Chap. 1 Fluid Properties

CHAPTER 1 :
FLUID PROPERTIES
BAA2713 -Fluid Mechanics 2010/2011 SEM 2
1
FLUID MECHANICS
BAA 2713
The objective of this chapter is to achieve CO1 of
the subject, i.e.:
Describe Fluid Properties and the fundamentals
of Fluid Mechanics concept.

At the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
Describe the definition and important terms in
fluid mechanics.
Describe the fluid properties and how it related to
life/environment.
Derive several fluid properties formula & solve
problems related to it

Learning outcomes:
2
Fluid Mechanics
3
Fluids essential to life
Human body 95% water
Earths surface is 2/3 water
Atmosphere extends 17km above the earths surface
History shaped by fluid mechanics
Geomorphology
Human migration and civilization
Modern scientific and mathematical theories and methods
Warfare
Touches every part of our lives
History
4
Faces of Fluid Mechanics
Archimedes
(C. 287-212 BC)
Newton
(1642-1727)
Leibniz
(1646-1716)
Euler
(1707-1783)
Navier
(1785-1836)
Stokes
(1819-1903)
Reynolds
(1842-1912)
Prandtl
(1875-1953)
Bernoulli
(1667-1748)
Taylor
(1886-1975)
Significance
5
Some of the many aspects of our lives involve
Fluid Mechanics are:
Weather & climate
Vehicles: automobiles, trains, ships, and planes,
etc.
Environment
Physiology and medicine
Sports & recreation
Many other examples!
Weather & Climate
6
Tornadoes
Hurricanes Global Climate
Thunderstorm
Vehicles
7
Aircraft
Submarines
High-speed rail
Surface ships
Environment
8
Air pollution
River hydraulics
Physiology and Medicine
9
Blood pump Ventricular assist device
Sports & Recreation
10
Water sports
Auto racing
Offshore racing Cycling
Surfing
Fluids Engineering
11
A knowledge of Fluid Mechanics is required
to properly design:-
Water Supply Systems
Wastewater Treatment Facilities
Dam Spillways
Valves, flow meters, hydraulic shock
absorbers and brakes
Air craft, ships, submarines & rockets
Windmills, turbines & pump
Heating and air conditioning systems
Etc.

12
Fluid Mechanics can be divided into 3 branches:

Fluid Statics :is the study of the mechanics of fluids
at rest
Kinematics :deals with velocities and streamlines
without considering forces or energy
Fluid Dynamics: is concerned with the relations
between velocities and accelerations and the forces
exerted by or upon fluids in motion
Fluid

- Liquid & gas cannot resist any shear stress and
deforms continuously under the influence of such
forces.

Hence, fluid is defined as material that will deform
continuously under shearing stresses, no matter how
small the stress.

13
14
Liquids Gases
Difficult to compress
Fixed volume

Irrespective of the
size/shape of its container
Free surface is formed if
the volume of container is
greater than that liquid
Easy to compress
Change volume with
pressure/temperature
Completely fill any vessel
in which it is place
Does not form a free
surface
Differences between liquids and gases:
15
Units and Dimension
Quantity SI Unit Dimension
length Metre,m L
mass Kilogram,kg M
time Second,s T
Temperature Kelvin,K u
Current* Ampere,A I
Luminosity* Candela Cd
16
Fluid Properties
Density, (rho)
Mass per unit volume; = M/V
Unit ; kg/m (SI unit)
Absolute depends on mass, which is independent
of location
Specific Weight, (gamma)
Force per unit volume; = F/V
Unit ; N/m (SI unit)
Not absolute depends on the value of the
gravitational acceleration,g
Density & Specific Weight are related as;
= /g or = g (1.1)

17
Specific Density,o
Ratio of mass density of a substance to some standard
mass density;
o = substance / H2O (4C) (1.2)
Units : none (ratio is a pure number)
H2O (4C) = 1000kg/m

Problem 1.1:-
Volume and mass of crude oil is 7.3m and 6500kg.
Determine the density, specific density and specific weight
of the oil.
Fluid Properties
18
Solution:-
Given, Volume=7.3m and mass=6500kg

Density, = M/V
= 6500/7.3
= 890.4kg/m
Specific Density,o = substance/ water
= 890.4/1000
= 0.89
Specific Weight, = g
= 890.4 X 9.81
= 8.74 x 10N/m = 8.74kN/m
Fluid Properties
19
Viscosity
May be defined as a resistance of a liquid to shear forces
(and hence to flow)
Fluid at rest cannot resist shearing forces,

