ABT 323 Principles of Plant Biotechnology

Course Instructors:

Dr Sumita Acharjee (L) Dr Akhil Baruah Dr B.K.Sarmah

Topic: Plant Biotechnology Definition and History

Biotechnology is a relatively recent term that appeared for the first time around 1960. Originated from Greek word Bio = life, Technos = "study of tools, machines and raw materials"
The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as:
"Any

technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.

History ( From 1900 to 1940) 1902 Haberlandt proposed concept of in vitro cell culture (father of plant tissue culture) 1904 Hannig cultured embryos from several cruciferous species 1966 Guha and Maheshwari produced first haploid plants from pollen grains of Datura 1922 Kotte and Robbins successfully cultured root and stem tips respectively

1926 Went discovered first plant growth hormone Indole acetic acid (IAA)
1934 White introduced vitamin B as growth supplement in tissue culture media for tomato root tip 1939 Gautheret, White and Nobecourt established endless proliferation of callus cultures

History ( From 1941 to 1960)

1941 Overbeek was first to add coconut milk for cell division in Datura 1946 Ball raised whole plants of Lupinus by shoot tip culture 1954 Muir was first to break callus tissues into single cells 1955 Skoog and Miller discovered kinetin as cell division hormone 1957 Skoog and Miller gave concept of hormonal control (auxin: cytokinin) of organ formation 1959 Reinert and Steward regenerated embryos from callus clumps and cell suspension of Daucus carota

History ( From 1961 to 1972)

1960 Cocking was first to isolate protoplast by enzymatic degradation of cell wall
1960 Bergmann filtered cell suspension and isolated single cells by plating 1962 Murashige and Skoog developed MS medium with higher salt concentration 1962 Kanta and Maheshwari developed test tube fertilization technique 1966 Steward demonstrated totipotency by regenerating carrot plants from single

cells of tomato
1970 Smith and Nathans discovered first restriction enzyme from Haemophilus influenza (HindIII) 1970 Baltimore isolated Reverse transcriptase from RNA tumour virus 1972 Carlson produced first interspecific hybrid of Nicotiana by protoplast fusion

History ( From 1972 to 1987)

1972 Berg produced first recombinant DNA , combining SV40 virus and virus 1974 Zaenen et al discovered Ti plasmid is tumour inducing principle of agrobacterium 1975 OFarrel developed high resolution two dimensional gel electrophoresis system 1977 Chilton et al successfully integrated Ti plasmid DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens in plants 1977 Sanger, Maxam-Gilbert gave technologies for DNA sequencing

1980 Zambryski detailed structure of T-DNA and border sequences

1983 Kary Mullis invented Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for amplification of DNA. 1984 Horsh et al developed transgenic tobacco by transformation with Agrobacterium 1987 Klien et al developed biolistic gene transfer method for plant transformation

History ( From 1995 to 2005)

1995 Fleischmann et al sequenced Haemophilus influenzae 1997 Blattner et al sequenced E coli genome 2001 Human genome Project consortium and Venter et al sequenced human genome successfully 2005 Rice genome sequenced under International Rice Genome Sequencing Project

Chronology of Research Leading to Modern Plant Biotechnology.

Revolutions in Agriculture Sector

Green revolution Green Revolution:

The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution. Introduced high-yielding wheat to India in 1963 by Dr. Norman Borlaug. (Noble Prize 1970) Technology transfer steadily taken place in India since 1966 under the leadership of Dr M.S Swaminathan

Blue revolution: Blue Revolution The term "blue revolution" refers to the remarkable emergence of aquaculture as an important and highly productive agricultural activity. White Revolution: White revolution Operation Flood was a rural development programme started by India's National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) in 1970. One of the largest of its kind, the programme objective was to create a nationwide milk grid. It resulted in making India the largest producer of milk and milk products, and hence is also called the White Revolution of India.

Golden Revolution Increase production of fruits and Vegetable. Golden Revolution

Yellow Revolution: Increase production of vegetable oil. Yellow Revolution

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research ( CGIAR) organizations doing Plant Science Research Africa Rice Center Bioversity International, Italy CIAT - Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical , Cali, Colunbia CIFOR - Center for International Forestry Research, Indonesia CIMMYT - Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo, Mexico CIP - Centro Internacional de la Papa, Peru Lima ICARDA - International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Syria ICRISAT - International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, India IFPRI - International Food Policy Research Institute, USA IITA - International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria ILRI - International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya IRRI - International Rice Research Institute, Phillippines IWMI - International Water Management Institute, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kenya WorldFish Center, Malaysia

CSIR Institute doing Biotech Research

Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi
Allergy and immunology, diagnostics, genetic engineering, bio-organics and high-tech reagents. Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC), Delhi Design and development of S & T database, network-based online services, R & D in information science and technology. National Institute of Science Technology & Development Studies (NISTDS), New Delhi Mathematical modelling for S & T studies, information systems and S & T archival resources, technological and social change, history and philosophy of science. National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), New Delhi Information services: Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Information Service (MAPIS), Industrial Information Service, science popularization. Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) Andhra Pradesh Development of technologies for pesticides, drugs, organic intermediates and fine chemicals. Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CCMB) Hyderabad Biophysics & biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics & evolution, biomedicines & biotechnology. Industrial Toxicology Research Centre (ITRC), UP Neurotoxicology, environmental health, immunotoxicology and environmental biotechnology. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), UP Development of agrotechnologies for economically important medicinal and aromatic plants, basic research in the area of phytochemistry, plant physiology and biochemistry, pathology, genetics, entomology and pharmacognosy. Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow Development of contraceptives, new drugs for tropical diseases (malaria, filariasis, leishmaniasis), cardio-vascular and central nervous system disorders.

National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) UP

Plant biotechnology, environmental sciences, taxonomy and ethnobotany, plant molecular biology. Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Karnataka Development of food products and processes for optimal utilization of countrys agricultural produce, upgrading raditional food technology & development of appropriate technologies for reducing and eliminating post-harvest losses of perishables and durables, bioactive substances and food packaging. Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI) Tamil Nadu Modernisation of tanneries, development of environment-friendly chemicals and technologies including enzymatic options, tannery and slaughter house byproducts. Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH) Chandigarh Molecular biology and microbial genetics, animal cell/tissue culture and protein engineering. Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Himachal Pradesh Floriculture, tea sciences, biotechnology and natural plant products. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata Natural products of medicinal, biological and industrial value, development of innovative immunoassay techniques, development of tissue-targeted drug-delivery system. National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune Catalysis, biotechnology, organic chemical technology, basic research in chemistry and biochemistry. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Maharashtra National/societal missions on drinking water, environmental biotechnology, hazardous waste management, modelling and optimization. Regional Research Laboratory (RRL). Kerala, Jammu, Jorhat Development of oil field chemicals, agrochemicals, drugs and drug intermediates, organic chemistry, biochemistry and geoscie