Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

BAB IV ERROR CHECKING, LOAD CASE, and STATIC ANALYSIS

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

4.1. Error Checking

Static analysis cannot be performed until the error checking has been successfully completed.
Only after error checking is completed are the required analysis data files created.

CAESAR II does not allow an analysis to take place if the input has been changed and not successfully error checked.
Error Checking can only be done from the input spreadsheet, and is initiated by executing the Start Run or Batch Run commands from the toolbar, menu or the Quit options menu (the Quit options menu appears upon closing the spreadsheet).
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4.2. Quit Options Menu

The Start Run command exits the input processor, starts the error checking procedure and returns the user to the Main Menu for further action. The Batch Run command causes the program to check the input data, analyze the system, and present the results without any user interaction.

Batch processing focuses the users attention on the creation of input and the review of output by expediting the steps in between.
Once invoked, the error checker reviews the CAESAR II model and alerts the user to any possible errors, inconsistencies, etc. These items are presented to the user as Errors, Warnings, or Notes.
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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

Errors are flagged when there is a problem with the model due to which analysis cannot continue. An example is if no length of element is defined for a piping element. This error must be corrected before continuing.

Example of Fatal Error Dialog

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

Warnings are flagged whenever there is a problem with a model which can be overcome using some assumptions. An example of this would be if an elements wall thickness is insufficient to meet the minimum wall thickness for the given pressure (hoop stress). Warnings need not be corrected in order to get a successful analysis, but all warnings should be reviewed carefully by the user as they are displayed.

Example of Warning Dialog

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

Note Dialog, this third category of alert is the informational note. These messages simply inform the user of some noteworthy fact related to the model. An example of a note may be a message informing the user of the number of hangers to be designed by the CAESAR II program. For notes, there is nothing for the user to correct.

Example of Note Dialog

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

4.3. Available Commands for Error Checking

OK Indicates that the message has been reviewed by the user, and the error checking should continue. Cancel Cancels error checking and returns to the Main Menu.

File Print Prints the most recent message.

File - Print All Prints all messages. Option Restart Restarts the error checking process.

Option - Fatal Only Causes the program to display only fatal error messages, ignoring notes and warnings. Option Off Turns off, or ignores subsequent occurrences of, the most recently displayed message. Option - Return Returns to the piping input processor. Training on Caesar II This is generally selected when a fatal error must be fixed.
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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

4.4. Error Checking Closing Dialog

Once error checking has been completed, the program then performs a few miscellaneous calculations such as those for nozzle flexibilities and the center of gravity report (these calculations may be printed out with the Miscellaneous Data reports in the Static Output Processor).
Once the model has been successfully error-checked, the user must generate the required files in order to continue the analysis. This is done by pressing OK with the Generate Files option selected on the closing dialog.

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

4.5. Building Static Load Cases

The first step in the analysis of an error-checked piping model is the specification of the static load cases. This is done by selection of the Analysis-Static options from the CAESAR II Main Menu (model should be error free). Upon entering the static load case editor, a screen appears which lists all of the available loads that are defined in the input, the available stress types, and the current load cases offered for analysis. If the job is entering static analysis for the first time, CAESAR II presents a list of recommended load cases. If the job has been run previously, the loads shown are those saved during the last session. A typical load case editor screen is shown below:
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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

The user can define up to ninety-nine load cases.

Load cases may be edited by clicking on a line in the Load List area. Only the load components listed in the upper left-hand portion of the screen may be specified in the load cases. The entries must be identical to what is shown on the screen. Available stress types are specified at the end of the load case entry in parentheses. Stress type determines the stress calculation method and the allowable stress to use (if any).
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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

Edit-Insert This command inserts a blank load case preceding the currently selected line in the load list. If no line is selected, the load case is added at the end of the list. Load cases are selected by clicking on the number to the left of the load case.

Edit-Delete This command deletes the currently selected load case.

File Analysis This command accepts the load cases and runs the job.

Recommend This command allows the user to replace the cur-rent load cases with the CAESAR II recommended load cases.
Load Cycles This button alternatively hides or displays the Load Cycles field in the Load Case list. Entries in these fields are only valid / required for load cases defined with the fatigue stress types.

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

4.6. Providing Wind Data

Up to four different wind load cases may be specified for any one job.
The only wind load information that is specified in the piping input is the shape factor. It is this shape factor input that causes load cases WIN1, WIN2, WIN3, and WIN4 to be listed as an available load to be analyzed. More wind data is required, however, before an analysis can be made. When wind loads are used in the model, CAESAR II makes available the screen to define the extra wind load data. Once defined, this input is stored and may be changed on subsequent entries into the static analysis processor. To specify the wind data needed for the analysis select the tab entitled Wind Load for the appropriate wind load case. The screen shown below appears:
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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

4.7. Specifying Hydrodynamic Parameters

Up to four different hydrodynamic load cases may be specified for any one job. Several hydrodynamic coefficients are defined on the element spreadsheet. The inclusion of hydrodynamic coefficients causes the loads WAV1, WAV2, WAV3, and WAV4 to be available in the load case editor. A CAESAR II hydrodynamic loading dialog is shown in the following figure.

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

4.8. Execution of Static Analysis

The static analysis performed by CAESAR II follows the regular finite element solution routine. Element stiffness are combined to form a global system stiffness matrix.

Each basic load case defines a set of loads for the ends of all the elements. These elemental load sets are combined into system load vectors.
Using the relationship of force equals stiffness times displacement (F=KX), the unknown system deflections and rotations can be calculated. The known parameters, however, may change during the analysis as hanger sizing, non-linear supports, and friction all affect both the stiffness matrix and load vectors.
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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

The root solution from this equation, the system-wide deflections and rotations, is used with the element stiffness to determine the global (X,Y,Z) forces and moments at the end of each element. These forces and moments are translated into a local coordinate system for the element from which the code-defined stresses are calculated. Forces and moments on anchors, restraints, and fixed displacement points are summed to balance all global forces and moments entering the node. Algebraic combinations of the basic load cases pick up this process where appropriate - at the displacement, force & moment, or stress level. Once the setup for the solution is complete the calculation of the displacements and rotations is repeated for each of the basic load cases. During this step, the Incore Solution status screen appears.
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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

Incore Solution Module

This screen serves as a monitor of the static analysis. The screen is broken down into several areas. The area on the upper left reflects the size of the job by listing the number of equations to be solved and the bandwidth of the matrix which holds these equations. Multiplying the number of equations by the bandwidth gives a relative indication of the job size. This area also lists the current load case being analyzed and the total number of basic load cases to be solved. The iteration count, as well as the current case number, shows how much work has already been completed
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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

The right side of the solution screen provide information to the user regarding status of non linear restraints and hangers in the job. Nonlinear restraints status may be stepped through on an individual basis by using the [F2]/[F4] function keys. In the lower left screen of the big box are two bar graphs which indicate where the program is in an individual solution. These bar graphs illustrate the speed of the solution. By checking the data in this first box, an experienced user will have a good idea of how much longer to wait for the results.

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

Static Output Screen

Following the analysis of the system deflections and rotations, these results are post-processed in order to calculate the local forces, moments, and stresses for the basic load cases and all results for the algebraic combinations (e.g. DS1-DS2). Theses total system results are stored in a file with the suffix _P (e.g. TUTOR_P)*. During this post processing, the Status screen lists the current element for which the forces and stresses are being calculated. Once the last elements stresses are computed, the output processor screen is presented. It is through this menu the graphic and tabular results of the analysis can be interactively reviewed by the user.
Notes : * The _A or input file or the _P or output file are all that is required to archive the static analysis. The remaining scratch files may be eliminated from the system without any impact on the work completed.
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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

4.9. Notes on CAESAR II Load Cases

Definition of a Load Case
In CAESAR II terms, a load case is a group of piping system loads that are analyzed together, i.e., that are assumed to be occurring at the same time. An example of a load case is an operating analysis composed of the thermal, deadweight, and pressure loads together. Another is an as-installed analysis of deadweight loads alone. A load case may also be composed of the combinations of the results of other load cases; for example, the difference in displacements between the operating and installed cases. No matter what the contents of the load case, it always produces a set of reports in the output which list restraint loads, displacements and rotations, internal forces, moments, and stresses.

Because of piping code definitions of calculation methods and/or allowable stresses, the load cases are also tagged with a stress category. For example, the combination mentioned above might be tagged as an EXPansion stress case.
The piping system loads which compose the basic (non-combination) load sets relate to various input items found on the piping input screen. The table below lists the individual load set designations, their names and the input items which make them available for analysis.
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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

Designation Name Input items which activate this load case

Designation
W WNC T1 T2 T3 . . . T9 P1 P2 P3 . . . P9

Name
Deadweight Weight Thermal Set 1 Thermal Set 2 Thermal Set 3 . . . Thermal Set 9 Pressure Set 1 Pressure Set 2 Pressure Set 3 . . . Pressure Set 9