Shear stresses opposing the relative motion of these layers
are set up,(magnitude depending on the velocity gradient
from layer to layer),
From Newtons Law of viscosity, taking the motions
direction as x direction, therefore, the shear stress;
tx = dvx / dy (1.3)

Fluid Properties
y
Velocity,
y
Figure :Variation of velocity with distance from a solid
Fluid Properties
20
Dynamic Viscosity,
Shear force per unit area (or shear stress,t = F/A )
= (F/A) / (v/h) = shear stress/shear strain rate (1.4)
Force X Time / Area = kgms
-
X s / m
Units : Ns/m or kg/ms
Often measured in Poise (P); 10P = 1kg/ms
example : Water = 1.14X10kg/ms,

Kinematic Viscosity,v
Ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density
v = / ; Units : m/s (1.5)
example : Water = 1.14X10
-6
m/s,

21
Problem 1.2:-
Based on problem 1.1, the dynamic viscosity of the crude
oil is 10
-
Ns/m. Determine the kinematic viscosity.

Solution ;-
known, = 10
-
Ns/m
o = 0.8904
therefore,= 0.8904 X 1000 kg/m

Kinematic viscosity, v = /
= 10
-
/(0.8904 X 1000)
= 1.12 X 10
-6
m/s

Fluid Properties
Newtonian Fluids and Non-Newtonian fluids
22
The study of the deformation and flow characteristics
of substances is called rheology, which is the field
from which we learn about the viscosity of fluids.
One important distinction is between a Newtonian fluid
and a non-Newtonian fluid.
Any fluid that behaves in accordance with tx = dvx /
dy where fluids having linear rate of deformation with
zero deformation at zero stress is called a Newtonian
fluid.
Conversely, a fluid that does not behave in
accordance with tx = dvx / dy is called a non-
Newtonian fluid.

Newtonian Fluids and Non-Newtonian fluids
23
4
2
1
3
5
Rate of deformation (du/dy)
Shear
Stress ()

o

1- Newtonian fluid. E.g: water & air
2,3,4&5- Non-Newtonian fluid. E.g: blood, printers ink, starch
solution
4- Bigham plastic which has some initial stress before undergoing
deformation
5- Ideal plastic
VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT
24
Devices for characterizing the flow behavior
of liquids are called viscometers or
rheometers.
ASTM International generates standards for
viscosity measurement and reporting.

Fluid Properties
ROTATING DRUM
VISCOMETER
25
The apparatus shown in Fig. 1 measures
viscosity by the dynamic viscosity, which we can
write in the form

The dynamic viscosity of the fluid can be
computed from the simple equation

where n
2
is the speed of the outer tube and n
1
is
the speed of the internal rotor. K is a calibration
constant provided by the instrument
manufacturer.
Fluid Properties
26
Rotating-drum viscometer.

Fluid Properties
CAPILLARY TUBE
VISCOMETER
27
As the fluid flows through the tube with a
constant velocity, some energy is lost
from the system, causing a pressure
drop that can be measured by using
manometers.
The magnitude of the pressure drop is
related to the fluid viscosity by the
following equation,
D is the inside diameter of the tube, v is the fluid
velocity, and L is the length of the tube between
points 1 and 2 where the pressure is measured.
Fluid Properties
28
Capillary tube viscometer
Figure 1
Fluid Properties
Problem 1.3:
A capillary tube viscometer similar to that shown
in Fig 1 is being used to measure the viscosity of
an oil having a specific gravity of 0.90.
Determine the viscosity of the oil. The following
data apply:

Tube inside diameter: 2.5 mm
Length between manometer taps: 300 mm
Manometer fluid: Mercury (use )
Manometer deflection = 177 mm
Velocity of flow = 1.58 m/s
BAA2713 -Fluid Mechanics
29
3
8 . 132
m
kN
m
=
Fluid Properties
FALLING BALL VISCOMETER
30
As a body falls in a fluid under the influence
of gravity only, it will accelerate until the
downward force (its weight) is just balanced
by the buoyant force and the viscous drag
force acting upward.
Its velocity at that time is called the terminal
velocity.
Fig 2 shows the kinematic viscosity bath for
holding standard calibrated glass capillary
viscometers.
Fig 3 shows the falling-ball viscometer.
Fig 4 shows the free-body diagram of a ball
in a falling-ball viscometer.
Fluid Properties
FALLING BALL VISCOMETER
31
Fig 2 Fig 3 Fig 4
Fluid Properties
32
Figure 3 shows a free-body diagram of the ball,
where w is the weight of the ball, Fb, is the buoyant
force, and is the viscous drag force on the ball.
Therefore, we have

