1.Introduction 2. Analysis of alloys 3.Preparation of alloys 4.Some common alloys 5.Experiment 6.Uses of alloys 7.Examiners Remark 8.

Bibliography

An alloy is a partial or complete solid solution of one or more elements in a metallic matrix. Alloys usually have different properties from those of the component elements. Alloying one metal with other metal(s) or non metal(s) often enhances its properties. The physical properties, such as density , reactivity, Young's modulus, and electrical and thermal conductivity, of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its elements, but engineering properties, such as tensile strength and shear strength may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials

Any alloy of mercury is called an amalgam . Most metals are soluble in mercury, but some (such as iron) are not. Amalgams are commonly used in dental fillings because they have been relatively cheap, easy to use, and durable. In addition, until recently, they have been regarded as safe. They are made by mixing mercury with silver , copper, tin, and other metals. The mercury content of dental fillings has recently stirred controversy, based on the potentially harmful effects of mercury. Mercury amalgams have also been used in the process of mining gold and silver, because of the ease with which mercury amalgamates with them.

Bronze refers to a broad range of copper alloys, usually with tin as the main additive, but sometimes with other as phosphorus, manganese, aluminum, or silicon. Typically, bronze is about 60 percent copper and 40 percent tin. The use of bronze was particularly significant for early civilizations, leading to the name Bronze Age." Tools, weapons, armor, and building materials are made of bronze, as they were found to be harder and more durable than their stone and copper predecessors . In early use, the natural impurity arsenic sometimes created a superior natural alloy, called "arsenical bronze." Though not as strong as steel, bronze is superior to iron in nearly every application. Bronze does not oxidize beyond the surface. It is considerably less brittle than iron and has a lower casting temperature.

Steel is an alloy composed mainly of iron, with carbon content between 0.02 and 1.7 percent by weight. Carbon is the most cost effective alloying material for iron, but many other alloying elements are also used. Carbon and other elements act as hardening agents, preventing iron atoms in the crystal lattice from sliding past one another. By varying the amount of alloying elements and their distribution in the steel, one can control its qualities such as hardness, elasticity, ductility, and tensile strength. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but it is also more brittle. The maximum solubility of carbon in iron is 1.7 percent by weight, occurring at 1130 C.

Aim: To analyze a sample of brass qualitatively. Requirements: China dish, test-tube funnel, filter paper and common laboratory reagents. Theory :Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc with the following Composition :Cu = 60-90% and Zn. = 10-40%. Thus Cu and Zn. form the main constituents of brass. Both these metals dissolved in 50% of nitric acid due to formation of nitrates which are soluble. 3 Cu + 8HNO3 (Dil)=3 Cu (NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O or Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3=3 Cu+2 + 2NO + 4H2O 4Zn + 10HNO3 (Dil)=4 Zn (NO2)2 + N2O + 5H2O 4Zn + 2NO+ 10H=4 Zn+2 + N2O + 5H2O The solution is boiled to expel the oxides of nitrogen and the resulting solution is tested for Cu2+ and Zn+2 ions.

Procedure

1.Place a small piece of brass in a china dish and heat this with minimum quantity of 50% HNO3 so as to dissolve the piece completely. 2.Continue heating the solution till a dry solid residue is obtained. 3.Dissolve the solid residue in dil. HCl and filter. Add distilled water to the filtrate. 4.Pass H2S gas through the filtrate. A black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained. Separate the black ppt. and keep the filtrate for the test of Zn+2 ions. Dissolve black ppt by heating them with 50%HNO3. To this solution add hydroxide solution. Appearance of deep blue colouration in the solution shows the presence of copper ions in the solution.

5.To test Zn+2 ions, boil the filtrate to remove H2S gas, then add solidNH4Cl to this and heat to dissolve NH4Cl. Add excess of NH4OH so that a solution is ammoniacal. Now pass H2S gas through this ammoniacal solution. Separate the precipitates and dissolve it in minimum amount of dil. HCl. Boil to expel H2S gas and add potassium Ferro cyanide solution, white or bluish white ppt. confirm Zn+2 ions in the solution. Result :The given sample of brass contains copper and zinc. metals as the main constituents.

i) To modify chemical reactivity :When sodium is used as reducing agent it is too reactive to be used but its allay with mercury, called sodium amalgam can be safely used as reducing agent. ii) To increase hardness :Hardness of gold is increased by adding copper to it. Also zinc is added to copper to make copper hard in form of brass. iii) To increase tensile strength :Nickeloy, an alloy of Nickel (1%), Copper (4%) and aluminium (95%) has high tensile strength.

iv) To lower the melting point :Solder metal which is an alloy of Sn(30%) and Pb(70%) has very less meting point as compared to melting points of Sn and Pb. v) To modify the colour :Aluminium bronze an alloy of Cu and Al has beautiful golden colour. vi) To resist corrosion:Iron gets rusted and corroded. Its corrosion takes place with time but stainless steel, an alloy of iron and carbon get not rusted the composition of stainless steel is : Iron - 98% Carbon - 2%

Alloys are prepared from the techniques of fusion, compression or simultaneous electro - deposition. Generally the components are mixed together in proper properties in a fuse clay crucible, melted and stirred with a piece of charcoal to avoid oxidation. The molten mixture is now allowed to cool. When an alloy is obtained e.g. brass is prepared by above melted.

The complete analysis of an alloy involves two steps. 1. Qualitative Analysis: This involves identification of the components of the alloys. 2. Quantitative Analysis : This involves determination of the components of the alloy. It involves the separation of the components from the alloy quantitatively followed by determination of percentage of each component volumetrically or gravimetrically. In this project we will carry out qualitative analysis only.

1.Comprehensive Chemistry Practical ClassXII. 2.http://www.icbse.com 3.www.google.com 4.www.wikipedia.org 5.www.allprojectreports.com 6.www.chemistryprojects.com