Chapter 6

Tourism Planning and Sustainable Development

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Objectives
After reading and studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain the life cycle of tourism Differentiate between the various approaches to tourism planning Discuss the role of governments in tourism planning

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Objectives (contd.)
Explain the purpose of and reasons for tourism policy Explain what sustainable development is and how tourism is tied to it

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Introduction
Planning:
Selecting various goals and strategies to ensure they are accomplished
In organizations, executives determine where the organization is and where it wants to go

Goals are established for each of the key operating areas

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Figure 61 Elements of Efficient and Effective Tourism Development

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Introduction (contd.)
Planning:
May be short term (tactical or operational planning) or long term (strategic planning) Begins with strategic planning
Tourism master plan
Starts with an environmental scan that assesses social-cultural, technological, economic, educational, political, and legal factors

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Introduction (contd.)
Sustainable development:
Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
All tourism development should be planned to be sustainable

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Introduction (contd.)
Effective tourism planning:
Necessary for harmony in development Helps ensure fair and sustainable policies are enacted Help ensure the location avoids decline by prolonging its maturity phase Requires public and private sector interaction

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Introduction (contd.)
Without proper tourism planning destinations encounter problems
Overdevelopment Pollution and sewage disposal problems

Environmental scanning
Analytical process
Allows investors and executives to anticipate trends and allocate resources accordingly

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Planning as Part of a System

Edward Inskeep
Demand factors
Created by use of attractions, facilities, and services

Supply factors
Transportation, infrastructure, water, electric, sewage disposal, attractions, accommodations, foodservice, facilities, services, and industrial elements

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Figure 62 A Tourism Planning Framework

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Planning (contd.)
Approaches to planning:
Community-focused approach
Incorporates community opinions

Sustainable approach
Avoids environmental and cultural degradation

Systems Approach
Tourism as a complete and integrated system

Governmental approach
Governments involved with several aspects

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Planning Premises
International planning premises
Many are derived from World Tourism Conferences
Joint Declaration of the United Nations World Tourism Organization United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Principles for Development

Gunn and Turgut
Goals for tourism planning:
Enhanced visitor satisfaction Developing infrastructures and providing recreation facilities for visitors and residents Improved economy and business success Sustainable resource use Community and area integration

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Figure 63 Inskeeps Goals for a Tourism Plan

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Government Involvement
Necessary in tourism planning and development in several areas, including:
Policy Regulations Obtaining finances Issuing/monitoring loans Resource management Superstructure and infrastructure
Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Government (contd.)
Transportation International treaties Recording and publishing information Human resource development Training Health care Sanitation

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Planning at a National Level

Edward Inskeep recommends national level of tourism planning focus on:
Tourism policy Physical structure plan Major infrastructure considerations Tourism organizational structures, legislation, and investment policies
Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

National Level (contd.)

Overall tourism marketing strategies and promotion programs Education and training programs Facility development and design standards Sociocultural, environmental, and economic considerations and impact analyses National-level implementation techniques Land use planning

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Regional Development Elements

Claire Gunn, elements necessary for regional development:
Natural resources Cultural resources Viable service communities Access Markets Favorable development image
Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Regional Development (contd.)

Local acceptance of tourism Favorable government controls Available land for development Availability of entrepreneurs and managers Availability of labor Availability of finances

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Unsuccessful Development
Many nations have regarded tourism as an economic quick fix
Results in:
Overtouristed destinations Overburdened facilities Overbuilding of hotels Polluted beaches Cultural conflict Dissatisfied tourist
Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Unsuccessful (contd.)
Stephen Smith, typical evolution of unplanned tropical beach resorts
Some local settlement; no significant tourism First tourism; second home strip development First hotel; high-budget visitors; new jobs More hotels; strip intensified; houses displaced
Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Unsuccessful (contd.)
More lodging; cultural disruptions; beach congestion/pollution More hotels; flood and erosion damage; tourism dominates Resort government fails; urbanized resort. Serious pollution; lateral spread; fully urbanized

