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HCFCs
Carbon dioxide
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
HCFCs
Supermarkets
Carbon dioxide
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
HCFCs
Supermarkets
Carbon dioxide
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
LT
MT
MT. Carbon dioxide condenses in the cascade condenser and is pumped to display cabinets, where it evaporates at the same pressure. It the recondenses in the cascade condenser. Temperature level around -10 C/14 F. LT. It expands and evaporates in the deep freezers. After compression it joins the MT-CO2 and recondenses. Temperature level around -40 C/-40 F.
Critical temperature
Critical pressure Triple point Normal sublimation point
30.98 C/87.76F
73.77 bar/1070 psi -56.56 C/-69.8 F -78.4 C/-109.1 F
Below the triple point, carbon dioxide is a solid and the triple point then gives the absolute lowest temperature in a refrigeration system.
-125
R1270
R218
TsupH = 5 K/9 F
Vol-40C/V-10C/14F Capacity kW/(lit/s)
R404A
R410A
R507A
R407C
R508A
CO2
R22
R23
R32
R41
R116
R125
R290
R143a
TsubC = 3 K/5F
R1270
R218
NH3
Discharge, mm Two-phase, mm
50
0
R404A R410A R507A R508A CO2 NH3 R22 R23 R32 R41 R143a R407C R1270 R116 R125 R290 R218
The diameter, which gives a pressure drop corresponding to 0.5 K/0.9F for a 5 m/ 16ft long pipe.
Reference condition:
Calcium chloride: Mean temperature: Brine t: Capacity: Pipe, length: diameter: 18 % -10 C 5K 100 kW 100 m 0.1 m
0 CO2 liquid line CO2 2phase line P.Glycol 39 / 57% CaCl2 18 / 54 % NH3 sol. 11 / 20 %
These conditions give in each leg of the circuit a net pumping power of 0.573 kW The diameters for the other brines are calculated to give the same pumping power.
Suddenly the viscosity increases in one channel for whatever reason, e.g. a body of higher viscosity.
The P increases and the velocity decreases. The slower liquid is better cooled and the viscosity increases
Decreased velocity.
4. Another channel gets a lump of high viscosity liquid and the process repeats. The result will be a severe maldistribution (on both sides).
The pressure increase of an enclosed body of a liquid when the temperature increases.
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1. T to 200 bar, K
20 C
Tcri
R404A
R410A
R507A
R508A
R116
R125
Tcri
R290
R143a
The necessary temperature change to increase the pressure of an enclosed liquid refrigerant body.
Initial state: Contained liquid volume: Final state: Expansion of the vessel: Sat. liquid at -10 C. 0.53 litre. 200 bar 0.4 %
R407C
R1270
R218
CO2
NH3
R22
R23
R32
R41
R404A
R407C
R410A
R507A
R508A
R143a
R1270
R116
R125
R290
Depth at -10 C, m
5
Depth at -40 C, m
Flashing depth.
In a separator, the liquid surface is at the saturation point. At lower depth the temperature remains but as the pressure is higher, the liquid is subcooled. In case of a sudden pressure decrease in the separator, e.g. start of an additional compressor, the pressure be comes suddenly less than the saturation pressure down to a certain depth, H m. Flashing then starts in the liquid down to the depth H. The graph shows the depth where the flashing starts for two temperatures and a pressure decrease of 2 %.
R218
CO2
NH3
R22
R23
R32
R41
tSubC (-40C), K
Conclusion
Anybody planning the low temperature circuit in a commercial refrigeration plant should seriously consider the use of carbon dioxide. It is an excellent refrigerant in its own right. To this come the low price, the availability and the lack of negative environmental effects. Evidently, all refrigerants have advantages and disadvantages and so has carbon dioxide, but in properly designed system, neither the high triple point nor the low critical temperature has any larger importance.
Oil. The oil is not chemically affected by CO2 but CO2 dissolves in some oils and at a pressure decrease there will be foaming. Oil can deteriorate by wear and tear and high temperature and form corrosive products. Water and oxygen form corrosive organic acids with oil decomposition products.
Elastomers. CO2 will not corrode or affect these chemically but if high pressure CO2 diffuses into an elastomer it can sometimes break this as can practically all refrigerants - if the pressure is released too rapidly.
Moisture. Thus water should thus be kept out of the system as much as possible, see below. One observation in Europe is that installers trained for HCFs are better than ammonia trained installers. Ammonia is more forgiving to water than other refrigerants.
Initial evaporation, %
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
R404A R410A R507A R508A R116 R125 R290 R143a R407C R1270 R218 CO2 NH3 R22 R23 R32 R41
However, carbon dioxide solidifies and the remaining leakage is through evaporation only. Note that the density of the solid is larger than the liquid. Carbon dioxide will burst vessels as water does.
