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Turbine Orientation & ISO Condition

Operationg Principle Brayton Cycle Definition of Themodynamic Main parameters affecting gas turbine performance

External Factors
Internal Factors

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IT DRAWS IN AIR FROM THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT

IT COMPRESS IT TO HIGHER PRESSURE IT INCREASES THE ENERGY LEVEL OF THE COMPRESSED AIR BY ADDING AND BURNING FUEL IN A COMBUSTION CHAMBER IT DIRECTS HIGH PRESSURE, HIGH TEMPERATURE AIR TO THE TURBINE SECTION, WHICH CONVERTS THERMAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY THAT MAKES THE SHAFT REVOLVE; THIS SERVES, ON THE ONE HAND, TO SUPPLY USEFUL ENERGY TO THE DRIVEN MACHINE, COUPLED TO THE MACHINE BY MEANS OF A COUPLING AND, ON THE OTHER HAND, TO SUPPLY ENERGY NECESSARY FOR AIR COMPRESSION, WHICH TAKES PLACE IN A COMPRESSOR DIRECTLY WITH THE TURBINE SECTION IT EXHAUST LOW PRESSURE, LOW TEMPERATURE GASES RESULTING FROM THE ABOVE-MENTIONED TRANSFORMATION INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.

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INLET COMPRESSOR

COMBUSTOR

TURBINE

EXHAUST

TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE PRESSURE

PRESSURE

ATMOSPHRIC LEVEL

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The thermodiynamic cycle of a gas turbine is known as the BRAYTON CYCLE. The following diagram is useful to understand the meaning of the thermodynamic cycle more easily.
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3 4

EXHAUST

COMPRESSOR LOAD

AIR INLET

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T
3

FUEL

S P
2 3 2

COMBUSTION
3

EXHAUST

COMPRESSOR LOAD

AIR INLET

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T
2 1 3 4

Wc
S
4

HR
Wt

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3 4

Nu
EXHAUST

Q1

COMPRESSOR LOAD

Q2

AIR INLET

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T
2 1 3 4

S
4

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3

Wc c pm (T2 T1 ) (T2 T1 )
Mesured in
EXHAUST
4

COMPRESSOR LOAD

Kj kginlet _ air

AIR INLET

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T
2 1 3 4

S
4

Wt c pm (T3 T4 ) (T3 T4 )
Mesured in
EXHAUST
4 3

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2

COMPRESSOR LOAD

Kj kg gas

AIR INLET

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T
2 1 3 4

S
4

Q1 c pm (T3 T2 ) (T3 T2 )
Mesured in
EXHAUST
4 3

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2

COMPRESSOR LOAD

Kj kg gas

AIR INLET

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T
2 1 3 4

S
4

Q2 c pm (T4 T1 ) (T4 T1 )
Mesured in
EXHAUST
4

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3

Kj kgehxaust_ gas

COMPRESSOR LOAD

AIR INLET

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T
2 1 3 4

S
4

(Q1 Q2 ) Q1
This equation tell us that, by parity of heat Q1, introduced into the combustion chamber by fuel, efficiency will increase as heat Q2 dissipated into the atmosphere decreases

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3 4

EXHAUST

COMPRESSOR LOAD

AIR INLET

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T
2 1 3 4

S
4

N u Gturbine _ gas inletWt GairWc

Mesured in
EXHAUST
4 3

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2

COMPRESSOR LOAD

Kj

AIR INLET

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T
2 1 3 4

S
4

Q1 HR Nu
EXHAUST
4

V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3

COMPRESSOR LOAD

Heat Rate is the inverse of efficiency, in that it indicates the ratio between thermal energy, resulting from the combustion process, and mechanical energy, obtained on the power shaft.

AIR INLET

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In the Brayton Cycle are very important the following parameters:

T
2

FIRING TEMPERATURE PRESSURE RATIO

P2 P 1

T3
1

THERMAL EFFICIENCY SPECIFIC POWER Kw (kg ) s

S
3

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Section A refers the so called TURBINE INLET TEMPERATURE, wich is the average temperature of gas at plane A. Section C refers to the so-called ISO FIRING TEMPERATURE, wich is the average gas temperature at plane C, calculated as a function of the air and fuel flow rates via a thermal balance of combustion according to the ISO 2314 procedure. The difference in the interpretation of temperatures in section A and B consists in the fact that the section B temperature takes account of mixing with 1st stage nozzle cooling air, wich was not involved in the combustion process, but mixes with burnt gases after cooling the surface of the nozzle. According to the NUOVO PIGNONE-GENERAL ELECTRIC standard, the temperature that best repreesents point (3) is the one in section B

T
2

S
3

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EFFICIENCY

COMPRESSION RATIO

SPECIFIC POWER (MW/kg/s)

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A Gas Turbine uses atmospheric air, therefore, its performance is greatly affected by all factors that influence T the weigh flow rate of air delivered to the compressor. These factor are:

Temperature Pressure Relative humidity

In this regard we must remind that reference conditions for three above mentioned factors are, by convention ISO standards

S
3

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HEAT RATE

EXHAUST GAS FLOW POWER

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (C)

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ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

CORRECTION FACTOR

CORRECTION FACTOR
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

ALTITUDE - 1000 FEET

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CORRECION FACTOR

SPECIFIC HUMIDITY ISO= 0,0064

POWER

SPECIFIC HUMIDITY (kg Water vapour/kg Dry Air)

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The internal factors are related to the auxiliary systems of the gas turbine. They are:
Pressure losses in the compressor inlet section Pressure losses in the turbine exhaust system

T
2

Fuel type
Air extraction from the axial compressor Steam injection Water injection Evaporative cooling

S
3

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ISO Condition
and

GAS TURBINE POSITION ORIENTATION

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ISO Condition
Ambient temperature (C)
Atmospheric Pressure (mbar) Relative humidity (%)

15
1013 60 0

Exhaust and inlet pressure drop (mmH 20)

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Gas Turbine Position Orientation

!
ALF
FOR AERODERIVATIVE GAS TURBINE

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Gas Turbine Position Orientation

ALF
is applicable for all Aereoderivative gas turbine