Addressing Modes

CS1251 Computer Organization Carl Hamacher

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Addressing Modes
Name Immediate Register Absolute (Direct) Syntax #Value Ri LOC Addressing Function Operand = Value EA = Ri EA = LOC

Indirect
Index Relative Autoincrement Autodecrement

(Ri) (LOC)
X(Ri) X(PC) (Ri)+ (Ri)

EA = [Ri] EA = [LOC]
EA = [Ri] + X EA = [PC] + X EA = [Ri]; Ri [Ri] + 1 Ri [Ri] 1; EA = [Ri]

EA = Effective Address
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Absolute, Register, Immediate

Assembly Language

Register Transfer Notation

MOVE NUM1,R1 MOVE #1,R2 ADD #1,R1 ADD R1,R2

R1 [NUM1] R2 1 R1 1 + [R1] R2 [R1] + [R2]

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Instruction Results
MOVE #NUM2,R0 MOVE NUM1,R1
MOVE #5,R2 ADD #-1,R2

MEM
Label Addr 0B Contents Addr 0

REGS
Contents X"000D" X"000A" X"0004" X"0005"

NUM1
NUM2

0C
0D 0E

X"000A"
X"0007"

1
2 3

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Indirect Addressing
Assembly Language Register Transfer Notation

MOVE (R0),R2 MOVE (R1),NUM1 ADD (R3),R1 ADD #1,(R3)

R2 [MEM([R0])] MEM(NUM1) [MEM([R1])] R1 [MEM([R3])] + [R1] MEM([R3]) 1 + [MEM([R3])]

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Instruction Results
MOVE (R0),R2 MOVE (R1),NUM1 ADD #1,(R3)

MEM
Label Addr 12 NUM1 NUM2 13 14 15 Contents X"0004" X"0003" X"0009" X"0007" X"0009" Addr 0 1 2 3

REGS
Contents X"0014"

X"0015"
X"0007" X"0012"

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Loop to Add n Numbers

MOVE N,R1 CLEAR R0 LOOP Program loop
Determine address of "Next" number and add "Next" number to R0

Counter Accumulator

DECREMENT R1 BRANCH>0 LOOP MOVE R0,SUM

. . .

PC [PC] + Offset (CC>0)

SUM

N
NUM1

n
. . .

NUMn
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Use of Indirect Addressing

R0 0 n NUM1 Accumulator Counter Pointer

MOVE MOVE CLEAR LOOP ADD ADD DECREMENT BRANCH>0 MOVE

N,R1 #NUM1,R2 R0 (R2),R0 #1,R2 R1 LOOP R0,SUM

R1 R2 R3

SUM N NUM1
. . .

NUMn

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Indexed Addressing (Arrays)

Assembly Language Register Transfer Notation

MOVE X(R0),R1 MOVE R2,Y(R3) ADD Z(R1),R2

R1 [MEM(X + [R0])] MEM(Y + [R3]) [R2] R2 [MEM(Z + [R1])] + [R2]

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Assembly Language to Machine Instructions

Assembler (Program)

Source Program (Assembly Language) Object Program (Machine Instructions)

How to Interpret Names Where to Place Instructions in Memory Where to Place Data in Memory

Assembler Directives (Commands)

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Assembler Directives
SUM EQU ORIGIN N DATAWORD NUM1 RESERVE ORIGIN START MOVE MOVE CLR LOOP ADD ADD DEC BGTZ MOVE RETURN END 200 201 300 300 100 N,R1 #NUM1,R2 R0 (R2),R0 #1,R2 R1 LOOP R0,SUM START

START

100 101 102

MOVE N,R1 MOVE #NUM1,R2

CLEAR R0
ADD (R2),R0 ADD #1,R2 DECREMENT R1 BRANCH>0 LOOP MOVE R0,SUM
. . .

LOOP

103 104 105 106 107

SUM N NUM1

200 201 202

11

300

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Two-Pass Assembler
First Pass

Create Symbol Table Names Assigned Numerical Values

Translates Assembly Language to Machine Code Substitutes Values for Names Computes Branch Offsets

Second Pass

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Encoding of Machine Instructions

Opcode Source Dest Other Info
One-Word Instruction

Opcode

Source

Dest

Other Info

Memory Address / Immediate Operand

Two-Word Instruction

Opcode

Ri

Rj

Rk

Other Info

Three-Operand Instruction

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HW2 Instruction Encoding

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

OP

SRC

DST

VALUE

IR

Assembly Language

Register Transfer Notation

OP SRC, DST

DST [SRC] OP [DST]

Example

Example

MOVE R1,R2

R2 [R1]

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HW2 Addressing Modes

Mode REG # Name 00 SRC 01 10 11 00-11 00-11 XX XX Register Direct Immediate Absolute Syntax Rn #Value Value Addr Fn EA = Rn EA = [Rn] Operand = Value EA = Value

Register Indirect (Rn)

Mode REG # Name DST

Syntax

Addr Fn

0
1

00-11
XX

Register Direct
Absolute

Rn
Value

EA = Rn
EA = Value

EA = Effective Address
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Single-Bus Architecture
BUS A 6

MAR
1

MEM MDR
MUX
2 1 2

PC

ROM

IR
2

6 MUX

REGS
A ALU R B

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SRC Control Flowchart

Reg Direct 00
Y

Reg Indir 01
Y

Y [REGS([SRC_REG])]

MAR [REGS([SRC_REG])] MDR [MEM([MAR])] Y [MDR]

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SRC Control Flowchart

Immediate 10
Y

Absolute 11
Y

Y Value

MAR Value MDR [MEM([MAR])] Y [MDR]

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DST Control Flowchart

Reg Direct 0
Y

Absolute 1
Y

REGS([DST_REG]) [Z]

MAR Value MDR [Z] MEM([MAR]) [MDR]

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Questions?

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