MICROWAVE AND RADAR ENGINEERING - ASSIGNMENT I

RADAR TRANSMITTER

RADAR- RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING

RADAR is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of reflecting objects such as aircrafts, ships , spacecrafts etc.

RADAR TRANSMITTER

The radar transmitter produces the short duration high-power rf pulses of energy that are radiated into space by the antenna.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RADAR TRANSMITTER The transmitter must have the ability to generate the required mean RF power and the required peak power The transmitter must have a suitable RF bandwidth. The transmitter must have a high RF stability to meet signal processing requirements The transmitter must be efficient, reliable and easy to maintain and the life expectancy and cost of the output device must be acceptable.

RADAR BLOCK DIAGRAM

RADAR BLOCK DIAGRAM

RADAR transmitters and receivers can be divided in two important Sub-sections HIGH POWER TRANSMITTER SECTIONS LOW POWER RECEIVER AND WAVEFORM GENERATOR

TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING PATHS

Amplification occurs in multiple stages Driver amplifiers High power amplifier Requirement for power amplifier Low noise Minimum distortion to input signal Higher transmitted power can be obtained by combining multiple amplifiers in parallel Lower efficiency (due to combiner losses) Increased complexity

RF POWER SOURCES AVAILABLE :

Klystron TWT Hybrid klystrons Solid-State transistor Amplifiers Magnetron Cross-Field Amplifiers Grid-Control Tubes Microwave Power module Gyrotrons

GROUPING OF RF SOURCES INTO 4 CLASSES

LINEARBEAM TUBES

SOLID STATE

CROSSFIELD TUBES

OTHERS

KLYSTRON

magnetrons

TWT

SOLID STATE AMPLIFIERS

CROSS FIELD AMPLIFIERS

gyratrons

HYBRID KLYSTRON

Grid control tubes

TRANSMITTER CHARACTERSTICS:
KLYSTRO TWT N CFA LOW WIDE SOLID STATE MODERAT E WIDE MAGNETRO N ---- a ---- a

GAIN
BANDWIDTH

HIGH

HIGH

NARROW WIDE

NOISE OUTPUT

VERY LOW

VERY LOW HIGH

MODERAT E MODERAT E MODERAT E LOW

LOW LOW

MOD/HIGH MODERATE

DC VOLTAGE HIGH

EFFICIENCY

LOW

LOW

MODERAT E NONE MEDIUM

b

HIGH

X - RAYS RELATIVE SIZE

HIGH BIG

HIGH

LOW SMALL

MEDIUM MEDIUM

a a magnetron is a oscillator , and as such has neither bandwidth nor gain b solid state devices are themselves small and light, a large number is required to achieve high RF power. Thus solid state devices are tend to be large . exceptions are active arrays c- gridded TWTs often found in aircrafts are smaller and lighter than conventional TWTs , because the modulator for gridded tubes is simple and small

DUPLEXER FUNCTION
Transmitter ON Connect antenna to transmitter with low loss Protect receiver during transmit interval
Receiver ON Connect Antenna to receiver with low loss (transmitter must be turned off in this interval) Limiter/switch is used for additional protection against strong interference

APPLICATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD

Multihead radars: independent radars are netted together to improve target detection and tracking accuracy

Detection of UFOs :

Speed measurements(Police radars) Airport surveillance Marine navigation Missile guidance Mapping and imaging

REFERENCES

Skolnik, M., Introduction to Radar Systems, New York, McGraw-Hill, 3rd Edition, 2001 Skolnik, M., Radar Handbook, New York, McGraw-Hill, 2nd Edition, 1990 www.Radar tutorial.eu, radar overview

THANK YOU

BATCH 10: UDAY KIRAN [09L223] ANIL KRISHNA[09L221] UTTAM KUMAR[09L267] SAI DEEP [09L252] PRANAY KRISHNA[09L246] NITHESH CHAKRAVARTHI [09L242]