BONE FRACTURES

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BONE FRACTURES

sometimes abbreviated FRX, Fx, or # is a medical condition in which there is a complete or incomplete break in the continuity of the bone. fracture, break, crack all mean the same thing.

CAUSES

TRAUMATIC PATHOLOGICAL

TRAUMATIC

Occurs when you experience direct blows, twisting injuries, falls, car accident and results to traumatic injury to bones an application of excessive force and the bone cannot withstand those outside forces or too much pressure.

But how much pressure is too much pressure??

Different bones in the body have different tolerance levels and capacity to endure stress. Each bone has its own threshold value.
When the pressure applied on a particular bone crosses it's threshold value, it results in a fracture.

**Individuals with high activity level have a higher risk in acquiring fractures

TRAUMATIC

The most common way to classify bone fractures is on the basis of different features of a fracture. Which is known as ORTHOPEDIC CLASSIFICATION Fractures of the bone are broadly classified in two categories: the closed fracture (simple) and the open fracture (compound).

CLOSED FRACTURE

Fracture where the bone is broken, but the skin is intact. There are many types of bone fracture but these are the commonly occurring ones:

Greenstick Transverse Spiral Oblique Comminuted Impacted

CLOSED FRACTURE
GREENSTICK

Buckle or Torus fracture incomplete fracture, broken bone is not completely separated. Happens to soft bones in which it bends and partially breaks. occurs as a result of bending forces. usually occurs in children's long bones and teens because their bones are flexible, unlike adults whose more brittle bones usually break.

CLOSED FRACTURE
TRANSVERSE

the break of the bone is in a straight line across the bone. is the result of a sharp, direct blow or may be a stress fracture from prolonged overuse of the bone and can occur when the bones are overburdened Usually occurs in athletes who undergoes constant running, walking and jumping on hard surfaces Often occurs in the leg, hip, and heel bone which absorbs most of the bodys force in performing activities.

CLOSED FRACTURE
SPIRAL

Or torsion fracture the break spirals or encircles the entire bone. fracture in the shape of a spiral. These fractures sometimes have a very distinctive spiral shape. generally longer than an oblique fracture caused by a rotational or torsion force. A typical mechanism would be if your foot is caught and you rotate your leg.

CLOSED FRACTURE
OBLIQUE

diagonal break across the bone in which the line of break runs obliquely to the axis of the bone. Somehow similar to spiral fracture Generally shorter than a spiral fracture an injury to the bone as the result of a fall, accident, or other trauma. Caused by torsional or twisting forces

CLOSED FRACTURE
COMMINUTED

also sometimes known as multi-fragmentary fractures. there are multiple broken fragments of the bone. fracture in which the bone has broken into a number of pieces. At least three separate pieces of bone must be present for a fracture to be classified as comminuted. From high-energy collisions and a result of tremendous force such as an automobile, motorcycle crash or a severe fall.

CLOSED FRACTURE
IMPACTED

a fracture in which the bone breaks into multiple fragments which are driven into each other. not only are the bones broken, but pieces of bone push into each other usually caused by a forceful fall and landed on their arms or legs which causes it to break and be driven to each other.

OPEN FRACTURE

broken bone that penetrates the skin. There is a need for more attention and treatment than a closed fracture because of the high risk of infection since there is a penetration in the skin, exposing the bone. an operation is often required to clean the area of the fracture. because of the risk of infection, there are more often problems associated with healing when a fracture is open to the skin.

OPEN FRACTURE

In classifying open fractures, the most commonly used classification system is the Gustilo open fracture

classification.

Gustilo types:
I II IIIA IIIB IIIC

OPEN FRACTURE
GUSTILO TYPE I

Wound less than 1 cm, without or minimal contamination and minimal injury of soft tissue. The wound results from a perforation from the inside out by one of the fracture ends.

OPEN FRACTURE

GUSTILO TYPE II

Wound between 1 and 10 cm, mild contamination, extensive soft tissue damage and minimal to moderate crushing component. surrounding tissues have minor or no signs of contusion. There is no dead musculature present and the fracture instability is moderate to severe.

OPEN FRACTURE

GUSTILO TYPE III

Because of the many different factors occurring in this group, the subtypes IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC were formed. extensive soft-tissue damage, with compromised vascularity with severe wound contamination, and marked fracture instability due to comminution. fractures requiring vascular repair, or fractures that have been open for 8 h prior to treatment.

OPEN FRACTURE

GUSTILO TYPE IIIA

usually results from high energy trauma, but there is still adequate soft tissue coverage of the fractured bone, despite extensive soft-tissue laceration or flaps. Wound larger than 10 cm, severe contamination and severe crushing component. has high potential for complications

OPEN FRACTURE

GUSTILO TYPE IIIB

has an extensive soft-tissue loss Large part of the bone is exposed. usually associated with massive contamination. severe contamination and severe loss of tissues.

OPEN FRACTURE

GUSTILO TYPE IIIC

associated with arterial injury requiring repair, independent of the fracture type. Wound larger than 10 cm severe contamination and neurovascular injury Candidate for amputation

PATHOLOGICAL

a broken bone caused by disease leading to weakness of the bone. may also be due to other pathologies such as: Cancer Infection inherited bone disorders bone cyst

PATHOLOGICAL

TYPES:

Osteomalacia Osteoporosis Osteogenesis imperfecta Bone tumor

PATHOLOGICAL

OSTEOMALACIA

softening of the bones caused by defective bone mineralization in children is known as rickets Osteomalacia in adults due to a lack of vitamin D problem with the body's ability to break down and use this vitamin.

PATHOLOGICAL

OSTEOPOROSIS

is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture. bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced May cause vertebral collapse (compression fracture) amount and variety of proteins in bone is altered.

PATHOLOGICAL

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

OI and sometimes known as brittle bone disease genetic bone disorder condition causing extremely fragile bones.

PATHOLOGICAL

BONE TUMOR

abnormal growth of tissue in bone can be either benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous)