packing- Less compact = more porous Sorting- More sorted = more porous

p. 221-222

Storage and Movement

2. Permeability- ability of soil to transmit water Depends on:
Size of pores- Larger pores = greater permeability Connectivity of pores- More connected = greater permeability

p. 222 Impermeable will not allow water to pass! Watch this

Storage and Movement

3. Capillarity- ability of water to go upward through the soil particles Depends on:
Size- Smaller particles = greater capillarity Does this because water is polar

The smaller the tube, the more it goes up Important for __. p. 222

Precipitation and Streams

Precipitation recharges streams But, there is a time lag (delay) The most precipitation and the highest
stream level are not simultaneous
It takes a while for the water to get there

Size, type of precipitation, gradient,

vegetation, type of land If there is no precipitation, streams will be recharged by groundwater

Open your book to p. 224

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
3-Its IMPERMEABLE 4-Capillarity 3-Its the smallest 2 NONE OF THEM!!!
1. Which 2 cities are?

6. 4 7. 1- They may share a watershed 8. 1- Porosity is the same. Permeability is least

with the largest beads 9. 1- How fast it goes through 10. 3

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

2- Evaporation 4- Winds 4 3 3- ESRT p. 1 2 3 2 3 1- Same porosity. Faster Permeability. 1- Capillarity increases as size decreases. 4- ESRT p. 6 4 WRONG- 5. NYC gets its water from upstate. 1 3- ? 1 2 3- Then, there will be more groundwater on top!

 Heat can travel 3 ways.

Do you remember what they are?

Traveling Energy

Convection
What moves the heat? What convection cells cause?

Conduction
What moves the heat? What is an example?

Radiation
What is an example? (The most important example!) Why is radiation important? What is one of the only ways that humans realize that radiation reaches the Earth?

Insolation
What is it? It is NOT the stuff they put in walls!
(Write this down!!!) It is an acronym
INcoming SOLar radiATION

It is all of the radiation that comes in from

the sun- thus, the name

Heating Earths Surface

The ability of insolation to heat Earths
surface depends upon: 1. Angle of Insolation 2. Duration of Insolation 3. Type of Surface it Strikes

1. Angle of Insolation

The more severe the angle, the stronger the

suns rays. The sun shines its light directly at the Earth
It cant bend the light Called a Vertical Ray So, the strongest light hits the Earth between 23 o North (Tropic of Cancer) and 23 o South (Tropic of Capricorn) This is why the equator is warm and the poles are cold. The equator gets a more Vertical Ray (90o) and the Poles gets a less severe ray.

p. 230 2 cycles:
Daily Yearly

1. Angle of Insolation
Daily Cycle
Highest in the sky at APPARENT SOLAR NOON No matter the time on the clock, it is when the sun is at its Time lag Warmest at about 2pm
highest point. In other words, Daylight Savings Time doesnt matter!

Yearly

Highest in the sky for us in the Northern Hemisphere on June 21st (Summer Solstice) YES, YOU HAVE TO KNOW THIS DATE! The sun shines directly at 23 o North on this day This causes the seasons- NOT our distance from the sun We are actually furthest from the sun in July! Time lag Warmest in July

1. Angle of Insolation

2- Duration of Insolation

The time from sunrise to sunset The longer that the sun shines on something, the

warmer it gets It is warmest in the summer because the sun shines on us for the longest amount of time
It rises earlier and sets later

It is coldest in the winter because the sun shines on us

for less time

The equator doesnt have seasons because it always has

12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness on any given day! If you were to add up ALL of the daylight on ANY place on the planet, you will ALWAYS have 6 months of daylight

It rises later and sets earlier

There are some times of year when one of the poles will get 24 hours of light. But, why doesnt it get warm?

3- Type of Surface

Light will either reflect or absorb A good absorber is a good radiator A poor absorber is a poor radiator

Dark-colored, rough surfaces absorb more Light-colored, smooth, shiny surfaces

reflect more
ie- 2 cups: one dark and one light. In the day, which will heat up faster? So, which will be warmer? At night, which will cool dawn faster? So, which will be warmer?

In other words, if it gets IN easy it gets OUT easy

Absorption and Reflection of Insolation by the Atmosphere The Earth will absorb most
of the energy that reaches it
It is mostly in the form of?

Ozone and other gases in the atmosphere

absorb a lot of the short wave radiation
Such as. (open your ESRT to p. 14)

Water vapor and CO2 absorb a lot of the

long wave radiation

So, most of what is left is the visible light Open your book to p. 231

Such as. (open your ESRT to p. 14)

Greenhouse Effect

Important to the Earth The reason that Earth is livable p. 233

Factors that Affect Climate

There are 4 things that have an affect on climate:

Latitude Altitude Mountains Large Body of Water

1. Latitude 2. Altitude

As you move up in Latitude, the temperature goes down.

3. Mountains 4. Water

As you move up in Altitude, the temperature goes down.

See p. 238 Windward side vs. Leeward side Cool and Wet vs. Warm and Dry The closer you are to a large body of water, the more mild the weather will be. Oceans cause warmer winters and cooler summers