Advance Drilling Technology: Directional Drilling

Objectives, Tools for deflection & orientation. Directional well profiles and well path deflection & corrections

Objectives
Vertical Vs Deviation True vertical: Possible ? Allow Controllable deviation 1930 California under Pacific Ocean

Conventional Drilling

objections
Full assembly is rotated No steering Power required at the end No vision possible Time lag in event NPT high tripping required Vertical access

Typical application where it is required

Mutli well platform drilling Fault drilling Inaccessible locations Side tracking & straightening Salt dome drilling Relief wells

Multi well platform drilling

Fault drilling Salt dome drilling

Relief wells

Side tracking and straightening

Inaccessible location

Depth reference and geographical reference

Direction Plane

Inclination Plane

Depth Reference
Mean sea Level, MSL Rotary table elevation, RTE or DFE (Derrick Floor ..) 20 well housing Depth : Along hole depth, AHD True vertical depth, TVD AHD>TVD always

Geographical Reference
3D (TVD, LD, ) Lateral displacement from north Or latitude and longitude

Non-Vertical Wellbore
tion clina Y In e Plan

, or I
Inclination Angle, drift or tangent Z Axis (True Vertical Depth) North Direction , Angle

or A

Direction Plane X

Lease Boundary Surface Location for Well No. 2 Surface Location for Well No. 1

Bottom Hole Location for Well 2 Houses

Oil-Water Contact

Figure 8.2 - Plan view of a typical oil and gas structure under a lake showing how directional wells could be used to develop it. Best locations? Drill from lake?

Top View

NOTE: All the wells are directional

5 - 50 wells per platform

Figure 8.3 - Typical offshore development platform with directional wells.

Drilling Rig Inside Building

Figure 8.4 - Developing a field under a city using directionally drilled wells.

Why not drill from top of mountain?

Maximum lateral displ.?

Fig. 8.5 - Drilling of directional wells where the reservoir is beneath a major surface obstruction.

Cement Plug

Fish Lost in Hole and Unable to Recover Sidetracked Hole Around Fish

Figure 8.6 Sidetracking around a fish.

Figure 8.7 Using an old well to explore for new oil by sidetracking out of the casing and drilling directionally.

Oil Producing Well Ready to Abandon Sidetracked Out of Casing Possible New Oil Old Oil Reservoir

Horizontal Departure to Target

Type II
Build-hold and Drop (S Type)

Type I Type III

Build and Hold Type Continuous Build

Build-hold Drop and/or Hold (Modified S Type)

Figure 8.8 - Major types of wellbore trajectories.

Planning the well profile

Build and hold S shaped Deep kick off

Parameters defining Well path Kick off point

Build up & drop off (1 to 3 0 /100ft) Drift angle

Dogleg severity > 30/100ft Radius of built up rate

C = 2R C = 2 = R 360 = 100 2R

d R tan x = D OE = OT sin y D sin y R= cos x R cos x sin y = D = x+ y

Prepare a planning procedure for the build and hold trajectory using following Data: KOP (BRT) 610 m TVD of target (BRT) 3048 m Horizontal displacement of target 915 m Build-up rate 20/30.48 m Solution: Point B is KOP at 610 m

2 30.48 = 360 2OB OB = 873.1876 m

Use graphical method to draw tangent from T To arc point E TEY=BOE use protractor Measure BX, XE, BE EY Report effect of error in measurement of TEY

Geometrical calculation technique

915 873.1876 tan ( x ) = 3048 610 41.81 = 0.017 2438

0

x = 0.98

873.1876 cos( 0.98) sin ( y ) = = 0.3581 2438 y = 20.98 0

= x + y = 0.98 + 20.98 = 21.96

Consideration when planning a directional well path

Target location Target size and shape Surface locations (rig location) Subsurface obstacles (adjacent wells, faults)

Additional factors Casing and program Geological section

Deflection Tools
Main Principle Bit tilt angle into the axis of the BHA Side force to the bit Major tools Bent sub & + ve displacement Non-rotating steerable drilling systems Rotary steering system Directional bottom hole assemblies Whipstocks

Universal Joint

Concept of Progressive cavity

Icdp-online.de Side Force

Tool face

BHA with bent sub and mud motor

http://www.icdp-online.de/sites/sanandreas/news/news1.html

Positive displacement motors

Turbo drills

Allow azimuth and /or inclination Geo steering Theoretical geometric dogleg severity TGDS

TGDS (deg ree / 100 ft ) =

100.Tilt .angle L1 + L2 2

Steerable drilling system

Rotary steering system

Down hole system

Non-rotating steerable stablizer

End section of non-rotating steerable stablizer

Whipstock: Steel wedge

Jet deflection

Catenary
The equation (up to translation and rotation) of a catenary in Cartesian coordinates has the form
Y=acosh (x/a)=a/2(ex/a+e-x/a)

where cosh is the hyperbolic cosine function. The scaling factor a can be interpreted as the ratio between the horizontal component of the tension on the chain (a constant) and the weight of the chain per unit of length

Well bore survey methods

Tangential method Balanced tangential method Average angle method Radius of curvature method Minimum curvature method

Average angle method

Radius of curvature method