CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & SCHEDULING

Scheduling is necessary for: Optimum utilization and orderly arrangements of resources, control of cost, progress and quality of executed work, and capacity allocation to be efficient and effective.

Scheduling is used for the determination of: Starting and finishing times of each activities, The earliest and latest times at which events can occur, The sequence of flow of each activities and their possible overlaps, Critical path on which activities require special attention, Slack and floats for non-critical activities, and Resources to be allocated to each activities necessary to accomplish them with in scheduled time.

CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & SCHEDULING

CRITICAL (CPM)

PATH

METHOD

CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & SCHEDULING

SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM) NETWORK CONSTRUCTION NETWORK ANALYSIS SYSTEMS OF NETWORKING EVENT TIMES ACTIVITY TIMING & ASSOCIATED TERMS FLOATS Free floats Total floats DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL PATH RESOURCE LEVELLING PRACTICAL EXAMPLES

CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & SCHEDULING

CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM) Network Construction In order to construct a network, the following shall be exercised: i. The different activities shall be known; ii. The determination of work break down to obtain different activities depending upon the size of the project and the level of detailing required. iii. The sequence of flow of activities shall be determined, iv. The activities that can be executed parallel to another activities (i.e., that can be done concurrently) shall be determined, v. The time required for accomplishing each activities shall be determined, and vi. Unnecessary dummies and dangling of activities shall be avoided.

CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & SCHEDULING

CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM) Network Construction In addition to the above requirements, there are also conventional rules and regulation to be followed for network construction. These are; Each activity is represented by one and only one arrow. And each arrow represents only one activity. In a network, time flows from left to right, therefore arrows pointing in the opposite directions are avoided. However, vertical arrows are allowed. The length of arrows representing activities on the network do not represent the time required for their completion. Until or unless all the activities leading to an event are completed, the event is not completed. No activity can start until the preceding events are completed. An event is called an end event or end node when all activities are performed fully. A network shall consider all constraints and interdependencies of activities performed. Angles between arrows shall be sufficient enough to differentiate two activities clearly. When arrows cross each other, do so in such a manner to avoid confusion of each activities. Dummy activities can be represented by broken lines. Arrows should be kept straight as far as possible.

CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & SCHEDULING

CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM) DEFINITION A graphical representation of the different activities arranged in a logical sequence and showing the interrelationships among them. Arrows represent the activities and the nodes their beginnings and endings. Systems of Networking, AOA (Activity on Arrow) AON (Activity on Node)

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DEFINITION OF TERMS a) Activity:An activity is a physically identifiable part of a project which consumes time and resources. b) Event:The beginning and ending points of an activity is marked as events. c) Dummy: An activity which determines the dependency of one activity over the other where no physical work is done between them is called dummy. It is an artificial activity represented by a dotted/brocken line which indicates that an activity following it cannot be started before the preceding activity is completed. Requires no expenditure of resources & no times. d) Duration (d): It is the estimated time required to perform an activity.

CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM)

EVENT TIMES
Earliest Event Times (EET): The earliest time that an event can take place. Usually the start of the project itself is taken as zero while the EET of the subsequent event is calculated by adding the activity duration to it. Forward pass If there are more than one activity leading to an event, the EET of that event will be the highest value obtained by adding activity durations to the EETs of the preceding events. Latest Event Times (LET): The latest time that an event can occur without affecting the on time completion of the project. LET of the end event, such a completion of project, is taken to be equal to its EET. The remaining events are calculated by moving in a reverse path (Backward pass) and subtracting the activity duration from the LET of the event the activity leads to. If more than one activity diverges from an event, then its LET would be the lowest value obtained by subtracting the duration of each activity from the LET of the respective succeeding events. Event Numbering Each activity should have a distinct & unique i-j numbers As much as possible, the number of preceding event (i) should be less than that of the succeeding one (j)

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ACTIVITY TIMING & ASSOCIATED TERMS
Earliest Start Time: the earliest time that an activity may start and assure minimum project completion time. This is computed by summing the ds (duration) starting with the first event node, when t = 0, along a path leading to the tail node of the job under consideration.

ESTij = EETi
Earliest Finish Time: the earliest time an activity may be completed. It is computed by adding ds (duration) to the values of the earliest start times, EST.

EFTij = ESTij + dij

The forward pass through the network determines the ES and EF for each task, along with the networks completion date (shortest path to completion). Latest Start Time: the latest time that an activity can start without pushing the overall project beyond its completion time Forward pass

LSTij = LETj - dij

Latest Finish Times: the latest time that an activity may finish and assure the project will be completed within specified time.

LFTij = LETj
the backward pass through the network then determines each tasks LS and LF event time.

CRITICAL PATH METHOD

FLOATS
It is the difference between the time available to do the job and the time required to do the job. It is the term used to measure the amount by which the events can be put off or activities can be delayed without changing the minimum project completion time Total Float Total float (TF) is the amount of time that the start or finish of a task can be delayed without extending the projects overall duration, or delaying the completion of the projects final activity. Total float is equal to the difference between each tasks LF and its EF (or its LS and ES). The total float of activities is equal to Zero, these activities are critical and make up the critical path.

CRITICAL PATH METHOD

Total Float TF = LSTij ESTij or TF = LFTij EFTij Free Float It is the amount of time by which the completion of an activity can be delayed without delaying the earliest start time of the following activity It can be computed from the difference between earlier start of the following activity and earliest finish of the preceding activity

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PRACTICAL EXAMPLES

CHAPTER 5 PROJECT MONITORING & CONTROLLING

PROJECT MONITORING & CONTROLLING

Project control is the pivotal activity that ties all the previously discussed project management techniques together. Planning and organizing are certainly important in leading us toward meeting our project goals, but effective project control is absolutely essential.

It is essential that managers understand that the process is cyclic and needs to be carried out on a regular basis and with persistence.