Using Information Technology

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Hardware--The CPU & Storage
1

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility

The System Unit

Secondary Storage Future Developments in Processing & Storage
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
2

Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility

Vacuum Tubes vs. Transistors Vacuum tubes were the original logic gates of computers They looked like light bulbs, were hot, and burned out like them too th The original transistors were 1/100 the size of vacuum tubes (less power, faster, more reliable too) Transistors vs. Integrated Circuits Compare 1955s 45 lb portable color TV to todays 7 oz Casio 2.3 inch color TV One integrated circuit contains thousands of transistors

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

3

Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors to Microchips

1940s vacuum tube towering over 1950s transistor

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

4

Transistor - a tiny electrically operated switch, or gate, that can alternate between on and off many millions of times per second

Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors to Microchips

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

5

Semiconductor A material whose electrical properties are intermediate between a good conductor and a nonconductor of electricity Perfect substrate to overlay complex circuits on Microchips are made from semiconductors Contain millions of microminiature integrated circuits

Miniaturization Miracles: Microchips, Microprocessors, & Micromachines

Types of microchips: Memory

Logic
Graphics Math Microprocessor
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
6

Communications

Microcontroller

The Binary System: Using On/Off Electrical States to Represent Data & Instructions

The binary system has only two digits--0 and 1. Bit - binary digit
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
7

Byte - group of 8 bits used to represent one character, digit, or other value

The Binary System: Using On/Off Electrical States to Represent Data & Instructions

Kilobyte 1000 bytes Megabyte 1,000,000 bytes (one million)

Gigabyte 1,000,000,000 bytes (one billion)

Terabyte 1 trillion bytes Petabyte 1 quadrillion bytes

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

8

The Binary System: Using On/Off Electrical States to Represent Data & Instructions

Binary coding schemes assign a unique binary code to each letter EBCDIC Requires 8 bits per character Used for IBM mainframes ASCII Requires 7 or 8 bits per character, depending on the version 8 bit Extended ASCII provides 256 characters Used for PCs, Unix hosts, Macs Unicode Requires 16 bits per character Handles 65,536 characters

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

9

The Parity Bit

Parity bit - an extra bit attached to the end of a byte for purposes of checking for accuracy

Even parity sum of bits must come out even Odd parity sum of bits must come out odd

Even parity scheme

10

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Machine Language

11

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Machine language - a binary-type programming language that the computer can run directly

The Computer Case: Bays, Buttons & Boards

Bay - a shelf or opening used for the installation of electronic equipment

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

System unit - houses the motherboard, power supply, and storage devices Case - empty box with just power supply

Overhead view of system unit

12

Power Supply

Surge protector

13

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Power supply - a device that converts AC to DC to run the computer Types of power protection devices: Surge protector Voltage regulator UPS

UPS

The Motherboard & the Microprocessor Chip

14

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Motherboard - the main circuit board in the system unit Expansion - increasing a computers capabilities by adding hardware Upgrading - changing to newer, more powerful versions

How the Processor or CPU works: Control Unit, ALU, & Registers
Name 1. Word size

2.

3.

Arithmetic Logic Unit

15

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Control unit

Definition 1. The number of bits the processor can process at any one time 2. The part of the CPU that deciphers instructions and carries them out 3. The ALU performs mathematical and logical operations and controls the speed of them

How the Processor or CPU works: Control Unit, ALU, & Registers
4.

Registers Buses

4.

5.

5.

16

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

High-speed storage areas that temporarily store data during processing Electrical data roadways used to transmit bits within the CPU and between CPU and other motherboard components

How the Processor or CPU works: Control Unit, ALU, & Registers

17

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

How the Processor or CPU works: Control Unit, ALU, & Registers

Machine cycle
18

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Flash

2 3 4

Types of memory chips: RAM - Random Access Memory, used to temporarily hold software instructions and data ROM CMOS Flash

19

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Flash

Types of memory chips:

RAM ROM - Read-Only Memory, which cannot be written on or erased by the computer user. Contains fixed start-up instructions CMOS Flash

1 2

3
4

20

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Flash

Types of memory chips: RAM ROM CMOS - Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor; powered by a battery and thus doesnt lose its contents when the power is off Flash

1 2 3

21

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Flash

Types of memory chips: RAM ROM CMOS Flash - can be erased and reprogrammed more than once

1 2

3
4

22

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

How Cache Works: Level 1 (Internal) & Level 2 (External)

Cache - temporary storage for instructions and data that the processor is likely to use frequently, thus speeding up processing

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

23

Level 1 (L1) cache - built into the microprocessor

Level 2 (L2) cache - consists of RAM chips outside microprocessor

Virtual memory - free hard-disk space used to extend the capacity of RAM

Other Methods of Speeding Up Processing: Interleaving, Bursting, & Pipelining

Interleaving - a process in which the CPU alternates

communication between two or more memory banks

Bursting - a process in which the CPU grabs a block

Hardware--The CPU & Storage
24

of information at a time, on the assumption that the next address requested will be sequential to the previous one

Pipelining - division of large tasks into a series of

smaller overlapping ones

Ports & Cables

Types of ports: Serial port - sends bits one at a time, one after another Parallel port SCSI port USB port Dedicated port Infrared port

3 4

5
6

25

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Ports & Cables

1
2

3
4 5

26

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Serial port Parallel port - transmits 8 bits simultaneously SCSI port USB port Dedicated port Infrared port

Ports & Cables

1
2 3

4 5 6

Serial port Parallel port SCSI port - allows data to be transmitted in a daisy chain to up to 7 devices USB port Dedicated port Infrared port

27

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Ports & Cables

1
2 3

5 6

Serial port Parallel port SCSI port USB port - can theoretically connect up to 127 peripheral devices daisy-chained to one general-purpose port Dedicated port Infrared port

28

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Ports & Cables

1
2 3

4
5

Dedicated ports: mouse port, modem port, and keyboard port

29

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Serial port Parallel port SCSI port USB Dedicated port special-purpose ports Infrared port

Ports & Cables

1
2 3

4
5

Serial port Parallel port SCSI port USB Dedicated port - specialpurpose ports Infrared port - allows a computer to make a cableless connection with infrared-capable devices

30

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Expandability: Buses & Cards

Expansion cards circuit boards that provide more memory or that control peripheral devices

31

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

Expansion slotssockets on the motherboard into which you can plug expansion cards

Expandability: Buses & Cards

ISA bus - for ordinary low-speed uses; the most widely used expansion bus

AGP bus - for even higher speeds and 3D graphics

32

Hardware--The CPU & Storage

PCI bus - for higher-speed uses; used to connect graphics cards, sound cards, modems, and highspeed network cards

Expandability: Buses & Cards

Graphics cards - for monitors

Sound cards - for speakers and audio output
Hardware--The CPU & Storage
33

Modem cards - for remote communication via phone lines

Network interface cards - for remote communication via cable

PC cards - for laptop computers