If
s
is the specific weight of the sphere,
f
is the
specific weight of the fluid, V is the volume of the
sphere, and D is the diameter of the sphere, we
have

Fluid Properties
33
For very viscous fluids and a small velocity, the drag
force on the sphere is

Equation (26) then becomes

Fluid Properties
Problem 1.4:
In a falling-ball viscometer, a steel
ball with a diameter of 2.5 mm is
allowed to fall freely in a heavy fuel
having a specific gravity of 0.90.
Steel weighs 77 kN/m
3
. if the ball is
observed to fall 30 mm in 10 s,
calculate the dynamic viscosity of
the oil in Pa.s.
34
Fluid Properties
SURFACE TENSION
35
Surface tension acts somewhat like a film at
the interface between the liquid water
surface and the air above it.
Surface tension is also the reason that water
droplets assume a nearly spherical shape.
The movement of liquids within small spaces
depends on this capillary action.
Wicking is the term often used to describe
the rise of a fluid from a liquid surface into a
woven material.

Fluid Properties
36
Surface Tension

2 non-mixing fluids (e.g. liquid & gas) will form an
interface.
The molecules below the interface act on each
other with forces equal in all directions
Molecules near the surface act on each other with
increased forces due to the absence of neighbors.
The interface acts like a stretches membrane.

INTERFACE
AIR
WATER
o
s
= Surface Tension
o
s

o
s

Fluid Properties
37
o
air/water
= AF/ AL = 0.073N/m (surface tension)
F
o
= o
s
X L = Force normal to cut
L = length of cut
Note : In this case, o
s
represents the stretching work that needs to be
done to increase the surface area of the liquid by a unit amount

Effect of Surface Tension

1. Capillary action in small tube, Ah = 4o/ d (1.6)
2. Pressure difference across curved interface
Ap = o/R , R = radius of curvature
3. Transformation of liquid jet into droplets
4. Binding of wetted granular material such as sand
Fluid Properties
38
Capillarity:
A phenomenon associated with surface tension and
resulting in the elevation or depression of liquid in
capillaries.
Rise or fall of a liquid in a capillary tube is caused by
surface tension and depends on the relative
magnitude of cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion
of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel.
Liquids rise in tubes if they wet
(adhesion > cohesion) and,
fall in tubes that do not wet (cohesion > adhesion).
Fluid Properties
39
Capillarity makes;
water rise in a glass tube,
mercury depresses below the true level.
As shown in the figure, curved liquid surface that
develops in a tube a meniscus.

Fluid Properties
40
This figure shows a cross section through capillary rise in
a tube;

Figure : capillary rise
Atmospheric pressure is the same inside & outside the
tube,
Weight of column raised is the only force opposing this
upward pull (lifting force). => no shear stresses at rest
Upward pull due
to surface tension
(lifting force)
=
Component of
Surface Tension
acting upwards
x
Perimeter
of Tube
=
2trocos u x 2tr

(1.7)
Fluid Properties
41
Weight of column raised = gtrh = trh (1.8)
Equating the upward pull to the weight of column, from
equations (1.7) and (1.8),
ocos u x 2tr = gtrh;
2trocos u = trh
Capillary rise, h = 2tocos u / r (1.9)
o = surface tension (sigma), N/m
u = wetting angle
= specific weight of liquid
= specific density
r = radius of tube
h = capillary rise (measurement to a meniscus-point on
the centerline

Fluid Properties
COMPRESSIBILITY
42
Compressibility refers to the change in
volume (V) of a substance that is subjected to
a change in pressure on it.
The usual quantity used to measure this
phenomenon is the bulk modulus of elasticity
or, simply, bulk modulus, E:
( )
( ) 4 1
/

A
A
=
V V
p
E
Fluid Properties
43
Values for bulk modulus for selected liquids at
atmospheric pressure and 68F (20C).

Fluid Properties
Problem 1.5:
44
Compute the change in pressure that must be applied to water
to change its volume by 1.0 percent.

The 1.0-percent volume change indicates that
V/V = -0.01. Then, the required change in pressure is

Fluid Properties
SUMMARY
The knowledge of fluid mechanics are important
to be applied in humans life, for example in
building water structure like water supply system
and for weather & climate, medical, & vehicle
application.
Fluid may be in liquid & gas and maybe in
condition of static, dynamic & kinematic
Fluid properties like density, specific weight,
specific gravity, compressibility, viscosity and
many more has its own characteristics and
formula.
45

Chap. 1 Fluid Properties

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chap. 1 Fluid Properties

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CHAPTER 1 :

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen