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WHAT IS AN ACCIDENT

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA57

OBJECTIVE
Identify types of potential chemical accidents and associated hazards

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA58

AN ACCIDENT . . .
Can be defined in several ways
an unplanned release of chemical warfare agent into environment at levels which exceed those permitted by state or federal regulations more conservative definition is any unplanned event that could lead to the release of chemical warfare agent

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA59

SIZE OF ACCIDENT
Important to know amount of material accidentally released Amount of material released called source term Source term and weather conditions at time of release determine
how far downwind hazardous materials will travel concentration of chemical warfare agent to which people could be exposed

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA60

PROXIMITY TO POTENTIAL ACCIDENT SITE


Also important to know how close people might be to a potential accident site and their location with respect to airborne agent plume

Illustrated CSEPP installation and community


1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA61

ACCIDENT LIKELIHOOD
Most likely accidents are small ones that do not pose a threat except to someone in very close proximity to accident Large accidents (source terms large enough to pose a threat to community) have much lower probability of occurring Unlikely that an accident will cause injury or death to anyone

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA62

WHAT IS MEANT BY UNLIKELY?


Engineers and scientists systematically studied different ways accidents could occur and estimated how likely events were that caused an accident They estimated probabilities of many different accidents and calculated number of fatalities that could occur for each accident They calculated the consequences of each accident

Risk =
Probability of Accident

X
(Times)

Consequences

(Summed)

For all Events

Calculation of risk
1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation CA63

POTENTIAL ACCIDENT TYPES AND HAZARDS


If accident large enough to pose threat to public, dominant hazard is from breathing air in which agent exists as vapor Paths for liquid chemical warfare agent to travel from accident to off-site are limited and relatively easy to block therefore people off-site unlikely to encounter liquid agent

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA64

THREE BASIC TYPES OF POTENTIAL ACCIDENTS

1. Spill 2. Explosion 3. Fire

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA65

SPILL
Onto ground or other surfaces Resulting puddle of agent (liquid deposition) can evaporate into vapor and drift downwind

Example of a plume resulting from a spill

(not to scale)

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA66

EXPLOSION
Causes droplets of agent to be formed Larger, heavier droplets quickly fall to ground (deposition) Releases vapors and aerosols (smaller droplets and particles) that can travel greater distances

Example of a plume resulting from an explosion


1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

(not to scale)
CA67

FIRE
Both aerosols and vapors are formed Vapors and aerosols lifted higher into air because of heat from fire Hazard similar to those of an explosion

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

Example of a plume resulting from a fire

(not to scale)

CA68

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AEROSOLS AND VAPORS


Think of a chemical agent release in terms of hair spray coming from a spray can:
when spray is release, it is an aerosol larger particles and/or droplets are deposited near point of release particles quickly fall out of air onto hair and skin person across room can smell hair spray from breathing vapors released

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA69

WHAT IF AN ACCIDENT OCCURS?


It is very unlikely the public would be exposed to droplets and aerosols Particles will mostly fall out of plume (via deposition) by time plume reaches installation boundary

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA70

VAPOR HAZARD
For most accidents, the primary health hazard comes from vapors when they are breathed in or come in contact with skin or eyes Agent vapors pose greatest hazard when inhaled because they are rapidly absorbed by lung tissues Lethal dosage for agent vapor breathed in is several times lower than lethal dosage for vapor contact with skin

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA71

ACCIDENT CATEGORIES
Selection of protective action strategies contingent on characteristics of accident Accident categories are group of accident scenarios bound together by common source terms and meteorological conditions Designed to support grouping of large number of protective action strategies Each installation has set of accident categories

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA72

CHEMICAL EVENT EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION SYSTEM


Standard chemical accident notification Provides a common language between installation and off-site emergency responders Fosters clear understanding and ready reference for emergency response actions Off-site response consists of 4 levels
nonsurety (does not involve chemical warfare agents) limited area, post-only, and community emergencies (involve chemical warfare agents)
1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA73

NON-SURETY EMERGENCY
General interest to public Poses no chemical surety hazard Action: Notification to IRZ designated points of contact
Army Installation Boundary

Limited Area Boundary

Illustrated CSEPP installation and community


1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA74

LIMITED AREA EMERGENCY


Declared when predicted chemical agent no-effects dosage does not extend beyond chemical limited area Action: Notification of IRZ and State points-of-contact
IRZ emergency response officials may go to level of readiness
Limited Area Boundary Plume Army Installation Boundary

Illustrated CSEPP installation and community


1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA75

POST-ONLY EMERGENCY
Declared when predicted chemical agent no-effects dosage extends beyond chemical limited boundary but not installation boundary Not expected to present danger to off-site public Action: Notification of IRZ, PAZ, Army Installation Boundary and State-designated points-of-contact
IRZ response organizations mobilize precautionary protective actions may be initiated in nearby areas
1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

Limited Area Boundary Plume

Illustrated CSEPP installation and community


CA76

COMMUNITY EMERGENCY
Declared when predicted chemical agent no-effects dosage extends beyond installation boundary Action: Notification of IRZ, PAZ, and State-designated Army Installation Boundary points-of-contact
all emergency response organizations mobilize IRZ and affected PAZ areas implement specified protective actions
Limited Area Boundary Plume

Illustrated CSEPP installation and community


1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA77

CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT DETECTION


Armys detection capability consists of low-level and gross-level detectors Any vapor detection efforts off-site would be conducted by Army survey teams using appropriate equipment

1999 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation

CA78

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