Metal

P.Ambika 09011BB009

Introduction to metal
A metal is an element, compound, or alloy that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat

Types of metals:
1. 2. 3. 4. Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Transition metals Post-transition metals

Physical properties of metals

Metals are solids. (except mercury) Metals are hard. (except Lithium, Potassium, Sodium) Metals have metallic luster. (shine) Metals are malleable. (can be beaten into thin sheets) Metals are ductile. (can be drawn into wires) Metals have high melting points. (Gallium and Cesium have low melting points. They melt in the palm of the hand) Metals have high boiling points.

 Metals are good conductors of heat. ( Best conductors are silver and copper. Poor conductors are Lead and Mercury) Metals are good conductors of electricity. ( Best conductors are Silver and Copper) Metals are sonorous. (produce sound when beaten)

The arranging of metals in the decreasing order of their reactivity is called reactivity series of metals. K - Potassium Most reactive Na - Sodium Ca - Calcium Mg - Magnesium Al - Aluminium Zn - Zinc Reactivity decreases Fe - Iron Pb - Lead H - Hydrogen Cu - Copper Hg - Mercury Ag - Silver Au - Gold Least reactive

Use of steel
Depending upon the carbon content, the steel is designated as the mild steel or medium carbon steel or high carbon steel The carbon content of mild steel is about 0.10 to 0.25 % When carbon is less than 0.10% it is known as the dead steel or very low carbon steel The carbon content of medium carbon steel is about 0.25 to 0.60% The high carbon steel is also known as the hard steel and its carbon content varies from 0.60 to 1.10% or so

Where do we use metals in a building

foundations, floors, ceilings, roofs, trusses, walls, doors, windows, interior finishes, and floor coverings. Steel Strongest material in common use Aluminum Often melts and drips in fires Copper ,brass, GI Primarily used for piping and copper wiring Zinc Primarily used as a protective coating for metals Construction -- Nails in conventional lumber construction and structural steel in other buildings, screw head

 Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. Other metals used include titanium, chrome, gold, silver. Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel Galvanized Steel for metal roof

 Metal is used for external finish and support for the purpose of construction, there are many types of metals used depending upon the nature of work Selection of metal depends upon its resistivity against corrosion

hot dip galvanized steel

this type of steel is particularly used in buildings where the building's metal structure has to be protected from corrosion The hot-dip galvanized beams are frequently used in certain places, where the strength of a hightempered metallic structure is required, to support the heavy mass of concrete the additional zinc layer on the metal, effectively protects the material from affects of weathering, giving it a long lasting durability

Steel Bars for RCC Work

Generally there are two types of steel bars available in the market. Mild steel bars Deformed steel bars Steel bars used for construction work

 Anatomy of a Metal Building - Showing the primary framing, secondary framing, roof/wall cladding, and bracing.

Five Primary Metal Types

Aluminum: aluminum roof and wall systems of commercial buildings. Copper: Long life and low maintenance Steel Terne: Terne is produced by coating metals such as carbon steel and stainless steel .which contains 80% led and 20% tin. Zinc: Zinc is a natural material that never fades and retains its look over its entire life span. It is also a noncorrosive, environmentally friendly product with a 100%-clear water runoff.

Metals that are used in wiring

used in house wiring Copper and aluminium . Aluminium is typically used in the entrance cable and copper for everything past the breaker panel. copper or even more often brass

 Hot-Rolled Wide Coil - 2-3mm thickness, width over 1.1 metres. Hot-Rolled Plates - 15-40mm thickness, width over 2.0 metres. Cold-Rolled Coils - 0.8mm thickness, width over 1.3 metres. Hot Dipped Galvanised Coils - 0.63-0.8mm thickness, width over 1.1 metres, coating thickness 275 gm/m2. Wire Rod (Mesh Quality) - 8-12mm diameter. Reinforcing Bar - 16-20mm diameter. Merchant Bar - 50 x 50mm x 6mm equal angle.

Corrosion
Corrosion is the damage caused to metals due to the reaction of metals with oxygen, moisture, carbon dioxide etc Eg : Formation of brown coating of rust over iron Formation of green coating of basic copper carbonate over copper Formation of black coating of silver sulphide over silver

Prevention of corrosion
Corrosion of metals can be prevented by :i) Applying oil or grease. ii) Applying paint. iii) By galvanization. (Coating with zinc) iv) By tinning. (Coating with tin) v) By electroplating. (Coating a less reactive metal like chromium) vi) By alloying. (Making alloys)