DTS 1113 DYNAMICS

CHAPTER 6 Impulse & Momentum

Pn. Siti Hajar Abd. Rahman Faculty of Innovative Design and Technology 1 Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu

Which do you think has more momentum?

Momentum
Momentum is a measure of how hard it is to stop or turn a moving object. Momentum is related to both mass and velocity. Momentum is possessed by all moving objects.

Calculating Momentum
For one particle
For a system of multiple particles Momentum is a vector with the same direction as the velocity vector. The unit of momentum is
kg m/s or Ns P = pi = mivi p = mv

Sample Problem
Calculate the momentum of a 65-kg sprinter running east at 10 m/s.

 Calculate the momentum of a system composed of a 65-kg sprinter running east at 10 m/s and a 75-kg sprinter running north at 9.5 m/s.

Sample Problem

Solution
p = mv = p1 + p2 p1 = (65kg)(10 m/s) = 650 kg m/s (east) p2 = (75kg)(9.5 m/s) = 712.5 kg m/s (north) p = (712.52 + 6502)1/2 p = 964 kg m/s at tan-1(712.5/650) = 47.6o north of east
712.5 kg m/s

650 kg m/s

Change in momentum
Like any change, change in momentum is calculated by looking at final and initial momentums. Dp = pf pi
Dp: change in momentum pf: final momentum pi: initial momentum

Momentum change Mini-lab

Using only a meter stick, find the momentum change of each ball when it strikes the desk from a height of exactly one meter. Turn in:
Data for each ball. Include in your data section the masses Calculation of momentum of each ball just before and after it strikes the desk. Momentum change for each ball upon striking the desk.

Wording dilemma
In which case is the magnitude of the momentum change greatest? In which case is the change in the magnitude of the momentum greatest?

Impulse

Impulse (J)
Impulse is the product of an external force and time, which results in a change in momentum of a particle or system. J=Ft J = DP Units: N s or kg m/s (same as momentum)

 Usually high magnitude, short duration. Suppose the ball hits the bat at 90 mph and leaves the bat at 90 mph, what is the magnitude of the momentum change? What is the change in the magnitude of the momentum?

Impulsive Forces

Impulse (J) on a graph

Area under the curve

Sample Problem

Suppose a 1.5-kg brick is dropped on a glass table top from a height of 20 cm.
a) What is the magnitude and direction of the impulse necessary to stop the brick? b) If the table top doesnt shatter, and stops the brick in 0.01 s, what is the average force it exerts on the brick? c) What is the average force that the brick exerts on the table top during this period?

Solution a)
Find the velocity of the brick when it strikes the table using conservation of energy. mgh = mv2 v = (2gh)1/2 = (2*9.8 m/s2*0.20 m) 1/2 = 2.0 m/s Calculate the bricks momentum when it strikes the table. p = mv = (1.5 kg)(2.0 m/s) = 3.0 kg m/s (down) The impulse necessary to stop the brick is the impulse necessary to change to momentum to zero. J = Dp = pf pi = 0 3.0 kg m/s = -3.0 kg m/s or 3.0 kg m/s (up)

Solution b) and c)
b) Find the force using the other equation for impulse. J = Ft 3.0 N s = F (0.01 s) F = 300 N (upward in the same direction as impulse) c) According the Newtons 3rd law, the brick exerts an average force of 300 N downward on the table.

Sample Problem
F(N)

2,000

1,000

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

t(s)

This force acts on a 1.2 kg object moving at 120.0 m/s. The direction of the force is aligned with the velocity. What is the new velocity of the object?

Solution
Find the impulse from the area under the curve. A = base * height = (.1 s)(2500 N) = 125 Ns J = 125 N s Since impulse is equal to change in momentum and it is in the same direction as the existing momentum, the momentum increases by 125 kg m/s. Dp = 125 kg m/s Dp = pf - pi = mvf - mvi mvf = mvi + Dp = (1.2 kg)(120 m/s) + 125 kg m/s = 269 kg m/s vf = (269 kg m /s) / (1.2 kg) = 224 m/s

Law of Conservation of Momentum

Law of Conservation of Momentum

If the resultant external force on a system is zero, then the vector sum of the momentums of the objects will remain constant. Pbefore = Pafter

Sample problem
A 75-kg man sits in the back of a 120-kg canoe that is at rest in a still pond. If the man begins to move forward in the canoe at 0.50 m/s relative to the shore, what happens to the canoe?