Model can be applied to other types of tourism development

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Sustainable Development
United Nations first coined the term sustainable development in 1972
Used it to stress responsible actions in development projects

Key concepts:
Meeting needs of visitors and communities Protecting the tourism attraction as part of a national economic resource
Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Sustainable (contd.)
Tourism must improve the quality of life of the host population
Conserving and protecting natural surroundings

Community-based tourism:
Focuses on community involvement

Quality tourism:
Offers tourists good value for money
Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

UNWTO Indicators
Function as management and planning tools for tourism development
General core indicators
Can be applied to all destinations

Destination-specific indicators
Can be applied to particular ecosystems or types of tourism at a particular site, location, or destination
Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

UNWTO Indicators (contd.)

Subcategories:
Ecosystem-specific indicators
For example, for coastal areas, parks and protected areas, or mountainous areas

Site-specific indicators
Developed for one specific site

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

UNWTO Indicators (contd.)

Identifying and measuring indicators allows you to:
See specific cause-and-effect relationships
Identify and prevent/mitigate emerging issues Identify impacts before they are problematic Support sustainable tourism development while identifying limits and opportunities Promote management accountability and responsible decision making
Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Figure 64 The Core Indicators of Sustainable Tourism Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization, What Tourism Managers Need to Know (Madrid, Spain: UNWTO, 2004), 1121. UNWTO. 9284404409.

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Composite Indices
Made up of core indicators and ecosystem-specific indicators
Combined into a single measure of sustainability that can be monitored

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Figure 65 Composite Indices for Sustainable Tourism Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization. www.UNWTO.org, UNWTO. 9284404409.

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Supplementary Indicators
Ecosystem-specific indicators
Coastal zones and mountain regions Managed wildlife park and unique ecological sites Urban environments Cultural sites and small islands

Site-specific management indicators

Designed for application at one specific site
Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Figure 66 Ecosystem-Specific IndicatorCoastal Zones Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization. UNWTO. 9284404409.

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Composite Indices (contd.)

Agenda 21:
Helps in defining priority areas for action Includes objectives and suggested steps to achieve them Strategic and economic importance of travel and tourism is analyzed Enormous benefits in a sustainable tourism industry are clearly demonstrated
Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Environment Assessment
Green Globe Program:
Evaluates current level of environmental performance of a tourism entity Uses a strategic environmental assessment

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Environment (contd.)
Assessment results include:
Documenting of positive and negative environmental impacts Identifying critical performance gaps Identifying opportunities for remedial action Environmental policy for the tourism sector Detailed report on the current situation Identifying specific sustainable development recommendations

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Environment (contd.)
Action, planning, prioritizing, and monitoring
After the assessment has been made, Green Globe assists with:
Setting environmental improvement priorities Implementation of timetables Researching sources of funding Identification of sustainability indicators

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Climate Change
Conferences:
1992 UN Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Climate Change (contd.)

Climate change (i.e., global warming)
Great concern to tourism planners, governments, and citizens Current threats of climate change:
Greenland Arctic and Antarctica Great Barrier Reef Florida Everglades

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Climate Change (contd.)

Kyoto Protocol
Adopted in 1977 Response to mounting concerns about climate change Formalized commitment to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 5 percent by 2012
These have only increased since 2003

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Climate Change (contd.)

World Tourism Organization
Djerba Declaration on Tourism and Climate Change urged governments to:
Adopt the Kyoto Protocol Research and collaborate on climate change Move tourism up the agenda in climate change discussion Implement sustainable water use practices and the ecological management of sensitive areas Raise consumer awareness
Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]

Climate Change (contd.)

Challenges and opportunities include:
Making it clear that protecting the environment is not incompatible with economic development
Sustainable development clearly benefits both the economy and the environment

Connecting environmental sustainability to the fight to eradicate poverty and to eradicate world hunger
Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices John Walker Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint]