UNIT 2

0utcomes
In this unit you will be able to: Explain the term stress. Explain the term strain. Present graphically the relationship between stress and strain. Use the stress strain diagram to identify:
The limit of proportionality. The limit of elasticity. The yield point. The yield strength. The ultimate strength. The breaking strength.

Carry out the tensile test for ductile & brittle material.

I Wants to Understand
Plasticity
Vital
The ability of a material to undergo permanent deformation under load.
Important

Forging
Rolling
Fundamental

To shape a metal by plastic deformation

Process of thinning a material through passing it between to pressing wheels

Basic
Piece of material used to study the entire properties of this material.

Specimen

Stress
Stress is the internal distribution of force per unit area that balances and reacts to external loads applied to a body.

Stress = F/A
Where:
F = Applied Load in Newton (N). A = Cross-sectional area in meter square (m)

-Solids, liquids and gases have stress fields . -Static fluids support normal stress but will flow under shear stress. -Moving viscous fluids can support shear stress. -Solids can support both shear and normal stress.

Strain
strain is the geometrical expression of deformation caused by the action of stress on a physical body.

Strain is calculated by: 1st, assuming a change between two body states: -the beginning state -and the final state 2nd, the difference in placement of two points in this body in those two states, expresses the numerical value of strain.

l Strain = l0
Where: is strain in measured direction. l is the extension of material. l0 is the original length of the material.
Strain has no units of measure because in the formula the units of length are cancelled.

Stress-Strain Relationship
1-Modulus of Elasticity
stress is proportional to load and strain is proportional to deformation, this implies that stress is proportional to strain. Hookes law is the statement of that proportionality.

Stress () / Strain () = E If a material obeys the Hookes law, it is elasti

2- Limit of proportionality
The limit of proportionality is where the applied load is proportional to the extension.

3- Limit of Elasticity
A material is said to be elastic if it deforms under stress, but then returns to its original shape when the stress is removed.The materials limit of elasticity is at the point where the material deforms due to a stress and does not return to its original shape no more.

4- Yield strength or the yield point

Yield strength, or the yield point, is defined as the stress at which a material begins to plastically deform. Knowledge of the yield point is vital when: 1- designing a component since it generally represents an upper limit to the load that can be applied. 2- It is also important for the control of many materials production techniques such as forging, rolling, or pressing.

5-Ultimate strength
The maximum strength a material can withstands when subjected to an applied load.

6-Breaking strength
The stress coordinates on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.

7-Graphic representation
A stress-strain curve is a graph derived from measuring load (stress - ) versus extension (strain - ) for a sample of a material.