Experiment 8 Enthalpy of Solution, Lattice Enthalpy and Enthalpy of Hydration

lycelle espanol. alma pabilane.

Introduction

Introduction (So ano ngayon?)

Ionic substances
> Oppositely charged ions [e.g. NaCl!!] > Ionic bond: Very strong

Solubility in water
> Water: dipolarity *shes very friendly kay ionic cpds] ion-dipole interaction > Lattice E, Hydration E, Heat of solution

Introduction (Definition of Terms)

Enthalpy of solution heat involved in the solution formation of solute and solvent Enthalpy of hydration amount of heat involved when one mole of an ion is dissolved in large amount of water forming infinite dilute solution Lattice enthalpy heat required to separate a mole of solid (large interaction) into a gas (small interaction) of its ions; released when forming crystals from gaseous ions; crystal energy;

Objectives
Determine enthalpy of solutes using calorimetric method Determine differential heats of solution of solute and solvent

Experimental

Materials and Reagents

Microcalorimeter Thermometer Watch glass Beaker Wash Bottle Syringe KCl (s) KBr (s) KI (s) NaCl (s) Anhydrous CaCl2 (s)

Procedure
calorimeter. determine calorimeter constant. tap and ice water (exp 6)

syringe. 20 mL distilled water to calorimeter. 15 mins. measure temp. weigh 1.0 0.01 g of salt in a watch glass. add to calorimeter with water. Measure temp every 5 sec. 10 readings.

Procedure
repeat above procedure for 1.50, 2.0, 2.50, and 3.0 g of salt.

repeat. 18, 16, 14, 12 mL water, 1.0 g of salt. do everything for each salt: CaCl2, NaCl, KCl, KBr, KI

i. varying weight of salt ii. varying volume of water

Experimental Results

Results
WKI (g) 1.01 1.50 2.00 VH2O (mL) 20 20 20 Ti (oC) 30 29.3 28 Teq (oC) 28.2 27.2 25.5 Qsoln (J) 150.10 175.36 208.83 Hsoln (kJ/ mol) 24.67 19.41 17.33

nKI
0.00608 0.00904 0.01205

nwater
1.1063 1.1063 1.1063

2.50
3.00

20
20

0.01506
0.01807

1.1063
1.1063

27.8
27

24.2
23.7

300.75
275.75

19.97
15.26

Partial Molar Heat of Solution of KI

Results
WKI (g) 1.00 1.00 VH2O (mL) 20 18 nKI 0.00624 0.00624 nwater 1.1063 0.99565 Ti (oC) 30 27.1 Teq (oC) Qsoln (J) Hsoln (kJ/ mol)

28.2 150.63 0.13616 26 25 24 82.863 0.08323 87.943 0.11356 100.54 0.15653

1.00
1.00 1.00

16
14 12

0.00624
0.00624 0.00624

0.88502
0.77439 0.66376

27
26.5 26

25.9 73.678 0.08325

Partial Molar Heat of Solution of Water

Results
Partial Molar Heat of Solution of KI
30

25

Heat of Solution (kJ/mol)

y = -607.72x + 26.657 R = 0.6716

20

15 Series1 10 Linear (Series1)

0 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02

moles of KI

Results
Partial Molar Heat of Solution of Water
0.18 0.16

Heat of Solution (kJ/mol)

0.14 0.12 0.1

y = -0.0642x + 0.1714 R = 0.1205

Heat of Solution 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 0.2 0.4 Linear (Heat of Solution)

moles of water

0.6

0.8

1.2

Results
Salt W of salt (g) CaCl2 1.01 NaCl 1.0 KCl 1.0 KBr 1.0 KI 1.01

V H2O (mL)
Moles of salt Moles H20 Ti (oC) Teq(oC) Qsoln (J) Hsolution (kJ/mol)

22.15
9.55x10-3 1.229 27 28.5 -341.987 -35.8 2197[7] 2567.30 J

20
2.566x10-2 1.105 29 28.5 45.145 1.75936 788.0 kJ[6] 849.72 J

20
1.34x10-2 1.106 30.7 28.1 277.483 20.71 708.8 kJ[6] 753.84 J

20
8.34x10-2 1.11 32 30 1032 122.43 679.5 kJ[6] 719.986 J

20
6.08x10-3 1.11 30 28.2 150.628 24.774 893.76 kJ[6] 671.7229 J

Hlattice (Born-Haber)
Hlattice (Kapustinskii) Hhydration (kJ/mol)

-33.2

0.85148

0.77455

0.842416

0.696496

Discussion

Discussion
IONIC COMPOUNDS > have very large attractive forces between oppositely charged ions in crystal lattice > high MP and BP > difficult to separate > e.g. ionic salts: NaCl, KCl, KI

Discussion
SOLUBILITY > a characteristic property of most ionic compounds SOLUTION > ions in solution are nearly independent of one another

Discussion
Then, how can ionic compounds dissolve at room temperature?

This is due to interactions between the ions and the molecules of water. (or other polar solvents)
> ion-dipole force!

Discussion
WATER is dipolar
> Negative (O) ends of water are strongly attracted to (+) ions > Positive (H) ends of water are strongly attracted to (-) ions As a result, water molecules cluster around an ion within their vicinity HYDRATION

Discussion

From: http://chemed.chem.wisc.edu/chempaths/GenChem-Textbook/Hydration-of-Ions-943.html

Discussion
Process of Solution (E Solution) (i) > 1st: crystalline salt gaseous ions (LATTICE E) (ii) > 2nd: water molecules surround the ions (HYDRATION E) (iii)

> Hsoln = Hlattice + Hhydration

* NOTE : HESSsss Law

Discussion
G = H - TS SPONTANEOUS > (-) G (Change in Gibbs free E) > (-) H (Enthalpy Change) exothermic > (+) S (Entropy Change) > high T (Temperature)

Discussion
ENTROPY S > S - disorderliness - number of possible arrangements > solid < liquid < gas > usually drives endothermic reaction to become spontaneous

Discussion
Entropy > increases when crystalline salt is converted to gaseous state ions more disordered > decreases during hydration water molecules arrangement become limited > to achieve G , entropy INCREASE in forming gaseous ions MUST outweigh entropy DECREASE due to hydration

Heat of Solution for Common Salts

cation\ anion Li+ Na+ K+ NH4+ Mg2+ Ca2+ OH-21.2 -42.7 -55.2 +2.8 -16.2 F+4.5 +0.3 -17.7 +5.0 -17.7 +13.4 Cl-37.2 +3.9 +17.2 +15.2 -155 -82.9 Br-49.1 -0.6 +20.0 +16.2 -186 -110 I-63.3 -7.6 +20.5 +13.4 -214 -120 CO32-17.6 -24.6 -32.6 -25.3 -12.3 NO3-2.7 +20.5 +34.9 +25.8 -85.5 -18.9 SO42-30.2 -2.3 +23.8 +6.2 -91.2 -17.8

Sr2+
Al3+

-46.0
-

+10.9
-209

-52.0
-332

-71.6
-360

-90.4
-378

-3.4
-

+17.7
-

-8.7
-318

Born-Haber Cycle
The Born-Haber thermochemical cycle is named after the two German physical chemists, Max Born and Fritz Haber, who first used it in 1919. formation of an ionic compound from the reaction of an alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) with a gaseous halogen (F2, Cl2) used to calculate Lattice E (in the expt)

Born-Haber Cycle

Born-Haber Cycle
Hsublimation - heat absorbed when 1 mol of atom is vaporized Hionization (IE) - remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule Hdissociation (BDE) - energy involved in bond cleavage Helectron affinity (EA) - energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom or molecule to form a negative ion Hlattice - energy absorbed when 1 mol crystal is formed Hformation - energy absorbed when 1 mol of atoms is formed

Kapustinskii equation
Anatolii Fedorovich Kapustinskii (1906-1960)
> Russian. Physical chemist. InorgChem.

to calculate:
> Lattice Energy [difficult to determine experimentally] > ionic radii [given the lattice energy]

generalized form of the Born-Lande equation [averaged Madelung constant] , does not depend on structure

Calculations

Formulas Used
1. moles: n = (mass)(1/MW) = (V)()(1/MW) 2. Qcal + Qtap + Qcal = 0 3. Qcal = CcalT 4. Qwater = (VH2O)(H2O)(spHeat) (4.184 J/goC)(T) 5. Hsoln = Qsoln + Qwater 6. Qcal + Qsoln + Qwater = 0 7. Hsoln = Qsoln /n 8. Kapustinskii (next slide) 9. Hsublimation + Hionization + HI-I bond enthalpy + Helectron affinity Hformation - Hlattice = 0 10. Hhydration = Hsoln - Hlattice

Formulas Used

Kapustinskii Equation K= 1.20254 Jm/mol d = 3.45E-11 m V = number of ions in empirical formula z = charge of cation/anion r = ionic radius

Calorimeter Constant
From equations 2 and 3, we get, Ccal = - [(Qcold + Qtap )]/(Ti,tap Teq)

= {-[(10mL)(0.9997g/mL)(20-10oC)(4.184J/goC) + (10mL)(0.995646g/mL)(20-30oC)(4.184J/goC)]} (20-30oC) = 0.16961936 J/oC

Sample Calculations
Partial Molar Hsoln of KI (20mL, 1.50 g) nKI = 1.50 g(1mol KI/166.0028 g) = 0.009036 mol nH2O= [20mL(0.996175g/mL)] = 1.10686 mol (18g/mol) Qcal =(0.16961936 J/oC)(27.229.3oC) = - 0.3562 J Qwater=(20mL)(0.99586g/mL)(4.184J/goC)(27.229.3oC)

= - 174.99961 J Qsoln = -[(-0.3562) + (-174.99961)] = 175.36 J Hsoln = 175.36 J/0.009036 mols = 19.41 kJ/mol

Sample Calculations
Partial Molar Hsoln of water(20mL, 1.0 g) nKI = 1.0 g(1mol KI/166.0028 g) = 0.006024mol nH2O= [20mL(0.996175g/mL)] = 1.10686 mol (18g/mol) Qcal =(0.16961936 J/oC)(28.2 30oC) = - 0.3053 J Qwater=(20mL)(0.995646g/mL)(4.184J/goC)(28.230oC) = - 149.96818 J Qsoln = -[(-0.3562) + (-174.99961)] = 150.27 J Hsoln = 150.27 J/1.10686 mols = 0.136 kJ/mol

Sample Calculations
The Born-Haber cycle for Hlattice K(s) K(g) Hsublimation = +89.24 kJ K(g) K+ (g)+eHionization = +418.8 kJ 0.5 [I2(g) 2I(g)] HI-I bond enthal = +151(0.5) kJ 0.5[2I(g)+2e- 2I-(g)] He affinity = -295.16(0.5) kJ K+(g)+ I-(g) KI(s) -Hlattice
KI(s) K(s) +
1 I2(g) 2

Hformation, KI(s) = -457.8 kJ

Sample Calculations
Hlattice = Hsublimation + Hionization + HI-I bond enthalpy +Helectron affinity Hformation, KI(s) = [89.24 + 418.8 + (151)(0.5) + (-295.16)(0.5)] (-457.8) kJ = 893.76 kJ
-Hlattice = -893.76 kJ

Sample Calculations
The Kapustinskii Equation for Hlattice Hlattice = 1.2025E4 Jm/mol 2 +1 1 * + 15210 9 + 20610 9 3.4510 11 (1 ) 15210 9 + 20610 9 = -671.7224 J Hhydration of KI Hhydration = Hsolution - Hlattice = 24.774 (-671.7229) J = 696.496 J

Every dipole has its moment.

Conclusion Recommendations

Conclusion and Recommendations

Calorimetry as a method of determining the enthalpy of solution
Relatively effective Error. Error. ERROR!

Hsolution = nsoluteHintegral,solute + nsolventHintegral,solvent Hhydration + Hlattice = Hsolution

Conclusion and Recommendations

Kapustinskii equation > Relative precision > assumption: does not consider structure (for C157 and InorgChem)* Born-Haber cycle > prone to error: use of standard values

Useful Tips for the Exam

charge of ion (z), lattice energy atomic radius of ion (r), lattice energy

* Remember the Kapustinskii equation, z is in numerator and r is in denominator.

> Know your periodic table trends: ionic radii, ionization energy, electron affinity etc. > Careful on signs of delta Hs etc.

Some Useful Periodic Table Trends

Atomic Radius: LR decreasing &Metallic prop TB increasing Ionization E: LR increasing (remove an electron) TB decreasing Electron Affinity: Group 2: low (accepting electron) Group 7: high Noble Gases: 0 E negativity: LR increasing (attraction to TB decreasing
form a bond) *direction of arrow : INCREASING

Q and A Portion
Q: How many physical chemists does it take to change a light bulb?

A:Only one, but he'll change it three times, plot a straight line through the data, and then extrapolate to zero concentration.

Questions and Answers

1. How is the heat of solution of KI affected by (a) number of moles of KI (b) number of moles H2O? Explain the significance of each observation. > moles of KI, heat of solution > more energy is required to separate ions on the lattice. > heat of solution until a certain # of moles of water then . > moles water, solvation of KI until all the solute are dissolved. > moles water, heat of solution

Questions and Answers

2. Explain the significance of the partial molar heats of solution of solute and solvent. > partial molar heat of solution of the solute/solvent is the energy required to break solute-solute /solvent-solvent interactions. > PMHS of solute, solute-solute interactions, solubility > PMHS of solvent, solvent-solvent interactions, the more difficult it is for a solvent to solvate a given solute.

Questions and Answers

3. Plot cation radius against lattice enthalpy for CaCl2 NaCl and KCl. Explain the observed trend.
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 500 1000 1500 Lattice Enthalpy 2000 2500 3000

Cation radius

y = -3.737x + 1445. R = 0.546

Questions and Answers

atomic radius, lattice enthalpy . longer radius > forms a longer, weaker bond >thus the energy required to break the bond would be less compared to the energy required to break a shorter bond (stronger bond).

Questions and Answers

4. Plot anion radius against lattice enthalpy for KCl, KBr and KI. Explain the observed trend.
900 800 700 600 Anion radius 500

400
300 200 100 0 0 50

y = -3.737x + 1445. R = 0.546

100

150 Lattice Enthalpy

200

250

Questions and Answers

As anion radius increases, > Lattice E decreases > Larger anion is more polarisable and forms weaker bonds than small anions and would require less energy to break, hence the decrease in lattice enthalpy.

Thank you for listening! Good luck! <3 <3 <3

References
1. http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/solubility.htm 2. http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganicchemistry/reaction-pathways-born-haber-cycle.html 3. http://www.slideshare.net/janetra/6-the-born-habercycle 4. http://chemed.chem.wisc.edu/chempaths/GenChemTextbook/Hydration-of-Ions-943.html 5. http://www.docbrown.info/page07/delta2H.htm 6. http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/applyche m/lattice.html 7. http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/BH.html 8. http://chemistry.about.com/b/2007/03/24/periodictable-trends.htm