Tidal Energy

PRESENTED BY A.G.Mohod

INTRODUCTION Tides:
The sea level differences as a consequence of the interaction between the Earth and the Sun and Moon of Solar System
About 3,000,000 megawatts (MW) of power are continuously dissipated.

Only 2 percent may be harnessed.

Amounts about 5 percent of the present worldwide power generation from all sources..

Tidal range- 4.5-12.4 m from site to site.

A tidal range- at least 7 m is required for economical operation and for sufficient head of water for the turbines Ocean surface heating adds to the surface water thermal energy, causing expansion and flow.
Tidal

power is essentially inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy source.

Gravitational effect of the Sun and the Moon on tidal range

Gravitational Effects and the Centrifugal Force:

The interaction of the Moon and the Earth results in the oceans

bulging out towards the Moon and away from the Moon, due to
centrifugal forces. This is known as the Lunar Tide.

The gravitational interaction of the Sun which results in the same

effect of bulging towards and away from the Sun on facing and opposing sides of the Earth.

This is known as the Solar Tide.

The difference in water levels between consecutive flood and ebb tides is called the "tidal range".

Since the earth and the moon rotate around the sun, Relative positions of the moon and the sun affect the tides. When the sun and moon are aligned, there are strong gravitational

forces, causing very high and very low tides which are
spring tides.

called

When the sun and moon are not aligned, the tides are not as dramatically high and low. These are called neap tides. The tide producing force is proportional to distance (MoonEarths surface)

Working Principles of Tidal Power Devices:

Tidal power captured by means of a barrage or dam. During flood tides, water will fill the impounded basin via a series of sluices which are then closed when the water starts to ebb. When the water level at the seaward side lowers further, and the water head is increased, and electricity can be generated by releasing the water stored in the basin through a series of conventional turbines, which drive the electric generators.

Power can be generated from a barrage,

By passing the incoming tide through the turbines mounted in

the barrage. OR By allowing the flow to pass through sluices without generating

power and then trapping the high tide behind the barrage by closing the
sluices. In simple ebb or flood generation, large installed capacity is only

used for a short period of time (3-6 hours) in each tidal cycle, for
producing power.

How it works:
The barrage blocks the incoming and out-going tides of a coastal basin. The barrage is equipped with sluices and turbines that will permit the

retention of water entering at high tide and release it at low tide; normal turbines will produce electricity as the water flows out.

Reversible blade turbines can produce electricity both as the water A tidal power plant is has two-directional flow.

enters the basin and when it leaves.

Tidal power can be classified into two types:

Barrages make use of the potential energy from the difference in height between high and low tides.

Very high civil infrastructure costs and environmental issues.

Tidal stream systems make use of the kinetic energy from the

moving water currents to power turbines.

Most popular because of the lower ecological impact compared to the Barrages type of system.

Modes of operation:

1. Ebb generation The basin is filled through the sluices. Then the sluice gates are closed.
The turbine gates are kept closed until the sea level falls to create sufficient head across the barrage, and then are opened so that the turbines generate until the head is again low. Then the sluices are opened, turbines disconnected and the basin is filled again. The cycle repeats itself. Ebb generation takes its name because generation occurs as the tide ebbs.

Tidal barrage for ebb generation

2. Flood generation: The basin is filled through the turbines, which generate at tide flood. This is generally much less efficient than ebb generation, because the volume contained in the upper half of the basin is greater than the

volume of the lower half and making the difference in levels between
the basin side and the sea side of the barrage, and therefore the available potential energy less.

Tidal Fences:

Tidal fences, Composed of individual, vertical axis turbines.

Mounted within the fence structure, known as a caisson.

Forcing all of the water through them. Less impact on the environment.

Not require flooding of the basin.

Cheaper to install. Able to generate electricity once the initial modules are

installed.
Not free of environmental and social concerns, Can disrupt the movement of large marine animals and

shipping.

Turbines Used in Barrier Tidal Power Stations: Several different turbine configurations are possible. Bulb turbine water flows around the turbine, maintenance difficult. Rim turbine the generator is mounted in the barrage, at right angles to the turbine blades, it is difficult to regulate the performance of these turbines. Tubular turbine the blades are connected to a long shaft, orientated at an angle, generator is sitting on top of the barrage.

Energy calculations: The energy available from barrage is dependant on the volume of water. The potential energy contained in a volume of water is, E = xMg where, x = height of the tide M = mass of the water g = acceleration due gravity at Earth surface

A barrage is best placed in a location with very high-amplitude

Computer Modeling of Spring Based Gravitational Tidal Energy Extraction: Used to determine the amount of energy potential. Model created using the Mat Lab mathematical computing

program.
Allows for a range of matrix-based calculations. By developing a program based on standard physics equations

for mass, force, and spring compression, Accurately model the energy output of a spring based gravitation tidal energy extraction device. (ByAndrew Bingham and Ken Visser)

Economics: High capital cost Very low running cost. Not produce returns for years. Investors are reluctant to participate in such projects. Governments may be able to finance tidal barrage power. Investment return.

Advantages:

Once built it, tidal power is free. Produces no greenhouse gases. Needs no fuel. Produces electricity reliably. Not expensive to maintain. Tides are totally predictable. Turbines are not expensive to build and do not have a large environmental impact.

Drawbacks: High capital costs. Limited number of potential sites.

A minimum tidal range is needed in a range of 5 m.

Negative environmental impacts such as water quality, estuarine feeding areas for birds and other animals, and the passage of migratory fish. Can generate power when the tide is flowing in or out

Resource around the world:

The first tidal power station was the Rance tidal power plant in 1966 at La Rance France, 240MW installed capacity. In North America the Annapolis Royal Generating Station, opened in 1984, 20MW installed capacity. In Soviet Union at Kislaya Guba has 0.5MW installed capacity. China is developing a tidal plant near the mouth of the Yalu, also developed several small tidal power projects.

Scotland has committed to having 10% of its power from a tidal generator.
South African investigating to generate power from the coast of Kwazula Natal.

Potential of Tidal Energy in India: India is surrounded by sea on three sides. The tidal power potential in India is of the order of 8000-9000 MW The most attractive location is the Gulf of Cambay. Maximum tidal range is 11 m with average tidal range of 6.77 m. 7000 MW Culf of Kachchh on the west coast Maximum tidal range 8 m and with average tidal range of 5.23 m 1200 MW The Ganges Delta in the Sunderbans in West Bengal . The maximum tidal range in is 5 m with an average tidal range of 2.97 m. 100 MW

La Rance tidal power station

The Annapolis Tidal Power Plant

Variable nature of power output: Tidal power Not produce energy all day.

Produce power for 6 to 12 hours in every 24.

The energy production cycle will not always be in phase. However, the tides are relatively reliable and more predictable

alternative energy source.

Conclusions:
Tidal power has the potential to generate significant amounts of electricity around the world. Invaluable source of renewable energy. Negative environmental impacts are smaller. The main barrier to increased use of the tides is that of construction costs.

The future costs of other sources of electricity, and concern over environmental impacts, will ultimately determine the exploitation of tidal power.