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1.

1 Method of Scientific Investigation


Steps in a scientific investigation
Identifying problems Identifying variables Making hypothesis Planning investigations Carrying out investigation Collecting data Analysing and interpreting data Making conclusion Writing a report

A) Identifying problems
Scientists identify problems through observations

B) Identifying Variables Variables Factors that we can change or manipulate when carrying out scientific investigation. Three types of variables are a) Constant variable ( CV) / Fixed Variable : Variable that is kept constant ( not change) b) Manipulated variable (MV) : Variable that being studied c) Responding Variable (RV) : Variable that changes or reacts as a result of changes in the MV

C) Making hypothesis A hypothesis : general statement show the relationship between manipulated variable (MV) and responding variable (RV) Not necessarily correct, must be tested through experiment. Example : The longer the thread, the longer the period of oscillations.

D ) Planning Investigations To determine : a) The apparatus and materials needed b) Any safety measures and precaution to be taken c) The technique or procedure for the experiment d) Data collection and analysis E) Carrying Out Investigations The apparatus, materials and specimens used must be handled correctly and safely Experiment should be carried out according to the procedures planned

F) Collecting data
The results of the experiment are known as data Data can be presented in a table, graph, histogram or chart. Example :
manipulated variable

Length of thread (9cm) Period of 10 oscillations (s)


Responding variable

10 20 7 10

30 12

40 14

G) Analysing and interpreting data


The data collected are analysed before interpretation can be done. The relationship between the MV and RV is established.

H) Making conclusions
Conclusion in the form of a statement about the result of the scientific investigation on a hypothesis

I)

Writing A report
A report must include the following aspects

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix.

Aim / objective Problem statement Hypothesis Variables Apparatus and materials Procedure Results Discussion Conclusion

1.2 Scientific Attitudes And Noble Values


Interest and curiosity Honest and accurate Diligence and preserverance Responsible towards oneself and others Critical and analytical thinking Objective and systematic Fair and just

Exercise 1.1
Fill in the blanks with suitable words 1. _______ method is the method conducted according to proper and systematic regulations and principles of science. 2. _______ is the condition or factor that can be changed in a scientific investigation. 3. _______ is the process of making a general statement about the relationship between the variables which are manipulated and those which respond. 4. There are three types of variable, i.e. variable that _______, ___________ and _________ 5. ________ is a step in scientific investigation method to treat information by elaborating them in detail.

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