Basic Transmission

Transmission Basics
Facilitated by Rezwan Ahamed Noor
6/28/2012
The OSI Structure
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Basic Transmission by Rezwan Ahamed Noor
Transmission- How is it?
Application Presentation Session Transport
Application Presentation Session Transport
Network
Data Link Physical
Network
Data Link Physical
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The Medium Microwave
Optical fiber
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Microwave transmission
Frequencies are within the approximate range 2 to 24 GHz. Above 100 MHz the waves travel in straight lines Concentrated small beam using a parabolic antenna gives a much higher signal to noise ratio
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Multi-path Fading in Microwave Systems
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Weather impact in Microwaves

Raindrops cause greater attenuation by scattering than by absorption at frequencies above 100 megahertz Fog can cause serious attenuation by absorption, at frequencies above 2 gigahertz Temperature Inversion Can be good can be bad
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Optical Wavelengths Commercial Optical transmission frequencies are 1310 & 1550 nm for gray signals WDM frequencies normally lies in S, C & L bands
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Optical Fibers
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The Carrier PDH SDH OTN
Ethernet IP PCM
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PDH Frame Structure
FAS
D+N
TB
CB
TB
JB
TB
FAS D+N TB CB JB
Frame Alignment Signal (Synchronization signal for the receive side) Service Bits (Indication about the status of the opposite transmission direction) Tributary Bits (Tributary bits of the individual channels (1-4)) Justification Control Bits (Indicate whether the block "JB" carries tributary or justification bits) Justification Opportunity Bits (Justification or tributary bits)
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SDH Frame Structure

9 bytes 261 bytes
SOH PTR SOH C4
POH
260 bytes
SOH PTR POH C4
Section Overhead Pointer Path Overhead Container4

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OTN Frame
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Ethernet Frame Structure
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IP Header Format
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How Transmission System Works

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Transport Network Data Link Physical
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
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PDH Multiplexing structure
Three multiplex levels are obtained starting from the basic bit rate of 2 M bit/s:
2Mbit/s 2 8Mbit/s 8 8 34 140 34Mbit/s 34 140Mbit/s
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PDH Multiplexing
multiplex sum signal
M U X
D E M U X
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PDH Multiplexing
FAS
FAS
M U X
Bit by bit Multiplexing After MUXing the previous FAS are no longer act as FAS
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PDH Multiplexing (FAS Generation)
M U X
FAS
FAS
M U X
FAS
new FAS
FAS
FAS GENERATOR
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PDH Multiplexing (Contd.)
Frame a Channel 1 x a b FAS Frame b Channel 2 z z z z z a b FAS Frame c Multiplexed Signal z x z a z b z c z x ax b x c x z x z e f g x z az bz c z x a x b x c x z x z x new FAS
c x
x a
c x
c z
z z
z a
c z
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Limitations of PDH Inability to identify individual channels in a higher-order bit stream Insufficient capacity for network management Most PDH network management is proprietary Theres no standardized definition of PDH bit rates greater than 140 Mbit/s There are different hierarchies in use around the world. Specialized interface equipment is required to inter-work the different hierarchies
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SDH Multiplexing Structure
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Byte-by-Byte multiplexing of SDH Signal

byte bit 1 8 1 bit 8 byte byte byte byte
byte
M U X
byte
byte
byte
byte
M U X
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Mapping of a 2 Mbit/s Signal to the Container C-12
C-12 4
A comparison of the number of possible, usable bits per container C12 = 34 byte x 8 = 272 bit and the number of bits (nominal bit rate: 2,048 Mbit/s) actually to be transported per container 2,048 Mbit/s: 8000 Hz = 256 bit, reveals an over-capacity of the container C-12. Beside the pure tributary information bits (2 Mbit/s), the following bits are transmitted in the container C-12:
fixed justification bits and bytes (approximate clock alignment) justification opportunity bits (positive/negative justification for precise clock alignment) justification control bits (indicates whether there is a positive, negative or no justification) overhead bits (no function specified)
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Creating a VC-12 Frame
VC-12 4
POH (V5, J2, Z6, Z7)
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VC-12 to TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12 4
POH (V5, J2, Z6, Z7)
+ pointer
9
9
TUG-2
12
TU-12
Pointer
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TU-13 to TUG-3
#1 #2 #3
TU-12
#1
#2
#7
TUG-2
12
NPI 21 9 TUG-3
86 fixed justification bytes Pointer
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Interleaving of TUG-3 into a Virtual Container VC-4
86
#1
#2
#3
TUG-3
1 2
P O H
VC-4
261
fixed justification bytes
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Interleaving of the VC-4 into the STM-1