Input items which activate this load case

Pipe Density, Insulation Density (with insulation thickness), Fluid Density, or Rigid Weight
Pipe Density, Insulation Density (with insulation thickness), Rigid Weight Temperature #1 Temperature #2 Temperature #3 . . . Temperature #9 Pressure #1 Pressure #2 Pressure #3 . . . Pressure #9
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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

Designation Name Input items which activate this load case

(continued)
Designation
D1 D2 D3 . . . D9 F1 F2 F3 . . . F9

Name
Displacement Set 1 Displacement Set 2 Displacement Set 3 . . . Displacement Set 9 Force Set 1 Force Set 2 Force Set 3 . . . Force Set 9

Input items which activate this load case

Displacements (1st vector) Displacements (2nd vector). Displacements (3rd vector). . . . Displacements (9th vector) Forces/Moments (1st vector), cold spring (Material # 18 or 19), and spring initial loads Forces/Moments (2nd vector) Forces/Moments (3rd vector) . . . Forces/Moments (9th vector)

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

Designation Name Input items which activate this load case

(continued)
Designation
WIN1 WIN2 WIN3 WIN4 WAV1 WAV2 WAV3 WAV4 U1 U2 U3

Name
Wind Load 1 Wind Load 2 Wind Load 3 Wind Load 4 Wave Load 1 Wave Load 2 Wave Load 3 Wave Load 4 Uniform Loads Uniform Loads Uniform Loads

Input items which activate this load case

Wind Shape Factor Wind Shape Factor Wind Shape Factor Wind Shape Factor Wave Load On Wave Load On Wave Load On Wave Load On Uniform Loads (1st vector) Uniform Loads (2nd vector) Uniform Loads (3rd vector)

Note : Available piping system loads are displayed on the left hand side of the Static Load Case screen.

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

Basic load cases may consist of a single load such as WNC for an as-installed weight analysis, or they may include several loads added together such as W+T1+P1+D1+F1 for an operating analysis. The stress categories: SUStained, EXPansion, OCCasional, OPErating, and FATigue are specified at the end of the load case definition. The complete definition of the two examples are: WNC (SUS) and W+T1+P1+D1+F1 (OPE). Each basic load case is entered in this manner in a list for analysis. Note : Available stress types are displayed in the lower left hand side of the Static Load Case screen. Results of the basic load cases may be combined using algebraic combination cases. These algebraic combinations are always entered following the last of the basic load cases. Combinations of basic load cases are designated using the prefix DS, FR or ST to indicate whether the combination is done at the displacement, force, or stress level respectively followed by a number indicating the order of the basic load case in the load list. The two former combinations (DS and FR) are done algebraically (signs are considered), while the last (ST) is combined absolutely. Combination load cases should also have stress types assigned. Note : Summing load cases at the DS level is important when signs must be considered, such as for a EXPansion case,. Summing load case results at the ST level is important when stresses must be combined absolutely, as for an OCCasional case.
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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

A Valid example of algebraic combinations of load cases

Load
1 2 3 4.

Case Designation
W+T1+P1+D1+F1 (OPE) W+P1+F1 (SUS) U1(OCC) DS1-DS2(EXP)

Comments
The operating Load Case The installed Load Case (for sustained stress calculations) A uniform Load Case modeling a seismic load The difference between the displacements of Load Case #1 (operating) minus the displacements of Load Case #2 (installed); the displacement range of the piping; used to calculate expansion stress range going from cold to hot. The stresses from Load Case #2 (sustained) plus the stresses from Load Case #3 (occasional); used to compare the occasional stresses with their allowable.

ST2+ST3(OCC)

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

Recommended Load Cases

Most users will specify only one temperature and one pressure. Such input would simplify the recommended cases to: Case # 1 W+D1+T1+P1+F1 (OPE) ....OPERATING Case # 2 W+P1+F1 (SUS)....SUSTAINED LOAD CASE Case # 3 DS1-DS2 (EXP)....EXPANSION LOAD CASE

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Chapter IV Error Checking, Static Load Cases, and Analysis

Recommended Load Cases for Hanger Selection

A typical set of recommended load cases for a single operating load case spring hanger design appears as follows:
Case # 1 W+F1 ....WEIGHT FOR HANGER LOADS Case # 2 W+D1+T1+P1+F1 ....OPERATING FOR HANGER TRAVEL Case # 3 W+D1+T1+P1+F1 (OPE) ...OPERATING (HGRS. INCLUDED Case # 4 W+P1+F1 (SUS) ....SUSTAINED LOAD CASE Case # 5 DS3-DS4 (EXP) ....EXPANSION LOAD CASE

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