Nutrition

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Elements of Energy and Nutrition

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Resting energy expenditure (REE) Nutrient density Nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, vitamins, minerals

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Dietary Guidelines
Dietary referenced intakes (DRIs) Food guidelines: food guide pyramid Daily values Healthy People 2010

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Print materials: Mini Poster

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Nutritional Needs throughout Growth and Development

Infants through school-age
Breast-feeding Formulas Solid foods Food habits

Adolescents
Eating disorders Activities
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Nutritional Needs throughout Growth and Development (cont'd)

Young and middle adults
Pregnancy Lactation

Older adults

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Vitamins
Fat-soluble: A, D, E, K Water-soluble: C and B complex Functions:
Essential to normal metabolism Catalysts in chemical reactions Antioxidants (Vitamins A, C, E) Necessary for reactions that affect behavior
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Function of Specific Vitamins

Thiamin:
glucose to energy reactions

Folate:
reactions that build body proteins

Vitamin A:
reactions that replace worn out cells lining the mouth, esophagus, intestines, and eyes

Vitamin C:
reactions that build/maintain collagen

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Role of Vitamins in Disease Prevention

Folate
Neural tube defects and heart disease

Vitamin A:
severity of infectious disease; skin disorders

Vitamin D:
Osteoporosis; rickets

Vitamin C:
symptoms and duration of URI
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Minerals
Inorganic elements essential as catalysts in biochemical reactions Macrominerals
Calcium, Iron, Sodium

Microminerals or trace elements

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Functions of Specific Minerals

Calcium
Building and maintaining bones and teeth Muscle contraction and nerve reactions

Iron
Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin Important to oxygen transportation

Sodium
Maintaining fluid balance and homeostasis Can contribute to hypertension

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Alternative Food Patterns

Cultural and religious practices Vegetarian diets

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Assessment: Diet History

Dietary intake and pattern Symptoms Allergies Taste Chewing and swallowing Appetite Elimination Medications
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Assessment
Anthropometry Body mass index (BMI) Ideal body weight (IBW) Laboratory tests Clinical observations Client expectations
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Nursing Diagnoses
Risk for aspiration Constipation Diarrhea Imbalanced nutrition: less than/more than body requirements Feeding self-care deficit

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Clients at Risk for Nutritional Problems

Obesity/Malnourishment Altered heart, liver, gi, or kidney function Increased energy needs Inability to secure or ingest nutrients Increased risk for aspiration
Decreased level of alertness Decreased gag or cough reflexes Difficulty managing saliva
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Implementation: Health Promotion

Client education Meal planning Food storage and preparation safety

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Implementation: Acute Care

Advancing diets Promoting appetite Assisting clients with feeding Enteral feeding Parenteral nutrition

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Enteral Feeding
Nasogastric, jejunal, gastric tubes Insertion and verification of placement Types and preparation of formulas Complications

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Parenteral Nutrition
Initiation and management of insertion site Types of solutions Rate of infusion Prevention of complications

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Implementation: Restorative Care

Medical nutrition therapy for specific illnesses, conditions, or injuries
GI diseases Diabetes Cardiovascular diseases Cancer HIV

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Evaluation
Client care Client expectations

Mosby items and derived items 2005 by Mosby, Inc.