Solution
The momentum before the man moves is equal to the momentum after the man moves. pb = pa 0 = mmvm + mcvc 0 = (75 kg)(0.50 m/s) + (120 kg)v v = - (75 kg)(0.50 m/s)/(120 kg) v = -0.31 m/s The canoe slips backward in the water at -0.31 m/s

External versus internal forces

External forces: forces coming from outside the system of particles whose momentum is being considered. Internal forces: forces arising from interaction of particles within a system.
External forces change the momentum of the system.

Internal forces cannot change momentum of the system.

Explosions
When an object separates suddenly, as in an explosion, all forces are internal. Momentum is therefore conserved in an explosion. There is also an increase in kinetic energy in an explosion. This comes from a potential energy decrease due to chemical combustion.

Recoil
Guns and cannons recoil when fired. This means the gun or cannon must move backward as it propels the projectile forward. The recoil is the result of action-reaction force pairs, and is entirely due to internal forces. As the gases from the gunpowder explosion expand, they push the projectile forwards and the gun or cannon backwards.

Sample problem
Suppose a 5.0-kg projectile launcher shoots a 209 gram projectile at 350 m/s. What is the recoil velocity of the projectile launcher?

Solution
Momentum conservation is used to calculate recoil speed. pb = pa 0 = mpvp + mlvl 0 = (0.209 kg)(350 m/s) + (5.0 kg)v v = - (0.209 kg)(350 m/s)/(5.0 kg) v = - 14.6 m/s

 An exploding object breaks into three fragments. A 2.0 kg fragment travels north at 200 m/s. A 4.0 kg fragment travels east at 100 m/s. The third fragment has mass 3.0 kg. What is the magnitude and direction of its velocity?

Sample Problem

Solution
The momentum before is zero, so the momentum after is zero. This is a vector addition problem. Each fragment has a momentum magnitude of 400 kg m/s according to the formula p = mv.

v = p/m = 566/3 = 189 m/s due SW

400 kg m/s
(4002 + 4002)1/2 566 kg m/s due southwest 400 kg m/s

400 kg m/s

Collisions

Collisions
When two moving objects make contact with each other, they undergo a collision. Conservation of momentum is used to analyze all collisions. Newtons Third Law is also useful. It tells us that the force exerted by body A on body B in a collision is equal and opposite to the force exerted on body B by body A.

Collisions
During a collision, external forces are ignored. The time frame of the collision is very short. The forces are impulsive forces (high force, short duration).

Collision Types
Elastic collisions
Also called hard collisions No deformation occurs, no kinetic energy lost

Inelastic collisions
Deformation occurs, kinetic energy is lost

Perfectly Inelastic (stick together)

Objects stick together and become one object Deformation occurs, kinetic energy is lost

(Perfectly) Inelastic Collisions

Simplest type of collisions. After the collision, there is only one velocity, since there is only one object. Kinetic energy is lost. Explosions are the reverse of perfectly inelastic collisions in which kinetic energy is gained!

Sample Problem
An 80-kg roller skating grandma collides inelastically with a 40kg kid. What is their velocity after the collision?

Sample Problem

A train of mass 4m moving 5 km/hr couples with a flatcar of mass m at rest. What is the velocity of the cars after they couple?

Sample Problem

A fish moving at 2 m/s swallows a stationary fish which is 1/3 its mass. What is the velocity of the big fish after dinner?

Elastic Collision
After the collision, there are still two objects, with two separate velocities Kinetic energy remains constant before and after the collision. Therefore, two basic equations must hold for all elastic collisions pb = pa (momentum conservation) Kb = Ka (kinetic energy conservation)

 A 500-g cart on an air track strikes a 1,000-g cart at rest. What are the resulting velocities of the two carts? (Assume the collision is elastic, and the first cart is moving at 2.0 m/s when the collision occurs.)

Sample Problem

Solution
before m1v1
1.0 m1 v12 2.0

Solve simultaneously
v1 = -0.67 m/s v2 = 1.33 m/s

= = =

0.50v1 + v2 m1v12 + m2v22 0.50v12 + v22

m1v1 + m2v2

after

Center of Mass

DEFINITION OF CENTER OF MASS

The center of mass is a point that represents the average location for the total mass of a system The center of mass will remain constant during a collision

CENTER OF MASS

m1 x1 m2 x2 xcm m1 m2

Velocity of the center of mass

Dxcm

m1Dx1 m2 Dx2 m1 m2

Dvcm

m1v1 m2 v2 m1 m2

Velocity of the center of mass

In an isolated system, the total linear momentum does not change. Therefore, the velocity of the center of mass does not change.

vcm

m1v1 m2 v2 m1 m2