VACCINE

By Dr Balaram Sahu

Definition :
vaccine /vaccine/ (vaksn) is a suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, or fungus), or of antigenic proteins derived from them, administered for prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious diseases.

History :
Vaccine from Latin word vacca meaning cow First vaccine prepared in 1796 by British Surgeon, Edward Jenner, against small pox, from human lesion affected by cow pox. Edward Jenner is the father of vaccine In 1880,Louis Pasteur prepared the next vaccine against Rabies

First vaccination by Edward Jenner (James Phipps received the first vaccine, lesion from
Sarah Nelmes ,cows name Blossom)

First report of Edward Jenner to Royal college of surgeons, London

What A Vaccine Contains

Antigen: Protein in nature, which arouse immunity Adjuvant: It is the immunopotentiator/Immunoenhancer

Antigen

3 D Structure of Antigens

Adjuvant :
An adjuvant is a substance that helps and enhances the pharmacological effect of a drug or increases the ability of an antigen to stimulate the immune system. It acts by trafficating the defense cells

Types of Adjuvant :
Chemical- Alum(Aluminium pot. sulphate) ,Gel (Aluminium hydroxide), Oil (Lanolinic acid) Biological- Mycobacterium flea

Plant Moringa oleifera

Synthetic - Iscom

Types of vaccines
Live attenuated- Polio,BCG,Anthrax,Swine Flu Killed- Rabies, Foot-and-Mouth disease Toxoid- Tetanus Toxoid Synthetic Peptide- FMD Recombinant-Hepatitis- B Antisense RNA- Ant rotting vaccine in tomato Antireceptor- HIV ?

How a vaccine is prepared

Live Vaccine The organism is attenuated Organism is cultured Added with adjuvant PH is adjusted Quality testing-specificity,sterility,safety and potency Packed and released

Contd..
Killed Vaccine .Organism is cultured .Organism is killed

. Added with adjuvant PH is adjusted Quality testing-specificity,sterility,safety and potency Packed and released

Contd.
Toxoid vaccine .Organism cultured. .Toxin Harvested. .Toxin detoxified .Vaccine tested and released

Bacterial Culture

Growing Virus in cell culture

Virus Culture in Enmryonated Eggs

Recombinant DNA vaccines

Brave New Food : Wonder vaccines in food

How a vaccine is administered

Subcutaneous,intramuscular,intradermal Intraocular and intranasal Oral Through drinking water Through feed No vaccine is administered by intravenous method

How A Vaccine Works

After admin., vaccine is treated as foreign Rush of defense cells to the spot Release of pyrinogen and then pyrexia Defense cells capture antigen (APC) Antigen presented to immunity system Arousal of immunity(Either antibody mediated or cell mediated) Immunity produced by 7-21 days

Antibody Mediated Immunity

Cell Mediated Immunity

Dos and Donots in Vaccination

Vaccines store well in refrigeration. If not, 3 D structure is destroyed Live vaccines are stored in deep freeze. Once vaccine is opened, should be utilized within 2 hours. If not, PH comes down and vaccine is destroyed Vaccinate in cool and calm hour Vaccines given in drinking water , water should be free from chlorine, fluorine. Put SMP like Amul powder in water to get rid of Cl,Fl.4gm/lit of water

Contd.
Worms are enemies of vaccine. So deworm before vaccine.7-21 days before vaccination Well nutrition men and animals mount well response. Within 2-10 hrs of vaccination, there may be high rise of temp. Not to be worried. Some vaccines like cell cultured vaccine may contain antibiotics like penicillin in traces. There may be sever reaction in penicillin allergic persons/dogs

 In case of multi dose vials, Do not keep some vaccines as left over and use latter. Once vaccine opened, use it within 2 hours In case of Anthrax spore vaccine do not use antibiotics up to 10 days after vaccination Bacterial vaccines take7-10 days and viral vaccines take 14-21 days to produce immunity. If Ist vaccine is bacterial, give at least 1 weak gap, and if viral give at least 2wks gap to give another vaccine

Contd.

Thank You