Agricultural Mechanization for Sustainable Farming System Course 2004

Grain Drying and Dryers

Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN) Institute of Agricultural Machinery (IAM)

Yasuyuki HIDAKA

Introduction of IAM 1
Japan

Gunma

Tochigi

Head office

Saitama

Ibaraki

Tokyo

Kanagawa Chiba

museum
Show room

Introduction of IAM 2
Fundamental Technology Department Crop Production Machinery and System Department Horticultural Engineering Department

Animal Industry Engineering Department

Testing and Evaluation Department

Introduction of IAM 3
Testing and Evaluation Department

Transplanter Test

Harvester Test

Tractor Test

National Test Safety Test ROPS Test IAM Test OECD Test

Mono rail Test

Boom sprayer test

Introduction of IAM 4

Certificate for safety test

Certificate for national test

Introduction of IAM 5

http://brain.naro.affrc.go.jp/iam/

Situation of Post Harvest in Japan 1

Harvest
Moisture content 25

Drying facility 30

Husk

Individual 62

Dry

Natural Drying

Moisture content 15 Artificial Drying 92 Transporting to dryer within 4 hours

Japanese farmer controlled paddy by moisture contents.

Situation of Post Harvest in Japan 2

Country Elevator
Rough Rice Governmental , JA and Private companys Warehouse Brown Rice
Distribute

Brown Rice

Distribute
Milling Factory

Individual Farmer Brown Rice

Storage

Situation of Post Harvest in Japan 3

Colored grain by microorganism
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Storage periodours
(Toyama pref. Agri. Tech. Center, 1997)

Situation of Post Harvest in Japan 4

35 30 25
Temper atur e ()

230 210 190

Precipitationmm

20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Manth

Harvesting period

170 150 130 110 90 70 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Manth

Harvesting period

Temperature

Precipitation

Temperature is low in harvesting period.

We have a lot of precipitation in harvesting period.

We need artificial drying.

Situation of Post Harvest in Japan 5

Equilibrium moisture content (paddy rice)
30%

Equilibrium moisture contents (w.b.)

25%

20%

10

20
15%

30
10%
Average temperature and humidity range in harvest time of Japan

5% 10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Relative humidity

Grain Drying

Calculate amount of remove water

Air properties on psychrometric chart Relationship between temperature and humidity in thick grain layer Calculate amount of air and heat energy using psychrometric chart Drying and quality

Calculate Amount of Remove Water

Mi %
Dry matter Moisture Dry matter

Mg %
Moisture

Total weightW

Total weightW

Before drying

After drying

Weight of dry matter before drying Weight of dry matter after drying

W1-Mi/100 W1-Mg/100)
W W 1-Mi/100)
1-Mg/100)

Amount of remove water W - W

We can know the drying energy by calculating the amount of remove water.

Conclusion Equation
(100 - Mi) Ww W W (100 - Mg)
Ww: Weight of remove water WWeight of grain MiInitial moisture content MgGoal moisture content

Practice
Q.1 Calculate amount of remove water when 3000kg paddy (M.C.27%) was dried to 15%.
WW W W 100-Mi)
100-Mg)

W = 3000kg
Mi = 27% Mg = 15%

3000 3000
3000 2576 424 kg

10027)
10015)

In this case, We must remove 424 kg water.

Property of Moist Air on Psychrometric Chart

Dry bulb

Wet bulb

Dew point temp

Dry bulb temp.

Specific volume3/kg

Absolute humiditykg/kg

Psychrometric Chart

Dry bulb temperature (

Specific volume

Absolute humidity (kg/kg)

Relationship between temperature and humidity on thick layer

Air-outlet t2Temperature h2Humidity

Grain layer

t1 > t2 h1< h2
Air-inlet t1Temperature h1 Humidity

Relationship between temperature and humidity on psychrometric chart

Humidity is increase when air passes grain layer Absolute humiditykg/kg

(H2-H1)
Capacity of absorbable water per 1 kg-air

H2

H1
Dry bulb temp.

t2 t1

A Model of Heated Air Drying

t3 h2

Grain layer t1 h1
Fan Burner

t2

In this case, How dose sate point of air change on psychrometric chart?

H2

Absolute humiditykg/kg

Relationship between temperature and humidity on psychrometric chart in a model

(H2-H1)
H1

Heating process
t2

Capacity of absorbable water per 1 kg-air

Dry bulb temp. t1

t3

Specific volumem3/kg

Conclusion about Drying

Equation of Amount of Air

(kg) = Ww(H2-H1)
(m ) = r
3

Equation of Heat Energy

(kcal) = G(e2-e1)

Drying Simulation 1
2575

Grain layer

Weight 500kg M.C. 24 20 70

42

The grain which weight is 500kg dried from 24% to 15% of moisture contents after 8hours.

Drying Simulation 2
Q.1 Calculate amount of remove water.
WW W W 100-Mi) 100-Mg) Mg = 15% W = 500kg Mi = 24%

500 500 1-0.24 52.8kg 1-0.15

52.8 8 = 6.6kg/h)
We must evaporate 52.8kg water. And we must evaporate 6.6kg per 1hour because drying time 8 hours.

