Polymer Materials, blends & its Application

Polymers/Plastics

Sources for polymers

Petro chemicals Industries

Coal Industries

Petro-chemical Industries

Naphtha normally refers to a number of different

flammable liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons.

Plastics or Polymers of high molecular mass, & may contain other substances (Additives,fillers) to improve performance and/or reduce costs.

The word derives from the Greek

(plastikos) meaning fit for molding

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PolyMer =Polymer Many Units Polymer Is a Long chain Molecule, consisting of large number of repeating units. So Polymer is MACRO Molecules

Monomer

Macro
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~204 nm; thickness is ~0.4 nm.

Polyethylene
MONOMERE MACROMOLECULE POLYMERE

CH2=CH2

CH2-CH2- CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2 Polyethylene

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Ethylene

Raw material for Processing

Granules or Pallets

Polymerisation
Chemical process
Addition polymerization or
(Chain Polymerization)

Condensation polymerization or
(Stepwise Polymerization)

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Polymerisation Referred in Petrochemical Industries

Bulk Polymerisation Solution Polymerisation Suspension Polymerisation Emulsion Polymerisation

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Polymerisation Referred in Petrochemical Industries

Bulk Polymerisation

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Polymerisation Referred in Petrochemical Industries

Bulk Polymerisation Solution Polymerisation

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Structure of Polymers
Amorphous : ABS / CA / PC / PS, PMMA / PVC / SAN Semi Crystalline: PA (Nylon) / PE / PP / PET / POM (Polyacetal)

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Polymers Classification
1. Elastomers 2. Thermoplastics 3. Thermosets Elastomer Polymeric material that can experience large and reversible elastic deformations Commonly referred as rubbers elongation 300%
Examples: Butyl rubber, Isoprene, natural rubber, silicon elastomer
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INFORMATION

Rubber Products
50% of all rubber produced goes into automobile tires 50% goes into mechanical parts such as mountings, gaskets, belts, and hoses, as well as consumer products such as shoes, clothing, furniture, and toys

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Thermoplastics

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Polyethylene

MONOMERE

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Polyethylene is classified as
No Material Known as Bad Material but only the application is wrong Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE) High density polyethylene(HDPE) cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE)

Medium density polyethylene (MDPE)

Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)

Low density polyethylene (LDPE)

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Thermoset Plastics

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Advantages for thermosets:

1.High thermal stability 2.Resistance to creep & deformation under load 3.High dimensional stability 4.High rigidity, 5.High hardness 6.Light weight 7.Excellent electrical insulating properties 8.Low cost
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Thermoset
Epoxies Phenolics Polyester

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Disadvantages of Thermosets:
1. Long Processing Time

2. Non-recyclability

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Fillers/reinforcements & Additives for Plastics

Fillers are inert materials as mere extenders of plastics Types of fillers Mineral Fillers: CaCo3, talc Conductive fillers: Al,Zn,Ni,Bronze Organic fillers: Woodflours,starches,carbohydrates Reinforcements for modifying mechanical, optical,electrical,thermal properties

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Characteristics of fillers 1. Mean Partical Size(MPS) 2. Particle Size Distribution(PSD) 3. Specific Gravity
Type of filler Specific Gravity(g/cc)

Calcium Carbonate Talc Kaolin Alumina trihydrate Wood flour Hollow glass spheres Solid glass spheres

2.7 2.7 2.6 2.4 1.5 0.4 2.5

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Fibrous Reinforcements 1. Glass Fibers 2. Carbon Fibers 3. Jute Fibers 4. Cellulosic Fibers

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Fibrous Reinforcements 1. Glass Fibers

Types of glass Fibers E-Glass(or electrical glass) S-Glass(or High strength glass)

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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Plasticizers Heat Stabilizes Flame retardants Lubricants Anti static Agents UV stabilizers Colourants Antioxidants

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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

PLASTICS ARE HARDLY VIABLE WITHOUT ADDITIVES

1. Plasticizers
Are substances incorporated in plastics to increase flexibility, workability Added to hard resins (PVC) Types 1. Primary Plasticizer: Dioctyl phthalate 2. Secondary Plasticizer: chlorinated paraffins
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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. Plasticizers

2. Heat Stabilizes
Lead

stabilizers Tin stabilizer Barium-Cadmium stabilizers Calcium-Zinc Stabilizers

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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. Plasticizers

2. Heat Stabilizes
Lead

stabilizers Tin stabilizer Barium-Cadmium stabilizers Calcium-Zinc Stabilizers a) Tribasic lead sulphate b) Dibasic lead phthalate c) Dibasic lead phosphate
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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. Plasticizers

2. Heat Stabilizes
Lead

stabilizers Tin stabilizer Barium-Cadmium stabilizers Calcium-Zinc Stabilizers a) Organotin mercaptides b) Organotin carboxylates
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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. Plasticizers

2. Heat Stabilizes
Lead

stabilizers Tin stabilizer Barium-Cadmium stabilizers Calcium-Zinc Stabilizers

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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. Plasticizers

2. Heat Stabilizes
Lead

stabilizers Tin stabilizer Barium-Cadmium stabilizers Calcium-Zinc Stabilizers

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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. Plasticizers 2. Heat Stabilizes 3. Flame Retardants
a) Inorganic oxides: antimony trioxide & Al.trihudrate b) Organophosphorous compounts: phosphate ester

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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. Plasticizers 2. Heat Stabilizes 3. Flame retardants 4. Lubricants
a) Internal Lubricants b) External Lubricants
Examples:

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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. Plasticizers 2. Heat Stabilizes 3. Flame retardants 4. Lubricants
a) Internal Lubricants

Examples: Fatty acid , stearic acid

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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. Plasticizers 2. Heat Stabilizes 3. Flame retardants 4. Lubricants
a) Internal Lubricants b) External Lubricants

Examples: Glycerol mono stearate, stearyl alcohol,parafin wax, silicone oils

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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. Plasticizers 2. Heat Stabilizes 3. Flame retardants 4. Lubricants 5. Antistatic Agents
a) Internal antistatic agents b) External antistatic agents

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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. Plasticizers 2. Heat Stabilizes 3. Flame retardants 4. Lubricants 5. Anti static Agents 6. UV stabilizers
Examples : Ortho hydroxyphenyl benzotriazoles, carbon black
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ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. Plasticizers 2. Heat Stabilizes 3. Flame retardants 4. Lubricants 5. Anti static Agents 6. UV stabilizers 7. Colourants Organic colourants:phthalocyanine green, blue Inorganic colourants: titanium dioxide,lead chromates,iron oxide 42

ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Plasticizers Heat Stabilizes Flame retardants Lubricants Anti static Agents UV stabilizers Colourants

8. Antioxidants
Examples : Organic phosphites & esters of thiodipropionic acid
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Polymer Blends and Alloys

Most polymers are immiscible. Polymer Blend: Is the physical mixture of at least two polymers

Polymer Alloy: Is immiscible polymer blend having modified interface & or morphology
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Thank you
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