If the pressure decreases below the triple point, dry ice lumps can enter piping and destroy or block valves and pumps.
Leakage of carbon dioxide into the ammonia circuit in carbon/ammonia dioxide cascade condenser/evaporator. If carbon dioxide enters the ammonia circuit solid ammonium carbamate will form. It can destroy a compreesor, especially in dry expansion system, less in a flooded system as the carbamate dissolves in the ammonia. It can be washed out with water, a tedious but not very difficult job. If water cannot be admitted into the evaporator, carbamate can be decomposed by heating and venting with air of at least 140 F. Not that carbon dioxide is not worse in this respect than other refrigerants, on the contrary. A leakage of one type of a refrigerant into another different, could lead to difficult separation and operation problems.
Some practical aspects on the use of carbon dioxide. Compressor shut down.
In case of a compressor shut down, planned or by accident, the temperature and the pressure start to increase. There are various responses to this.
A. No response, the emergency valves release CO2 when the set pressure is reached. The CO2 is then replaced.
B. A managed release of CO2, similar to 1 but all pressures and temperatures are carefully monitored. This can minimize the loss of CO2.
C. A special emergency cooling unit starts and condenses the vaporized CO2.
D. Pump the liquid CO2 to a vessel, which can stand the highest possible pressure.
E. The HP system is built with a redundancy, e.g. at least two each of the critical components.
Some practical aspects on the use of carbon dioxide. Vents and drains, A.
1a
2b
2a
Connection of the compressor discharge to the condenser inlet (1a) versus to the liquid receiver (2a, b).
Some practical aspects on the use of carbon dioxide. Vents and drains, B.
1a
2b
2a
If the hot gas from the compressor passes the liquid receiver (3) it heats up the liquid, but its temperature is lowered, which reduces the stress on the condenser. The drawback is that a refrigerant close to the bubble point can cause cavitation in the pumps and in general a loss of capacity. If the vapour connection is at (2b) there is no larger heating of the condensate but a certain dampening of pressure variations occurs.
Some practical aspects on the use of carbon dioxide. Vents and drains, C.
4
Another method to dampen excessive pressure and/or temperature variations is to connect a muffler, a vessel or the like (4), which can impart inertia to the flow.
Some practical aspects on the use of carbon dioxide. Vents and drains, D.
10
Vents , safety valves and drains should never be placed directly on a pipe (6-10) or a vessel, particularly not at low temperature operation. Moisture can enter from the outside, freeze and block the valve. The valve 7 has a double fault, to close and an unsuitable position for a vent, better is 7.
Some practical aspects on the use of carbon dioxide. Vents and drains, E.
Place vents, safety valves and drains on a pipe, well away from the vessel. Note that there should be no pipe connected to the exit of a vent or safety valve. Dry ice could form and block the exit.
Some practical aspects on the use of carbon dioxide. Vents and drains, F.
P
Be sure to make a sufficient liquid column available to equalize the pressures over the condenser at through liquid receiver. Note that a surge liquid receiver should have no equalization line or have it closed.
Some practical aspects on the use of carbon dioxide. Arrangements of unit coolers.
A. Electrical
D. Increase the pressure of the liquid, evaporate and superheat it and use the vapor for defrosting.
E. The unit to be defrosted is connected to standby compressor and both are shut off from the rest of the system. The vapour is heated by the hot gas.
POE
PolyOl-Ester oil
Immiscible
Miscible
Hydrolysis
Low
Oil filtration
Active carbon, Multistage coalescing filters. Difficult as the oil is lighter than CO2. PAO can be used with both NH3 and CO2, i.e. only one oil in the plant
Oil return
Oil evaporation as in HCFC/HFC systems. Different oils for the NH3 and CO2 parts of the systems.
An insoluble oil heavier than the refrigerant should be drained at the lowest point of the loop in a flooded system.
An insoluble oil lighter than the refrigerant should be drained from the surface. This implies a constant liquid level.
Oil
An insoluble oil heavier than the refrigerant should be drained from the bottom. Normal practice in ammonia systems
Oil
CO2
CO2
An insoluble oil lighter than the refrigerant should be drained from the top. The principle could simply be a flipped NH3 type system
A soluble oil has to be separated by evaporating the liquid refrigerant. Here it is done by an oil evaporator. Heating medium for this usually the high pressure condensate but any suitable heat source can be used. Note that oil has to be pumped to the DX system to the left otherwise this will be starved on oil.
CO2 systems have a relatively small content of refrigerant, a consequence of the small pipes. Accordingly, they are sensitive to changes in the capacity of the compressors, especially compressors with large steps in the capacity control. Varying speed drives are an advantage here.
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