Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Hall
Starting Questions
How are Halls views of ideology different from, and similar to, those of Althussers, Jameson, or Eagletons? And how is he similar to Hebdiges approach? What have them learned from Gramsci? Can you give some examples of media events to explain how ideology is a site of struggle? How does Zizek move beyond Althusser in his use of Lacan to explain ideology? Is his view of form and abstraction different from Halls signification? Can you find examples of the dream work of ideology?
The class struggle in language= struggle between two different terms 1061
Changing the terms
Form
Dream: manifest content latent thought the unconscious desire 1. Dream needs analysis; 2. Attention should be centered on form (dream work). Commodity: chancy determination of commoditys value determination by labortime (a secret) even after we have explained [their] hidden meaningwhat is not yet explained is simply [their] form, the process by which the hidden meaning disguised itself in such a form. (15/t:313)
real abstraction
Exchange of commodity implies a double abstraction:
1. The abstraction from the changeable character of the commodity; 2. Abstraction from its sensual properties (17/t: 314)
(critique of Althussers rejecting this category) The real abstraction introduces the third element--the symbolic orderto the binary of real object and form of thought The unconscious: the form of thought external to the thought itself
Commodity Fetishism
1. a definite social relation between men, that assumes, in their eyes, the fantastic form of a relation between things (Marx 1974, 77) 2. A misrecognition [of] what is really a structural effect of the network of relations between elements (price) [as] an immediate property of one of the elements (commodity), as if this property belongs to it outside its relations with other elements. (23-24)
Commodity Fetishism
Necessary when the relations between men are not fetishized (as they were in feudal society).
Ideology
a social reality whose very existence implies the non-knowledge of its participants as to its essence (21/t: 316) Contemporary form: cynicism (knows the falsehood, but does not denounce it). (29/t: 319) Cynical reason . . .leaves untouched the fundamental level of ideological fantasy, the level on which ideology structures the social reality itself. (30/t: 320) not knowing in the doing; a fetishist in practice but not in theory (31/t:320)
Ideology
"ideology is not a dreamlike illusion that we build to escape insupportable reality; in its basic dimension it is a fantasy-construction which serves as a support for our "reality" itself" (45/t: 323) e.g. a fathers dream of seeing his dead son burned.
Beyond Interpellation
the theory of ideology descending from the Althusserian theory of interpellation focus too much on the efficiency of an ideology exclusively through the mechanisms of imaginary and symbolic identification. The dimension 'beyond interpellation' which was thus left out has nothing to do with some kind of irreducible dispersion and plurality of the signifying process ... 'Beyond interpellation' is the square of desire, fantasy, lack in the Other and drive pulsating around some unbearable surplus enjoyment. (124)
Beyond Interpellation
-- two readings of ideology Discursive, symptomal reading Extracting the kernel of enjoyment, at articulating the way in which beyond the field of meaning but at the same time internal to it an ideolgoy implies, manipulate, produced a pre-ideological enjoyment structured in fantasy.
Slavoj Zizek
a professor at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana, Slovenia politically active in Slovenia during the 80s, a candidate for the presidency of the Republic of Slovenia in 1990, and most of his works are moral and political rather than purely theoretical. (source)