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CONTENTS
DEFINATION INTRODUCTION MICROTUBULES
STRUCTURE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
MAPs ASSEMBLY & DISASSEMBLY GTP HYDROLYSIS TREDMILLING FUNCTIONS
MICROFILAMENTS
STRUCTURE
POLYMERISATION OF ACTIN TREDMILLING GTP HYDROLYSIS
FUNCTIONS
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS ASSEMBLY FUNCTIONS
COMPARISONS
Introduction
Cytoskeleton, an intracellular network of protein
filaments, involved in determining cell shape, cell movement, and intracellular movements.
Postulated in 1928 by koltzoff
The cytoskeleton helps to support the cell and
Introduction Contd..
It is composed of three types of molecular structures:
Microtubules Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
>The ability of eukaryotic cells to adopt a variety of shapes and to carry out coordinated and directed movements depends upon CYTOSKELETON.
MICROTUBULE
MICROTUBULES
Microtubules are polymers of tubulin
First observed in axoplasm of myelinated nerve fibres by
With rare exception such as the human microtubules are found in all eukaryotic
are
dynamically
unstable
they
can
be
Structure
Column of tubulin
dimers
25 nm
Tubulin dimer
bound
tightly
to
microtubule
organizing
centres
starts.
NOTE-MTOCs acts as a template for the initiation of
polymerisation
Chemical composition
cylindrical polymers of tubulin. --Made up of alpha & beta tubulin heteromers containing
GDP
weight of 55 Kd and a
sedimentation constant of 6s.
microtubules
are
highly
dynamic
polymerisation is directed.
Microtubules
polymerisation
occurs
by
nucleation-
tubulin. Phosphorylation of the tubulin monomers by a cyclic AMP_ dependent KINASE favouring the polymerisation
In a microtubule,the assembly of tubulin dimers takes place at
three phases
of the filament due to monomer addition is exactly balanced by depolymerisation from the ends.
Assembly of microtubules.
--Tubulin
hetrodimers
forms Oligomers of tubulin and further forms a single 13 tubulin PROTOFILAMENT. --Several such proto filaments attaches & forms sheets of potofilaments. --Later these protofilament sheets folds by conformational changes into a functional
microtubule.
GTP hydrolysis
Soluble tubulin binds GTP reversibly at a site on the beta- subunit &
subunit for neighbouring subunits & makes it more likely to dissociate from each other in the ends of the filament.
Thus the normal role of GTP hydrolysis is apparently to allow
microtubules to depolymerize by weakening the bonds between tubulin subunits in the microtubule.
NOTE- High concentration of GTP bound tubulin makes microtubule
stable by providing GTP cap,but low concentration of GTP causes the microtubule to dissociate.
has been correlated to the orientation & distribution of microtubules. Eg.Axons & Dendrites of neurons Morphogenesis:-Microtubule shape the cell during cell differentiation. Eg. The morphogenetic changes that occur during spermiogenesis. Cellular polarity & motility:- The determination of the intrinsic polarity of certain cells is also related to the microtubules. Eg. Membrane ruffling,endocytosis. Contraction:- microtubule play a role in the contraction of spindle and movement of chromosomes & centrioles as well as in cilliary & flagellar movements.
MICROFILAMENTS
STRUCTURE
Microfilaments are solid rods about 7 nm in
diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits Each actin molecule is usually bound to either ATP or ADP. The G-Actin subunits assemble head-to-tail to generate F-actins with a distinct structural polarity. Two parallel F-Actins twist around each other in a right-handed helix to form an actin filament. Consists of plus & minus ends.
of filament when decorated with globular heads of myosin Each G-actin monomer has intimate contact with four others (one on top, one on bottom and two to one side). Filament is tightly-wound helix of two "strands. NOTE- (strands are not stable in isolation).
Actin subunit
7 nm
POLYMERISATION OF ACTIN
The polymerization of actin filaments proceeds in three phases: Nucleation Elongation and Steady-state.
TREDMILLING
Treadmilling in actin filaments (uncapped) results when rate of assembly at ATP (plus) end equals rate of depolymerization at ADP (minus) end.
ATP HYDROLYSIS
Functions
--The structural role of microfilaments is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell
cells shape
--Bundles of microfilaments make up the core of microvilli of intestinal cells --Involved in cell migration during embryonic development & muscle contraction.
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
Intermediate Filaments
Intermediate filaments range in diameter from 812
nanometers, larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules which is intermediate between
Cellular location
2. TYPE II
Vimentin (53,000) Desmin (52,000) Glial fibrillar acidic protein (45,000) Synemin(230,000)
Neurofilament proteins (about 130,000,100,000 & 60,000) Nuclear lamins A, B & C (65,000-75,000)
Many cells of mesenchymal origin Muscle cells Glial cells(astrocytes & some schwann cells) Muscles cells
Neurons
3. TYPE III
4. TYPE 1V
Structure of IFs
Despite the large differences in their size, all cytoplasmic IF
chain contains a homologous central region of about 310 amino acids residues that forms an extended alpha helix with
Assembly of IFs
Functions
The main function of most intermediate
filaments is to provide mechanical support to the cell & its nucleus. The neurofilaments in the nerve cell axons probably resists stresses caused by the motion of the animal which would other wise break these long,thin cylinders of cytoplasm. Desmin filaments provide mechanical support for the sarcomeres in muscle cells & vimentin filaments surrounds & probably support the large fat droplets in the fat cells.