Drying Simulation 3
Q.2 Read differences of absolute humidity and enthalpy from psychrometric chart.

Absolute humiditykg/kg

0.0149

0.0047
0.0102

Dry bulb temp.

20 25

42
0.908
Specific volume3/kg

Drying Simulation 4
Q.3 Calculate amount of air.

= Ww(H2-H1) = 6.6 0.0047 = 1404 (kg/h)

= r

= 14040.908
= 1275 (m /h)
3

= 0.354 (m /sec)
3

Drying Simulation 5
Q.4 Calculate heat energy.

= G(e2-e1) = 14045.1 = 7523 (kcal/h)

The kerosene that heat combustion is 10500kcal/kg, is used for fuel.

7523 (kcal/h) 10500kcal/kg) = 0.72 (kg/h) 0.72 (kg/h) 8hours) = 5.76 (kg)
In this case, we need 5.76kg kerosene.

Drying & Quality 1

Relationship between palatability and germination

Drying & Quality 2

Relationship between cracking rate of brown rice and percentage of broken of milled rice

Drying & Quality 3

Relationship among Initial moisture content and drying air temperature and drop in germination rate.

Drying & Quality 4

Relationship among Initial moisture content and drying air temperature and serious cracking rate.

Drying & Quality 5

Relationship among Initial moisture content and drying rate and serious cracking rate.

Drying & Quality 6

Relationship among air flow rate and drying rate and serious cracking rate.

Conclusion about quality

high low

Initial moisture content

low Dry air temperature

high

low Drying rate

high

Grain Dryers

Classification grain dryers Batch type dryers Continuous type dryers Storage type dryers

Classification grain dryers 1

1.Classification by Aeration temperature

Fixed temperature Heated air Rising temperature

Descending temperature
No heated Ambient air air Dehumidification air
2.Classification by air flow rate

Air flow rate per 1t

Drying Bin drying Storage

(m /st) 0.5-3 0.05-0.2 0.02-0.002

Classification grain dryers 2

Grain moving Structure Description The drier which makes it principle to dry without moving grain. A ventilation floor is horizontal. A basic principle is the same as the above. But ventilation floor is vertical. When moisture is high, grain may be moved several times using thrower Schematic diagram

3.Cassification by structure
Static

Flat bed type

Batch type

Upright type

While grain is drying, Recirculation grain is always circulating. type Grain is drying and tempering per 1 cycle.

Moving

Uni pass type

While grain is flowing continuously from entrance to exit, grain is drying.Grain is dried to goal moisture contents by one pass.

Continuous type

A basic principle is the same as the above. Grain is dried to goal moisture Multi pass type contents by several pass. Grain is storaged in silo between drying and next drying.

Grain dryers in facility

(b) Rice center Batch type dryer (a) Country elevator Continuous type dryer

Flat bed type dryer

Blower diameter

1.7 3.3 5 8.6 3 Notea. Paddy density is 550kg/m b. Blower power is 0.37kW

Amount of grain for drying area

high cm 41 38 36 34

48cm weight kg 370 690 980 1200

3835cm high weight cm kg 43 390 40 730 37 1000 31 1100

3532cm high weight cm kg 45 420 42 750 35 960 20 1000

Recirculating type dryer 1

Bucket elevator

Upper screw

Tempering section

Control panel

Suction blower

Grain inlet (front) Moisture contents meter

Electric Resistance type

Drying section Burner

Feed roll
Feed inlet (side)

Sensor roll

Fuel tank

Grain

Recirculating type dryer 2

Suction blower Exhaust air

Heated air Exhaust air

Heated air Burner

Under screw

Rotary valve

Recirculating type dryer 3

Far -infrared radiation dryer
Radiation body

Burner
Ambient air
Far -infrared radiation

Heated air Grain Suction fun

Heated air dryer

Ambient air

Burner

Heated air Grain Suction fun

Recirculating type dryer 4

Drying Chamber

FIR Body Rotary Valve (R. V.)

Under Screw (U. S.)

Drying Chamber

Exhaust Air

Rotary Valve (R. V.) FIR body

Heated Air

FIR

Under Screw (U. S.)

Recirculating type dryer 5

Round type (for soy beam) Large type (for facility)

Continuous flow type dryer 1

Flow of grain Flow of grain

(a) Columnar type

Heated air

Heated air

(b) Buffle type

Heated air (c) Inverted trough type (LSU)

Heated air tube Exhaust air tube

Grain inlet

Continuous flow type dryer 2

(c) Inverted trough type
Grain inlet

Drying chamber
Dumper

Grain inlet

Blower

Exhaust air Drying chamber Leveler Exhaust air duct heated air duct Suction Blower Exhaust air

Exhaust air

Air inlet

Burner

heated air

(b) Buffle type

Burner
Air inlet Heated air tube Exhaust air tube

(a) Columnar type

Rotary valve Brower

Exhaust air

Storage type dryer

The limit safe air flow rate in storage drying

Storage type dryer 1

Square bin type

Grain

Direction of grain moving

Air flow

Sweep floor

Storage type dryer 2

Round bin type

Storage type dryer 3

Rack type
Container rack

Tank Balance

Blower Receipt Power supply

Lift
Control box

Storage type dryer 4 Mixing husk type

From husk dryer

Husk

Raw paddy paddy

Husk silo Husk silo

Mixing silo Mixing silo

Husk dryer Husk dryer

Husk separator Husk separator To husk silo (2-3%wb) 3%wb)

Dried paddy

Paddy tank Paddy tank

Husk tank Husk tank

Storage silo

Mixing ratio Raw paddy : Dried husk = 1 : 1.52

Storage type dryer 5

Storage type using solar energy
Solar energy

Receiving section

Green house
Rotary stirrer

Processing section

Drying bed

Bin

Bin

Measurement method

Moisture content Standard method Moisture meter

Crack

Moisture content 1
Moisture contents (% w.b.) = Drying conditions Before drying weight After drying weight Before drying weight

100

M105 : 5g(ground grain) 105 5 hours

M135 : 10g(whole grain) 135 24 hours
0.4

M105100100- M135
Deviation
0.2

Grain
Absolute humidity (kg/kg)

Coefficient 1.0121 1.0086 1.0086 1.0071 1.0122 1.0133

0 0.002 0.008 0.014 0.020 0.026

Paddy Weat Barley Beer Brawn rice Milled rice

-0.2

4g(whole grain)-135-24hours

-0.4

5g(ground grain)-105-5hours
-0.6

Moisture content 3
<Procedure>
Measure 10g of grain and put into an aluminum can.

Remove the cover downward and puts it into a dryer (135).

Take it out after 24 hours, puts it into a desiccator with a desiccant, and be cooling for 30 to 40 minutes.

Cock
Vaseline is applied.

Desiccant

Measure weight and calculate by the following formula. Measure 3 times per 1 sample and describe

by average value.

Water contents meter 1

Electric resistance type

R
I

I=

E R

R water contents

Water contents meter 2

Electric capacitance type

d S Q=CV C C=8.85510-8

S
d

water contents

Water contents meter 3

Infrared moisture determination balance

Moisture contents are detected weight loss by heating and drying.

Crack 1
<Definition of crack grain>
(1) Grains that have 1lateral crack that goes all the way through. (2) Grains that have 2 lateral cracks on one side that do not go all the way through; viewed from another surface there are 2 lateral cracks, which occur in difference parts of the grain. (3) Grains that have 3 or more lateral crack on one side that do not go all the way through. (4) Grains that have longitudinal cracks, regardless of them number or form. (5) Grains in which there are honeycomb pattern cracks.

Crack 2
<Procedure> Cracking rate is measured by brown rice which husked by hand or handy husker.

Good grain containing crack grain is measured.

Measurement is judged in seeing through them with

the naked eye using equipment.

Samples are extracted after drying. It is measured, after sealing this sample and saving in normal temperature for 48 hours or more.

The number of measurement grains are 250 grains.

Crackingrate (%) Count of crack grains 100 250

Lower limits Item / Grade Test weight g/l 1st grade 2nd grade 3rd grade Offgrade 810 790 770 upper limit 770 Head rate % 70 60 45 1st grade sample 2nd grade 3rd grade Grain Moisture character content % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0

Upper limits
Damaged kernels, dead kernals, colored kernels, other grains and foreign matter

Total % 15 20 30 100

Dead kernels % 7 10 20 100

Other grains Colored Other than kernels Rough rice Wheat rough rice or wheat % % % % 0.1 0.3 0.7 5.0 0.3 0.5 1.0 5.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 5.0 0.3 0.5 1.0 5.0

Foreign matter % 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0

Husking
Husking
Separating Polishing

Engelberg rice huller polisher

One machine performs husking and polishing

This system simple but milling yield is low

Husker
Combination of husker, separator and polisher Separator Polisher

Husking 1
Brawn rice

Palea Lemma

Clamp

Space between rolls

Conclusion of Easy Husking

Direction of Length

Friction Force

Husking 2

Husking 3 Roll type husker

(a) equal-diameter

(b) difference-diameter

n (rpm) > N (rpm)

d (m) < D (m)

Husking 4 Roll type husker

(a) equal-diameter

(b) difference-diameter

n (rpm) > N (rpm)

d (m) < D (m)

Ratio of peripheral velocity difference

0.23 0.24

Roll clearance 0.8 1.2

Husking 5

Structure of roll type husker

300kg/h-1inc.

Husking 6

Impeller type husker

Inlet paddy

Impeller blade Liner

Husking fan

Husking 7
Relationship between moisture contents and husking rate.
Impeller type husker

Husking rate (%)

Roll type husker

Moisture contents (%)

Husking 8
Roll type
Capacity (kg/h) Husking rate (%)

Impeller type

Durability

Scared kernel

Feeder
Viewing chamber

Sensor Chute Light

Back ground

Belt conveyer CCD camera

Light Ligh t

CCD camera

Air-gun ejector

Flapper ejector

Good Bad eject Air-gun eject type eject type type

Good Bad eject eject Flapper eject type type type