The Flexible Bus Systems Using Zigbee as a Communication Medium

PROJECT GUIDE: MS. NAUSHEEN

AIM OF THE PROJECT

The use of short range wireless technology called Zigbee in

Demand Responsive Transit (DRT), making it much more

efficient, reliable and less expensive.

Entertains passengers demands and gives bus locations in real time.

To replace the Traditional Bus Systems with its flexibility and

efficiency.

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN

The algorithm of Flexible Bus System is devised in a way that this system replaces the scheduled bus lines systems and buses can dynamically change their routes according to passengers demands. Passengers are informed about the real time location of the buses which makes it easy for the passengers to decide whether to ride a particular bus or not making this system passenger friendly.

CONTINUED..

The Bus stop , Bus and Central station are communicating with Zigbee. Bus stops are equipped with RFID Readers and Passengers carry RFID tag ,whenever a passenger goes in to the bus stop that passenger with RFID card is recognized by the system and he/she can enter the destination ,he/she will get the information from central station through Zigbee about the Bus arrival. Buses are equipped with GPS Devices to detect the location and send to the next stop and Central station.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Central Station

(LPC2418)
Zigbee Zigbee

Bus Stop (LPC2418) Zigbee RFID Reader

Bus (LPC2418) RFID Reader

GPS

RFID TAG (passenger before riding the bus)

RFID TAG (riding getting off)

DESIGN OF BUS:
LCD
HEX Keypad

GPO

GPS

LPC 2148

UART

Zigbee

UART
RS232

RxTx

RFID Module
Reader

900KBPS

BUS STOP:
LCD

Keypad

GPIO

LPC 2148

UART

UART

RFID Module

CENTRAL STATION:

LPC 2148

UART

IIC Connect ----400kbps

EEPROM

User details Traiff Amount balance Preload data

ARM7TDMI

Advanced RISC Machine developed by ARM Ltd. Supports 32 bit-ARM and 16 bit-Thumb Instruction set. 3 stage pipeline execution of instruction. Load and Store Architecture. Single cycle execution of instructions. Supports on chip JTAG debugger

LPC2148 MICROCONTROLLER

16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package. 8 kB to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM

32 kB to 512 kB of on-chip flash memory

In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) . Two 16 byte FIFO UARTs (UART0 & UART1).

10-bit ADCs provide a total of 6/14 analog inputs

Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare

channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog

On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal from 1 MHz to 25 MHz

ARM7 TDMI-S NXP LPC2148

Pin Diagram

ZIGBEE

It is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 is standard for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks.

The term ZigBee is a registered trademark of the ZigBee Alliance.

It is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh networking standard. The ZigBee protocol provides an open standard for low-power wireless networking

Frequency: The 2.4 GHz band is used worldwide

data rate : 250 Kbps

Transmission range:>100m (Tx power=0.5mW)

WHY ZIGBEE?

Reliable Supports large number of nodes Easy to deploy Very long battery life

Secure
Low cost Very less Wake-up time (30ms)

For non-commercial purposes, the ZigBee specification is available free to the

general public.

Global Positioning System (GPS):

The global positioning satellite system was developed by the US Military during the cold war in order to increase the accuracy of intercontinental ballistic missiles.

In order to limit civilian use the they degraded the signal to reduce accuracy.
In 1995 the US GPS system became fully operational. In May 2000 selective availability was removed to give an average accuracy of 15m. In 2007 the Russian GLONASS system (another GPSS) was scheduled to become fully operational. As of March 2008, the system is not fully available, however it is maintained and remains partially operational with 16 operational satellites.

HOW THE GPS SYSTEM WORKS

GPSS uses a system of satellites (the US system uses 24) 11,000 miles above us in space.
These are circling along a number of axiss around the globe at 1,000 miles per hour sending radio signals back to earth.

Usually at least 6 satellites are visible at any one time.

INTERFACING GPS WITH LPC 2148

GPS RECEIVER

Satellite based navigation system. Works under any weather conditions. No subscription charges to use GPS

RFID READER

The DT125R series RFID Proximity Reader Module has a builtin antenna in minimized form factor. It is designed to work on the industry standard carrier frequency of 125 kHz. The LF DT125R reader consists a RF front end interfaced with the baseband processor that operates with +5V power supply. An antenna is interfaced with the RF front end, and tuned at 125 kHz to detect a tag (transponder) that comes in the vicinity of the reader field. The data read from the tag by the front end is detected and decoded by the baseband processor and is then sent to the UART interface.

The DT125R is designed for a reading range of 50 mm to 100 mm.

A LED and a beeper can be interfaced to the pinout to indicate the tag read status. DT125R has a built-in circuitry for noise reduction.

RFID TAGS
Tags can be attached to almost anything: Items, cases or pallets of products, high value goods

vehicles, assets, livestock or personnel

Types of RFID Tags

Passive Tags

Active Tags

ACTIVE TAGS VS. PASSIVE TAGS

Antenna

Active Tag

Passive Tag

RFID SYSTEM COMPONENT

RFID Reader

RFID Tag

RF Antenna

Network

Ethernet

Workstation

EXISTING SYSTEM

Today's DRTs are carried out in a way that communication medium is long range Wireless technologies like 3G Everything in the System is connected to the Control Centre and all the information is shared with the Control Centre. Communication between Bus Stop , Bus and Control Centre is through 3G.

DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

Installing the 3G modules on Bus Stop and Bus which are more

than 1 in most of the cases will greatly increase the total

installation cost of the system.

Maintenance cost is very high. High power consumption. Cannot be applied in areas where there are no long range wireless (3G, WiMax) signals available (rural or mountainous areas).

PROPOSED SYSTEM

Communication between all the units is through Zigbee. The Bus Stops in this system are very smart and we call them Intelligent Bus Stops. These Bus Stops are equipped with different devices like RFID card reader. Passengers carry RFID tag ,whenever a passenger goes in to the bus stop that passenger with RFID card is recognized by the system and he/she can enter the destination ,he/she will get the information from central station through Zigbee about the Bus arrival. Bus is equipped with GPS to give current area location and transmits to remaining units through Zigbee.

ADVANTAGES

Low power consumption due to Zigbee instead of 3G Low cost compared to existing system As all the 3 nodes communicates each other directly via Zigbee ,increases communication speed

TOOLS USED
Keil Microvision 4 Flash Magic

REFERENCES

Shahin Farahani, Zigbee Wireless Networks and Transceivers Lee, E., Ryu, K., Paik, I.: A Concept for Ubiquitous Transportation Systems and Related Development Methodology. In: International IEEE Conference on Intelligent

Transportation Systems, pp.37-42

Zigbee Standards Organization, Zigbee Specification, ZigBee Document 053474r17.

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