Gaya Gaya Fiskositas ( Viscous Forces )

Mathematical Expression for the viscous forces

By reviewing the two-dimensional fluid element below:






Diketahui:
The friction forces on the side AB of length dx is : dx = (u/y)dx
Since the velocity at C is (u + (u/y ) dy)
The friction force on the side CD is:


|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ dy
y
t
t
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
dy
y
u
u
y
dydx
y
u
dx
y
u
2
2
c
c
+
c
c

dx =


=
(1)
Friction force on the side CD act in opposite
diretions.
If the forces due to the particle GHCD act in the OX
direction on the side CD of ABCD,
The forces due to the particle ABCD will act in the
same direction of the AB side of a ABFE.
And then, by reaction ABFE will cause a force in the
OX direction on ABCD.
The total shear force thus become:

dxdy
y
u
dxdy
y
2
2
c
c
=
c
c

t
(2)
The friction force per unit of area is:






dxdy
y
u
dxdy
y
2
2
c
c
=
c
c

t
dxdy
y
u
dxdy
y
2
2
c
c
=
c
c

t
2
2
y
u
y c
c
=
c
c

t
(3)
For a 3D incompressible fluide, The friction force
components per unit of volume are:




They are written vectorially:
u
z
u
y
u
x
u
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
V =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
v
z
v
y
v
x
v
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
V =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
w
z
w
y
w
x
w
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
V =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
V V
V V V
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z y x


Approximations Made on Viscous
Forces
It has been shown experimentally that it is
sometimes possible to consider friction effects
as negligible. The preceding expression for the
friction forces show that they can be neglected
when the Laplacian of the velocity components (
) is small.
V
2
V
Theoretical Considerations of
Surface Forces
1. A general Expression for Surface forces
2. The Nine Components of the External forces :
Components of Lame
3. Value of the Lame Components in Some
Particular Cases
4. Disipassion Function
A general Expression for Surface
forces
Surfaces forces, as previously seen, consist
of pressure force and friction force. These
surface forces may be introduced without
consideration of their physical nature. The
advantage of so expressing the surface forces
lies in its applicability to any kind of motion, e.g.,
viscous or turbulent, compressible or
incompressible.
The Nine Components of the
External forces : Components of
Lame
Consider an elementary mass of fluid in the
form of cube; its edges are parallel to the three
coordinate axes OX, OY and OZ, shown in this
figure:

The pairs of parallel forces acting on two opposite sides of the
cube act in opposite directions, and their difference is obtained
by a simple partial derivative with respect to the distance
between the two considered sides.
Hence, the external forces may be defined by a tensor of rank
two:


The addition of all the forces per unit volume acting in the same
direction yields:
In the OX direction

In the OY direction

In the OZ direction
zz yz xz
zy yy xy
zx yx xx
o t t
t o t
t t o
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z y x
zx
yx
xx
t
t
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z y x
zy yy xy
t o t
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z y x
zz
yz
xz
o
t
t
Value of the Lame Components in
Some Particular Cases

1. In the case of a perfect fluid, the shearing stress are zero and
the normal forces become simply the pressure forces:
xx = yy = zz = - p
xy = yz = zx = 0

2. In a viscous incompressible fluid, it is possible to
demonstrate that the normal forces () are the sum of the
pressure force and a viscous force proporsional to the
coefficients of linear deformation:


3. In the case of a viscous compressible fluid, the shearing
stresses are the same as in the above case, but the normal
forces have to take into account the change of volume of the
fluid particle. It may be seen that :

x
u
z
w
y
v
x
u
p
xx
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ = o 2
x
u
p
xx
c
c
+ = o 2
Disipassion Function
The energy transformed into heat either by
change of volume or by friction may be obtained
by adding the work done by all the external
forces. This work is equal to the external forces
times their displacement.
For instance, in the OX direction, the work of
pressure forces is :

P dy dz u dt dz
dy dx
x
p
p
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
dt dx
x
u
u
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
The work of all the forces in the OX direction is:





The total work per unit volume changed into heat in a unit
period of time is called the dissipation function . It is a
function of the liniear and angular rates of deformation and is
found by substituting the valus of and .

()
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ = u
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
y
u
x
v
x
w
z
u
z
v
y
w
z
w
w
v
x
u
divV
dy dx
x
xx
xx
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
o
o
dt dx
x
u
u |
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
dy dx
x
xy
xy
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
t
t
dt dx
x
u
u |
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
dy dx
x
xz
xz
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
t
t dt dx
x
u
u |
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
xx dy dz u dt -
+ xy dy dz u dt -
dz
+ xz dy dz u dt - dz
dz