GENERATOR PROTECTION

GENERATOR PROTECTION TYPES OF GENERATORS

0 TURBO GENERATOR 0 DIESEL GENERATOR 0 HYDRO GENERATOR 0 WIND GENERATOR

GENERATOR PROTECTION GENERATOR MAIN-SYSTEMS

SUB SYSTEMS OF GENERATORS

STATOR ROTOR TRANSFORMER

GENERATOR PROTECTION GENERATOR SUB-SYSTEMS

SUB SYSTEMS OF GENERATORS

STATOR ROTOR PRIME MOVER EXCITATION SYSTEM VOLTAGE REGULATOR GOVERNOR COOLING SYSTEM

GENERATOR PROTECTION FAULTS IN GENERATOR 5EXTERNAL FAULTS 5INTERNAL FAULTS 5ROTOR EARTH FAULT 5FAULTS RELATED TO SUB SYSTEMS

GENERATOR PROTECTION
EXTERNAL FAULTS

OVER LOADING UNBALANCE LOADING SHORT CIRCUIT EARTH FAULT

GENERATOR PROTECTION
INTERNAL FAULTS

PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS IN WINDINGS PHASE TO EARTH FAULTS

GENERATOR PROTECTION
FAULTS RELATED TO SUB-SYSTEMS

UNDER VOLTAGE OVER VOLTAGE UNDER FREQUENCY OVER FREQUENCY REVERSE POWER LOSS OF EXCITATION LOW-FORWARD POWER

GENERATOR PROTECTION
TYPES OF FAULTS (STATOR SIDE)

GENERATOR PROTECTION
VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT THERMAL OVER LOAD CURRENT UNBALANCE OVER VOLTAGE UNDER VOLTAGE OVER FREQUENCY UNDER FREQUENCY LOSS OF FIELD REVERSE POWER UNDER POWER OUT OF STEP INADVERTANT ENERGISATION EARTH FAULT (100%) EARTH FAULT (95%) GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL OVER EXCITATION (V/Hz)

GENERATOR PROTECTION

TYPES OF FAULTS (ROTOR SIDE) ROTOR EARTH FAULT EXCITATION UNDER VOLTAGE EXCITATION UNDER CURRENT DIODE FAILURE

GENERATOR PROTECTION
11 kV 11000/110v SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM GENERATOR PROTECTION

400/5 49

27 51V 46

59 40

81 32 37 64

400/5 87G 6.6 MW

400/5

GENERATOR PROTECTION

PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY TYPE OF GENERATOR GENERATOR SIZE NATURE OF GROUNDING ECONOMY TYPE OF CONNECTION TYPE OF LOADS

GENERATOR PROTECTION

ANOTOMY OF FAULTS

STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )

1.0 OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

PLAIN OVER CURRENT ( SMALL MACHINES) VOLTAGE DEPENDANT OVER CURRENT (LARGE MACHINES)

STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )

1.0 PLAIN OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

RELAY ON BREAKER SIDE RELAY ON NEUTRAL SIDE

STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )

1.0 PLAIN OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

FAULT AWAY FROM TERMINALS (PLAIN O/C PROTECTION) FAULT CLOSE TO TERMINALS (VOLTAGE DEPENDENT O/C)

STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )

1.0 FAULT CLOSE TO TERMINALS

STATOR FAULTS

VOLTAGE DEPENDENT OVER CURRENT

- WHEN O/C FAULT, TERMINAL VOLTAGE REDUCES. - RELAY MAY NOT TRIP, SINCE FAULT CURRENT THROUGH RELAY MAY BE LESS THAN SET POINT NECESSARY TO VARY THE O/C PICK UP SETTING WITH RESPECT TO VOLTAGE

STATOR FAULTS
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT

HAS TWO TRIP CHARACTERISTICS THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE DECIDES WHICH CHARCTERISTIC WILL BE FOLLOWED BY THE RELAY WHEN A FAULT OCCURS

STATOR FAULTS
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT Pick up level

I>

kI >

Vs >

Voltage Level

GENERATOR PROTECTION
VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT

I*/ [I>]
1.0

0.2 0.2 0.8

V/Vs

STATOR FAULTS
EARTH FAULT

DEPENDS ON HOW THE GENERATOR IS EARTHED

GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS

GENERATOR NEUTRAL IS EARTHED for stator protection for operator safety

GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS DIRECT EARTHING
Stator Windings

RELAY

GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS IMPEDANCE EARTHING
Stator Windings