Protofilaments.
10 nm Five types of protein defining five major classes None -Integrate contractile units in muscles. -Cytoskeletal structural function in cytoplasm.
CONCLUSION
Within the cell cytoplasm or cytoplasmic matrix,contains
structure.
The cytoskeleton helps to support the cell and maintain its
shape.
The ability of eukaryotic cells to adopt a variety of shapes
and to carry out coordinated and directed movements depends upon CYTOSKELETON.
It is composed of three types of molecular structures viz.
CONCLUSION Cont.
The main protein present in cytoskeleton are :-
volume of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, a function that is very important in animal cells which have no walls.
The interior of the cell is in constant motion and the
cytoskeleton provides the machinery for intracellular movements such as the transport of organelles from one place to another.
ABSTRACT-1
Regulation of T-cell activation by the cytoskeleton
AUTHOR- Daniel D. Billadeau , Jeffrey C. Nolz & Timothy S. Gomez JOURNAL- Nature Reviews Immunology 7, 131143 (1 February 2007) | doi:10.1038/nri2021
Abstract---To become activated, T cells must efficiently recognize antigen-presenting cells or target cells through several complex cytoskeleton-dependent processes, including integrinmediated adhesion, immunological-synapse formation, cellular polarization, receptor sequestration and signalling.
The actin and microtubule systems provide the dynamic cellular framework that is required to orchestrate these processes and ultimately contol T-cell activation.
Here, we discuss recent advances that have furthered our understanding of the crucial importance of the T-cell cytoskeleton in controlling these aspects of T-cell immune recognition.
ABSTRACT-2
Transmembrane crosstalk between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton
AUTHOR- Benjamin Geiger , Alexander Bershadsky , Roumen Pankov & Kenneth M. Yamada
doi:10.1038/35099066
Abstract--Integrin-mediated cell adhesions provide dynamic, bidirectional links between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.
Besides having central roles in cell migration and morphogenesis, focal adhesions and related structures convey information across the cell membrane, to regulate extracellularmatrix assembly, cell proliferation, differentiation, and death.
This review describes integrin functions, mechanosensors, molecular switches and signaltransduction pathways activated and integrated by adhesion, with a unifying theme being the importance of local physical forces.
AUTHOR- Changkyu Gu, Suma Yaddanapudi1, Astrid Weins, Teresia Osborn, Jochen Reiser, Martin Pollak,
The large GTPase dynamin assembles into higher order structures that are thought to promote endocytosis.
Dynamin also regulates the actin cytoskeleton through an unknown, GTPase-dependent mechanism. Here, we identify a highly conserved site in dynamin that binds directly to actin filaments and aligns them into bundles.
Point mutations in the actin-binding domain cause aberrant membrane ruffling and defective actin stress fibre formation in cells. Short actin filaments promote dynamin assembly into higher order structures, which in turn efficiently release the actin-capping protein (CP) gelsolin from barbed actin ends in vitro, allowing for elongation of actin filaments.
Together, our results support a model in which assembled dynamin, generated through interactions with short actin filaments, promotes actin polymerization via displacement of actin-CPs.
Conclusions for abstracts- CONCLUSION (ABSTRACT-1):- For the activation of T cells, recognition of
antigen-presenting cells or target cells by several complex cytoskeletondependent processes is required. The cytoskeleton ultimately contol T-cell activation. provides the dynamic cellular framework that is required to orchestrate these processes and
REFERENCES
CELL BIOLOGY- P.C VERMA & V.K AGARWAL-14th Edition,2009,(Pg. 294-298):-MICROTUBULES. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELLALBERTS,JOHNSON,ROBERTS,LEWIS & RAFF-5th Edition,2008,(Pg. 976-
Edition,1999,(Pg.174-176):- MICROFILAMENTS. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES- PRANAV KUMAR(Pg.279-282):- GTP HYDROLYSIS PUBMED.COM: Regulation of T-cell activation by the cytoskeleton(ABSTRACT -1) Nature Reviews Immunology 7, 131143 (1 February 2007) | doi:10.1038/nri2021 Transmembrane crosstalk between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton (ABSTRACT-2) Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2, 793805 (1 November 2001) | doi:10.1038/35099066 Direct dynaminactin interactions regulate the actin cytoskeleton(ABSTRACT-3) EMBO Journal(2010) 29,3593-3606 www.wikipidia.com:- Definations