270 9 SOH 261
AU-4
AU-4 PTR 9 SOH J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 J1 B3
125 s VC-4
SOH AU-4 PTR 9 SOH
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SDH Transport capability
Container size (bytes) bit rate (kbit/s) Virtual container: size (bytes) bit rate (kbit/s) Tributary unit: size (bytes) bit rate (kbit/s) Tributary unit group: size (bytes) bit rate (kbit/s) Administrative unit: size (bytes) bit rate (kbit/s) Administrative unit group: size (bytes) bit rate (kbit/s)
C-11 25 1600 VC-11 26 1664 TU-11 27 1728
C-12 34 2176 VC-12 35 2240 TU-12 36 2304
C-2 106 6784 VC-2 107 6848 TU-2 108 6912 TUG-2 108 6912
C-3 756 48384 VC-3 765 48960 TU-3 768 49152 TUG-3 774 49536 AU-3 786 50304
C-4 2340 149760 VC-4 2349 150336
POH
AU-4 2358 150912 AUG 2358 150912
Pointer POH
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SDH SOH bytes

Framing A1
BIP-8
A1
A1
A2
order wire
A2
A2
C1
User channel
B1
Data comm channel
E1
Data comm channel
F1
Data comm channel
RSOH
D1
D2 AU-pointer BIP-24
APS
D3
APS
B2
Data comm channel
B2
B2
K1
Data comm channel
K2
Data comm channel
D4
Data comm channel
D5
Data comm channel
D6
Data comm channel
M SOH
D7
Data comm channel
D8
Data comm channel
D9
Data comm channel
D10
Timing M arker
D11 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2
REI
D12
order wire
S1
Bytes reserved for national use
M1
E2
Note: All unmarked bytes are reserved for future international standardization (for media dependent, additional national use and other purposes). M edia dependent bytes
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SDH Section Over Heads

RSOH Description Bytes
A1, A2 Frame Alignment Word (FAW). These bytes produce a fixed pattern which identifies the beginning of each STM-1 frame.
MSOH Byte
B2
Description
BIP-24 error check bytes for checking an STM-1 signal (minus the RSOH) at the end of the MS.
C1 identifies the STM-1 frame within an Synchronous Transport Module-n (STM-n) signal. C1 (J0) This could be replaced on future equipment releases by a J0 byte, which is the RS trace byte. B1 D1 to D3 E1 F1 Bit Interleaved Parity-8 (BIP-8) error check byte, for checking errors on the complete STM-1 signal at the end of an RS. Data Communications Channel (DCC) to monitor and control functions between regenerator terminating equipment. E1 is used to provide a speaker channel. It is not used by some vendors. F1 provides a data channel for miscellaneous optional users.
These are used for controlling MS protection switching, signaling Alarm Indication Signal (AIS), K1 and K2 Far End Remote Failure (FERF), and Automatic Protection Switching (APS) alarms, when implemented. D4 to D12 DCC to monitor and control functions between the MS terminating equipment. Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSMB), used for signaling the quality of the currently working sync source to a downstream Network Element (NE). M1 is used to signal error information to the originating end of the MS. E2 is used to provide a speaker channel. It is not used by some vendors.
S1
M1 E2
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SDH Path Over Heads

VC-4 POH J1 B3 Description VC-4 path trace can be used to carry an operator assigned pattern to identify specific VC-4s. BIP-8 error check byte used for checking errors across a VC-4 path end-to-end. VC-12 Description
J2
LO path trace.
C2
G1 F2
It describes the contents and structure of the payload.