TYPES OF IMPEDANCES RESISTOR (CURRENT BASED PROTECTION) B) TRANSFORMER (VOLTAGE BASED PROTECTION) C) TRANSFORMER D) (CURRENT BASED PROTECTION)

GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS RESISTANCE EARTHING Stator Windings

CURRENT RELAY

GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS TRANSFORMER EARTHING (VOLTAGE BASED) Stator Windings

VOLTAGE RELAY

GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS TRANSFORMER EARTHING (CURENT BASED) Stator Windings

CURRENT RELAY

GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS TRANSFORMER EARTHING (OPEN DELTA) Stator Windings

OPEN DELTA PT VOLTAGE RELAY

VOLTAGE RELAY

STATOR FAULTS
EARTH FAULT

WHEN A FAULT OCCURES CLOSE TO NEUTRAL, WITH IMPEDANCE GROUNDING, THE E/F CURRENT MAY BE LESS THAN THE PICK UP THRESHOLD OF THE NORMAL E/F RELAY OR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

GENERATOR PROTECTION

STATOR EARTH FAULT

95% EARTH FAULT 100% EARTH FAULT

NORMAL RELAY SPECIAL RELAY SENSES ABSENCE OF 3RD HARMONICS

GENERATOR PROTECTION

STATOR EARTH FAULT

0%

95 TO 100%

95%

GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS (Close to neutral faults) Stator Windings

a
CURRENT RELAY

If

If = aV / R

GENERATOR PROTECTION

100% STATOR EARTH FAULT

Measurement of third harmonic voltage across the earthing impedance Use of low frequency voltage injection between star point & earth

GENERATOR PROTECTION

LOSS OF FIELD IN GENERATORS GENERATOR WILL OVER SPEED & OPERATE AS AN INDUCTION GENERATOR (OVER SPEEDS OF THE ORDER OF 2 TO 5% ) GENERATOR WILL CONTINUE TO DELIVER POWER WILL DERIVE EXCITATION FROM THE SYSTEM STATOR CURRENT WILL BE 200% THERE WILL BE HEAVY ROTOR CURRENT RESULTS IN OVER HEATING

GENERATOR PROTECTION

LOSS OF FIELD IN GENERATORS PHASE ANGLE

ANGLE BETWEEN VOLTAGE & CURRENT

IMPEDANCE ANGLE

REPLICA OF PHASE ANGLE

= 360O -

GENERATOR PROTECTION
LOSS OF FIELD IN GENERATORS

GENERATOR PROTECTION
= 0o (360O) = +30o = +60o = +90o = +120o = +150o = +180o FORWARD RESISTIVE FORWARD RESISTIVE + FORWARD CAPACITIVE FORWARD RESISTIVE + FORWARD CAPACITIVE FORWARD CAPACITIVE (LOSS OF FIELD) REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWADRD CAPACITIVE REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWARD CAPACITIVE REVERSE RESISTIVE

= +210o (-150O) REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWARD INDUCTIVE = +240o (-120O) REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWARD INDUCTIVE = +270o (-90O) = +300o (-60O) = +330o (-30O) FORWARD INDUCTIVE FORWARD INDUCTIVE + FORWARD RESISTIVE FORWARD INDUCTIVE + FORWARD RESISTIVE

GENERATOR PROTECTION

LOSS OF FIELD PROTECTION

Z
NORMAL

LOSS OF FIELD

GENERATOR PROTECTION

LOSS OF FIELD PROTECTION

Z
NORMAL K1

LOSS OF FIELD

K2

GENERATOR PROTECTION

REVERSE POWER GENERATORS GENERATOR WILL BECOME MOTOR HARMFUL TO THE PRIME MOVER ( STEAM TURBINE WILL OVER HEAT) (DIESEL ENGINE WILL EXPLODE DUE TO UNBURNT FUEL) (HYDRAULIC TUBINE WILL HAVE CAVITATION)

GENERATOR PROTECTION

INADVERTANT ENERGISATION - APPLICATION OF FULL VOLTAGE AT STANDSTILL COASTING TO STOP BEFORE SYNCHRONISM - PRESENCE OF UNBALANCE VOLTAGE DUE TO FLASH OVER AT IONE OR TWO POLES OF BREAKER GENERATOR FORCED TO START AS INDUCTION MOTOR RESULTING IN MECHANICAL DAMAGES TO PRIME MOVER AND EXCESSIVE HEATING IN THE ROTOR

GENERATOR PROTECTION

V/Hz PROTECTION - INCORRECT VOLTAGE REGULATOR ACTION - LOAD THROW - OFF - SUDDEN OVER VOLTAGE / OVER FREQUENCY RESULTS IN OVER FLUXING OF GENERATOR AND OVER HEATING

GENERATOR PROTECTION PACKAGES CURRENT MC11 MC61A MC61C IM30G IM3G-V VOLTAGE MV11 MND11 MVP-01 DIFFERENTIAL MD32-G SC14S LOAD SHARING RRS SYNCHRONISING SCM21 / SPM21 ISLANDING UFD34 UM30 MW33 LOAD SHEDDING UFD34 MW33 MX7/5 REX-8

ROTOR UBO/CR

LOAD SHARING OF GENERATORS

BC1

BUS-1

PT1
L S R L S R

BUS-2

BC2

BUS-3

B1

B2 PT2
L L S S R R

B3

PT3
L S R L S R

CT1

CT2

CT3

G1

PULSES FOR GOVERNOR & EXCITER

G2

PULSES FOR GOVERNOR & EXCITER

G3

PULSES FOR GOVERNOR & EXCITER

LSR = LOAD SHARING RELAY

Fig. -1

GRID ISLANDING SCHEME

GRID INCOMER TRANSFORMER REVERSE POWER RELAY LOW FORWARD POWER RELAY UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY DIRECTIONAL O/C + E/F RELAY

dF/dT RELAY UNDER FREQ. RELAY OVER FREQ. RELAY VECTOR SURGE RELAY

DG

PLANT LOADS

Fig. -2

SYNCHRONISATION OF GENERATORS

SYNCHRONISING IS THE PROCESS OF ELECTRICALLY CONNECTING TWO AC POWER SOURCES WITH ROTATING MACHINES WITHOUT ANY DISTURBANCE TO EXISTING SYSTEM AND WITHOUT ANY DAMAGE TO THE EXISTING SYSTEM

SYNCHRONISATION

SINGLE GENERATOR TO A BUS (DEAD BUS / LIVE BUS SYNCH.) MULTIPLE GENERATORS TO A BUS (SIZE, VINTAGE, RESPONSE TIMES) AUTO CHANGEOVER IN BUS CONNECTIONS MANUAL & AUTO SYNCHRONISATION REVERSE SYNCHRONISATION

PARAMETERS GOVERNING SYNCHRONISATION : VOLTAGE FREQUENCY PHASE ANGLE

SYNCHRONISING OF GENERATORS

COMMON BUS

B1
PT1 SCM 21

PT2

B2

G1

G2

RESULTS OF INCORRECT SYNCHRONISATION

FREQUENCY PHASE ANGLE ACTIVE POWER FLOW HIGH FREQ. TO LOW FREQ. JOLT TO THE SYSTEM FATIGUE TO SHAFT DAMAGE TO BEARINGS OVER HEATING OF STATOR REACIVE POWER FLOW HIGH VOLTAGE TO LOW VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE

TYPES OF SYNCHRONISING RELAYS

CHECK SYNCHRONISING RELAY AUTO SYNCHRONISING RELAY

CHECK SYNCHRONISING RELAY

ADJUSTABLE SETTINGS FOR F, V, MINIMUM V,F FOR CB CLOSURE DEAD BUS / DEAD LINE SELECTION CB CLOSURE ONLY IF IS DECREASING BREAKER OPERATING TIME MINIMUM RECLOSING TIME 2LINE + 1 BUS CONFIGURATION U/V + O/V PROTECTION SYNCHRONISING TROLLEY

AUTO SYNCHRONISING RELAY

IN ADDITION TO SCM21 FEATURES: INC / DEC PULSES FOR GOVERNOR INC / DEC PULSES FOR AVR ADJUSTABLE PULSE WIDTH PULSES PROPORTIONAL TO F, V KICKER PULSE CONTROL ANTI MOTORING CONTROL

REVERSE SYNCHRONISATION

GRID INCOMER TRANSFORMER

DG

PLANT LOADS

GENEATOR PROTECTION - BUILDING BLOCKS FROM L&T

PROTn. RELAY

DIFF. RELAY

SYNCH. RELAY

LOAD SHARE RELAY

GRID ISLAND RELAY

SCHEME FOR : AUTO START, SYNCH.& LOAD SHARING GRID ISLANDING & LOAD SHEDDING PC SYSTEM WITH SOFTWARE COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE FOR CENTRALISED DAS AND CONTROL

Fig.-3