It sends error data and FERF alarms to the originating end of the VC-4 path. User channel. Multiframe identifier. A Tributary Unit (TU) is distributed across four consecutive frames known as a multiframe. This byte is used to ensure the correct sequence of frames within the multiframe. N2 Tandem connection monitoring byte.
K4
Enhanced remote detect indication and APS.
H4
V5 125 s J2 125 s N2 125 s
Path BIP-2 Signal label Path status Path trace
Spare for future applications
V5 Frame Structure
K4 125 s
Spare for future applications
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SDH Sections & Path
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SDH Alarm Messages
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SDH Alarm messages
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SDH Performance messages
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Benefits of SDH
Bit rates higher 140 Mbit/s standardized Worldwide common optical transmission code (multivendor compatibility) Modular multiplex structure (multiples of basic bitrate 155.52 Mbit/s) Easy access to single tributary channels (pointer technique) Overhead capacity for network supervision, management and control Transmission of PDH signals defined in G.703 (exc. 8Mbit/s) Transmission of broadband signals (TV signals, ATM, IP etc.) Reduction of network cost (Line terminal combined with multiplexer)
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A-bis Path Transmission
BSC
CrossConnect
CrossConnect
CrossConnect
BTS
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How switch Matrix works To connect a to x, we need to enable switch 1 To connect b to x, we need to enable switch 2 To connect a to y, we need to enable switch 7 To connect c to z, we need to enable switch 9
1 x y 7 z 4
2 5 8
3 6 9
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Cross-connection in a SDH ADM

STM-1
VC-4
HOSF
STM-1
VC-4 VC-4 VC-4
STM-1 STM-1
VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4 VC-4
LOSF
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Cross-connection overview
SWITCHING FABRIC(S)
Line to line connection
Line
Trib
Trib
Trib
Trib
Line
Line to tributary connection 6/28/2012 Tributary to tributary connection

Fig. 28 Cross-connection overview (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 41)
Cross-connection types
Bidirectional cross connection
SWITCHING FABRIC(S)
Line
Trib
Trib
Trib
Trib
Line
Unidirectional cross connection 6/28/2012
Broadcast cross connection
Loopback cross connection
Fig. 29 Cross-connection types (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 43)
Combined Connections in hiT 7070
Connection at VC-4 level
L S i D n H e
2a SF160G 1a
2c
3a
3c
L S i Dn He
Connection at VC-12 level TPs for Combined Connection
VC-4 connection VC-4 termination
1b
2b
3b
1x 2x 3x
CC Line <-> Trib VC-3/12 connection, multiplexing and mapping
SF2G5/SF10G
VC-4 termination
CC Line <-> Line
CC Line <-> Trib (PDH MicroShelf)
LNQ622M
VC-12 termination
ESM-CORE PDH Trib

PDH MicroShelf
PDH Trib
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Fig. 30 Combined Connections in hiT 7070 (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 45)
What is Wave Division Multiplexing ?

Data from each TDM channel is loaded on one optical frequency (or wavelength, ) of a particular wavelength band These wavelengths are then multiplexed onto one fiber with the help of WDM multiplexers Other side of the network these wavelengths are demultiplexed by using either optical filters, gratings or WDM demultiplexers
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Why WDM?
Better utilization of fiber Overcome fiber exhaust, lack of fiber availability Low unit cost of bandwidth in high capacity systems
Easily integrated with existing equipment in the network

Bit-rate and protocol independent interface
Wavelength leasing instead of Bandwidth leasing

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WDM Classifications
Classification of WDM is based on the channel spacing between the two wavelengths Channel spacing > 200 GHz called CWDM
Channel spacing > 100 GHz called WDM

Channel spacing < 100 GHz called DWDM Channel spacing < 25 GHz called UDWDM
0.8 nm = 100 GHz
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CWDM
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WDM
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DWDM
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DWDM Bands
Wavelength band available for communication
C band (1530nm - 1565nm, 35 nm)

L band (1565nm - 1610nm, 45 nm)
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Wavelength Bands
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ITU Wavelength Grid

channel
OSC 1510
1547.72 nm 1559.79 nm ( band)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
OSC 1625
Wavelength (nm)
channel
OSC 1510
1528.77 nm 1540.56 nm ( band)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
OSC 1625
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Wavelength (nm)
Wavelength spacing
40-Channels, 100 GHz Spacing
1528.77 nm
196.1 THz
1562.23 nm
80-Channels, 50 GHz Spacing
191.9THz
1528.77 nm 196.1 THz

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1562.23 nm 191.9THz
DWDM Types
Unidirectional & Bi-Directional Transponder based systems Passive & Active
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Linear Backbone Link
Optical Multiplexer Post Amplifier
Line Amplifier
Optical Demultiplexer Pre Amplifier
Wavelengths
Wavelengths
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Backbone Link With OADM
Mux
Demux
OADM
Mux
Demux
Drop Wavelengths
Add Wavelengths
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Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
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Source From Internet
Backbone Link With OXC

Add/Drop Ports
Mux
Demux
Mux
Demux
OXC
Add/Drop Ports
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WDM Systems
3R Compensators Optical Amplifiers Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers Optical Cross Connects
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3R - Regeneration
3R regeneration means:
First R : Re-amplification
Second 2R:
Third 3R:
R + Re-shaping
2R + Re-timing
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3R Regenerators These Regeneration done by

R- Done by Optical amplifiers
2R- Done by dispersion compensation or OEO

3R- By using PLL and optical clock recovery
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Dispersion Compensation Methods The problem of dispersioncompensation can be solved by one of way such as;
Dispersion Compensating fiber (DCF) Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating Mid-span spectral inversion Multilevel coding
First two approaches are more practical and implemented in the field while last two has only academic interests
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Where DCM is Deployed? DCM are deployed at various places in the network
After the transmitters

With in Line amplifiers Before post amplifier After pre amplifier
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Types of Optical Amplifiers

Two Types of optical amplifiers available Solid state Optical Amplifiers
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

Fiber Amplifiers
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( EDFAs )

Raman Amplification ( RA )
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Typical Point To Point Optical Link
Tx
Post Amplifier
Signal Power
Rx
Line Amplifier
Pre Amplifier
Receiver Sensitivity Link Length
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Ethernet
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How do transparent bridge work
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How do transparent bridge work
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Ethernet interface rates
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Ethernet into SDH
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GFP Frame Structure
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Router
Switch
Router Router
Router
Switch
Router
Which way to go ?
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Fig. 1 (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 3)
Direct routing allows the local delivery of an IP packet without using a router
IP address
IP address
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
The layer 2 transmission method is used for transfer.
The destination host is identified based on its IP address. For addressing the destination host on layer 2, the sending host uses the destinations MAC address.
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Fig. 2 Direct routing (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 5)
This host only needs to know the destinations and the default gateways IP addresses
The destination host is identified by its IP and its MAC address
Router Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Routers are used for connections across network borders
Each router decides on which interface to forward the packet on the next hop
This principle is called hop-byhop routing
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Fig. 3 Indirect routing (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 7)
Routing Process Routing Table IP Packets

SA DA SA DA
IP Packet
SA DA
IP Packet
SA DA
192.16.3.0 Router A Router B 192.16.1.0 192.16.2.0 6/28/2012

Fig. 4 Routing tables and routing decision (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 9)
192.16.4.0
Routing Table of Router A
192.16.1.0 directly connected 192.16.2.0 directly connected 192.16.3.0 directly connected 192.16.4.0 via 192.16.3.1
Eth0 Eth1 Eth2 Eth2
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Fig. 5 Routing table of router A (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 9)
routing table ??? 192.168.1.0 directly connected Eth0 10.0.0.0 directly connected Eth1 192.168.2.0 via 10.100.100.1 Eth1
routing table ??? 192.168.2.0 directly connected Eth0 10.0.0.0 directly connected Eth1 192.168.1.0 via 10.200.200.2 Eth1
10.0.0.0 Eth1 Eth1

Router B
Route A
Eth0 192.168.1.0
Eth0 192.168.2.0
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Fig. 6 Routing Table Examples_1 (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 10)
10.1.1.100
Router
10.4.4.0/24
routing table ??? S1/3 S1/0

Router A S1/2
10.3.3.0/24
Router
S1/1
192.168.1.18
192.168.1.50
Router
192.168.1.34
Router
Router
Router
192.168.2.64/28
192.168.1.64/28
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Fig. 7 Routing Table Examples_2 (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 11)
Routing table of router A

#show ip route 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 6 subnets 10.2.2.0 [1] via 10.1.1.100, 00:00:03, Serial1/3 10.3.3.0 [1] via 10.1.1.100, 00:00:03, Serial1/3 10.4.4.0 [1] via 10.1.1.100, 00:00:03, Serial1/3 10.5.5.0 [1] via 10.1.1.100, 00:00:03, Serial1/3 10.6.6.0 [1] via 10.1.1.100, 00:00:04, Serial1/3 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial1/3 192.168.1.0/28 is subnetted, 4 subnets 192.168.1.64 [1] via 192.168.1.50, 00:00:03, Serial1/2 [1] via 192.168.1.18, 00:00:06, Serial1/0 [1] via 192.168.1.34, 00:00:10, Serial1/1 192.168.1.32 is directly connected, Serial1/1 192.168.1.48 is directly connected, Serial1/2 192.168.1.16 is directly connected, Serial1/0 192.168.2.0/24 [2] via 10.1.1.100, 00:00:10, Serial1/3
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Fig. 8 Routing table of router A (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 11)
Static Routing
E
C Net 128.10.0.0
Eth0:128.10.1.1 / 255.255.0.0 Router D Eth1: 128.15.2.4 / 255.255.0.0 Net 128.15.0.0 Eth0:128.15.1.2 / 255.255.0.0 A B Router F Eth1: 129.7.1.80 / 255.255.0.0 Net 129.7.0.0
G 6/28/2012
Fig. 10 Network scenario (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 15)
Dynamic Routing
Dynamic Routing Protocol
Router Switch
Router Router Router Switch
Router
What is an optimal route ?
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Fig. 12 Dynamic Routing (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 17)
OSPF
Open Shortest Path First
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What is OSPF?
Fast convergence time Supports VLSM Bandwidth determines the metric Efficient use of the bandwidth for updates Supports several routes to the destination Raw IP mechanism to minimize overhead RFC 2328 defines OSPF OSPF allows hierarchical networks
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Fig. 28 What is OSPF? (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 39)
OSPF Multi-Area Concept

Area 0
Router Router Router
Area 3 Area 1
Area 5
Autonomous System
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Fig. 31 OSPF Multi-Area Concept (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 41)
Advantages of multiple OSPF Areas

Each area maintains its own Link-State database; SPF Algorithm is not invoked so often; Smaller routing tables Less overhead; Area 0 serves as backbone area and interconnects other areas.
Area 0
Autonomous System
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Fig. 32 Advantages of multiple OSPF Areas (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 43)
IS-IS
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IS-IS overview
Initially designed at DEC for Phase V DECnet
Standardized by ISO to support routing in OSI environments RFC 1195 added extensions to support both OSI and IP
Integrated IS-IS
Protocol Highlights / OSPF Similarities

Link state protocol based on cost Employs a two-level routing hierarchy Supports CIDR and address summarization Supports Equal Cost Multi-Path (ECMP)
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Fig. 47 IS-IS overview (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 63)
L1; IS L1; IS ES L1; IS L1; IS

SID part is used for routing
L1; IS
ES
AFI
1 Octet
IDI
2-7 Octets
HO-DSP
0 -5 Octets
Domain
1-9 Octets
System ID
1-9 Octets
NSAP SEL
1 Octet
Initial part=Area Address
SID part
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Fig. 52 Level 1 Routing (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 69)
L1; IS
ES
L1; IS
L1; IS
L2; IS
L2; IS L2; IS
The set of L1/L2 and/or L2 routers has to be contiguous
L1; IS
ES
L2; IS
L2; IS
L1; IS L1; IS
AFI
1 Octet
ES
Initial part is used for routing
IDI
2-7 Octets
HO-DSP
0 -5 Octets
Domain
1-9 Octets
System ID
1-9 Octets
NSAP SEL
1 Octet
Initial part=Area Address 6/28/2012

SID part
Fig. 53 Level 2 Routing (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 69)
IS-IS network topologies

Router Router Router Router
Broadcast Multi-Access
Point-to-Point
Router
Router
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Fig. 56 IS-IS network topologies (TR3984EU00TR_0202 Routing, 73)
SDH Protection Schemes
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1+1 protection in fault-free case
working
Normal Normal
protection
Selector Permanent Bridge
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Fig. 50 1+1 protection in fault-free case (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 71)
1+1 protection in case of fault
SWITCH SWITCH Normal
working
Normal
protection
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Fig. 51 1+1 protection in faulty case (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 71)
1:n protection without extra traffic in fault-free case
Null signal (0) Normal (1)
Null signal (0)
Working (1)
Normal (1)
Normal (2)
Working (2)
Normal (2)
Normal (n)
Working (n)
Normal (n)
Extra (n+1)
Protection (0) AIS
AIS
Extra (n+1)
Selector Bridge Bridge
Selector
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Fig. 52 1:n protection architecture with broadcast bridge and without extra traffic (fault free case) (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 73)
1:n protection without extra traffic in case of fault

SWITCH SWITCH
Null signal (0) Normal (1)
Null signal (0)
Working (1)
Normal (1)
SWITCH
Normal (2) Normal (2)
Working (2)
SWITCH
Normal (n)
Working (n)
Normal (n)
Extra (n+1)
Protection (0)
AIS
AIS
Extra (n+1)
Selector Bridge Bridge

Selector
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Fig. 53 1:n protection architecture with broadcast bridge and without extra traffic (fault case) (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 73)
Unidirectional switching: Worker line used
worker
protection
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Fig. 54 Principle of unidirectional switching: Worker line used (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 74)
Unidirectional switching: Protection line used
worker SWITCH
protection
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Fig. 55 Principle of unidirectional switching: Protection line used (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 74)
Bi-directional switching: Worker line used
worker
protection
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Fig. 56 Principle of bi-directional switching: Worker line used (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 75)
Bi-directional switching: Protection line used
worker SWITCH
SWITCH
protection
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Fig. 57 Principle of bi-directional switching: Protection line used (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 75)
Non-revertive protection mode

"
error free worker WORKER Path fault clearance clearance
switch over
PROTECTION Path
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Fig. 58 Principle of non-revertive operation (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 76)
Revertive protection mode

Wait-To-Restore Periode 0 ... 30 min
"
error e.g. SF
WORKER Path
PROTECTION Path
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Fig. 59 Principle of revertive operation (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 77)
switch back
switch over
fault clearance
WTR
Line Protection
worker card
worker line
switching fabric
protection line
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protection card
Fig. 60 Principle of line protection (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 78)
Path Protection
Working Path
Protection Path
Fig. 61 Principle of path protection (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 79)
Switch
only one direction shown 6/28/2012 Definition of Switching Criteria
1:N Card Protection
1:N
protection module
working modules
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Fig. 62 1:N card protection (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 80)
1+1 Card Protection
working module working module
1+1 1+1
protection module protection module
working module module

switch switch
protection module
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switching network
Fig. 63 1+1 card protection (TR3271EU00TR_0402 Operation, 81)
Questions
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Basic Transmission

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Basic Transmission

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Transmission Basics

Facilitated by Rezwan Ahamed Noor

The OSI Structure

Basic Transmission by Rezwan Ahamed Noor

Transmission- How is it?

Application Presentation Session Transport

Application Presentation Session Transport

Basic Transmission by Rezwan Ahamed Noor

The Medium Microwave

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Multi-path Fading in Microwave Systems

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Weather impact in Microwaves

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Basic Transmission by Rezwan Ahamed Noor

Basic Transmission by Rezwan Ahamed Noor

The Carrier PDH SDH OTN

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PDH Frame Structure

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SDH Frame Structure

SOH PTR SOH C4

SOH PTR POH C4

Section Overhead Pointer Path Overhead Container4

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Ethernet Frame Structure

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Basic Transmission by Rezwan Ahamed Noor

How Transmission System Works

Transport Network Data Link Physical

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

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PDH Multiplexing structure

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multiplex sum signal

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Basic Transmission by Rezwan Ahamed Noor

PDH Multiplexing (FAS Generation)

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PDH Multiplexing (Contd.)

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SDH Multiplexing Structure

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Byte-by-Byte multiplexing of SDH Signal

Mapping of a 2 Mbit/s Signal to the Container C-12

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Creating a VC-12 Frame

POH (V5, J2, Z6, Z7)

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POH (V5, J2, Z6, Z7)

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86 fixed justification bytes Pointer

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Interleaving of TUG-3 into a Virtual Container VC-4

fixed justification bytes

Interleaving of the VC-4 into the STM-1

SOH AU-4 PTR 9 SOH

SDH Transport capability

C-11 25 1600 VC-11 26 1664 TU-11 27 1728

C-12 34 2176 VC-12 35 2240 TU-12 36 2304

C-4 2340 149760 VC-4 2349 150336

AU-4 2358 150912 AUG 2358 150912

Basic Transmission by Rezwan Ahamed Noor