Harvard vs Von Neumann Architecture

Program Counter The PC holds the address of the instruction being executed. The address of the next instruction to be executed. After fetching an instruction, the PC is incremented automatically so that the instructions are normally retrieved sequentially from the Program Memory. ALU

Two Operand Operation

Single Operand Instruction

Data Movement

You will notice that the program counter has a stack with it. This is a hardware stack and on the x14 Architecture it is 8 levels deep. Note that this is not a stack used to pass parameters. This stack can only be used to store the program counter when you jump to a sub-routine or when an interrupt occurs. When either of these events takes place, the current program counter plus 1 is pushed into the stack. This allows the program counter itself to be reloaded with the address of the new instruction that is to be executed. In the case of a jump to subroutine instruction, this address is embedded in the CALL instruction. For the case of the interrupt, the program counter is set to 0x04 which is the interrupt vector address. We will now follow the instruction MOVF PORTB, W through the architecture. This instruction will take the contents of PORTB and copy them into W register. You will see the opcode underneath the instruction and the most significant 6 bits of opcode defines MOVF instruction. The next bit is the destination bit, which in this case is a 0 and means we will store the results in W. The least significant 7-bits define the location of the register that we are going to get the data from that we move to W. In this case, the value is address 0x06 which is PORTB on the device we are using. The destination bit defines where the results of the instruction will go. Since there is only one bit, there are only two options for the destination address, either into the W register or back into the register defined in the instruction itself, in this case the File register PORTB. The 14 bit opcode is contained in the instruction that the program counter was pointing to, and is the information that comes out of the program bus to the instruction register.

Interrupt

The main program is running, performing some function in a circuit, but when an interrupt occurs the main program halts while another routine is carried out. When this routine finishes, the processor goes back to the main routine again.

Byte Oriented Operations

Byte instructions work on all 8 bits in the file. So a byte instruction would be followed by the appropriate file number.

NOP Uses one instruction cycle. Used for short time delays.

MOVWF f Moves contents of W register to another file register location. Status affected: None Example MOVWF Temp

MOVF f,d

Moves contents of one file register to another. Can be used to set the Zero Status bit. Status Affected: Z Example MOVF Temp, f

CLRF f The contents of register f are cleared and the Z bit is set. File (f) = 00000000 Status affected: Z The CLRF f instruction clears the file that you identify in the 7-bit file register address.

CLRW
W register is cleared. Zero bit (Z) is set. W = 00000000 Status affected: Z
The CLRW instruction clears the contents of the W register to all zeros.

f+1 d Status affected: Z

INCF f,d

The Increment instruction simply increments the file by one. It is important to note that if a register with all ones in it is incremented, it will roll over to all zeros and the zero status bit will be set.

DECF
f-1 d Status affected: Z

ADDWF f, d W+f d Adds the contents of W to a File Register Status Affected: Z

The Decrement File Instruction operates the same as the Increment File Instruction except that it decrements the register by one instead of incrementing. If a register containing all zeros is decremented, it will rollover to all ones.

ANDWF f,d
W AND f d Status Affected: Z Performs Logical AND with W and f Can be used to mask out specific bits
The And W File (ANDWF) instruction will execute a logical AND with the contents of the W register and the file register. This command is often used when it is necessary to clear or mask out certain bits in a register. This is done by ANDing the register with a value that has zero in the bit positions that need to be cleared and ones in the bit positions that need to be maintained.

IORWF f, d
W OR f d Status Affected: Z Executes Inclusive-OR with W and a File Register The Inclusive OR W File instruction will perform a bit-by-bit inclusive OR function with the W register and the F register.

XORWF f,d
W XOR f d Status Affected: Z Executes Exclusive-OR with W and a File Register Likewise, the Exclusive OR W File Instruction operates in a similar fashion except that the function is the Exclusive OR instead of the Inclusive OR.

COMF f,d
f d Executes a ones compliment on a file register. The compliment file instruction simply executes a ones compliment on the contents of the file register.

RRF f, d

RLF f,d

SUBWF f,d
f-W d Subtracts the contents of W from a File Register Twos compliment Status affected: C, DC, Z

DECFSZ f,d & INCFSZ f,d

The INCFSZ instruction works the same way except that the skip will not occur until the count variable goes all the way up to 255 and then rolls over to zero.

SWAPF f,d

Bit Oriented Operations

The bit instructions act on a particular bit in a file, so the instruction would be followed by the data which specifies the file register and bit number. 1. BCF 2. BSF 3. BTFSC 4. BTFSS

BCF f,b
Clear the bit in a file F. Status Affected: None Operands: 0 f 127 0b7
BCF PORTB, 4; bit 4 is cleared in the PORTB PORTB bit 4 is cleared; bit 4 = 0

BSF f,b
Set bit in file F. Status Affected: None Operands: 0 f 127 0b7 BSF PORTB, 4; bit 4 is set in the PORTB PORTB bit 4 is set; bit 4 = 1

BTFSC f,b
Test bit in file skip if clear. Operation: skip if (f<b>) 0 Status Affected: None Operands: 0 f 127 0b7 BTFSC STATUS, 2 This test bit 2 in STATUS Register if it is clear then the next instruction is missed. Bit 2 is the zero bit so the program jumps if the result of an instruction was zero.

BTFSS f,b
Test bit in file skip if set. Operation: skip if (f<b>) = 1 Status Affected: None Operands: 0 f 127 0b7 BTFSS STATUS, 2 This tests bit 2 in the STATUS Register is set then the next instruction is skipped.

Literal and Control Operations

It modify files with variables or control the movement of data from one file to another.

ADDLW k
Add a numbe(literal) to W. Operation: (W) + k (W) Operands: 0 k 255 ADDLW 7 Will add 7 to W, the result is placed in W.

ANDLW k
The contents of W are ANDed with an 8 bit number(literal). The result is placed in W.

ANDLW 12H ANDLW b00010010 ANDLW .18

CALL k
Call Subroutine CALL WAIT1MIN- This will call a routine (you have written) to wait for 1 min.

GOTO k
This is an unconditional jump to a specified location in the program. GOTO SIREN

IORLW k
The contents of the W register are Ored with the file F. The result is placed in the W register. Status Affected: Z IORLW 7

MOVLW k
The 8 bit literal is moved directly into W. MOVLW .127 MOVLW b11101100 MOVLW 15h

RETFIE
Return from Interrupt This instruction is used to return from an interrupt.

RETLW k
This instruction is used at the end of a subroutine to return to the program following a CALL instruction. The literal value is placed in the W register. This instruction can also be used with a look up table. RETLW 0

RETURN
This instruction is used to return from a subroutine.

SUBLW k
The contents of the W register are subtracted from a number. Operation: k (W) (W)

XORLW k
The contents of the W register are Exclusive Ored with the literal. If a number of the input port, indicating temperature, is the same as the literal then the result is zero and the zero bit is set. XORLW 67

CLRWDT
The watchdog timer is cleared. The watchdog is a safety device in the microcontroller if the program crashes the watchdog timer times out then restarts the program. Status affected: TO, PD

SLEEP
When executing this instruction the chip is put into sleep mode. The power-down status bit (PD) is cleared, the time-out status bit is set, the watchdog timer and its prescaler is cleared and the oscillator driver is turned off. The watchdog timer still keeps running form its own internal clock. Status affected TO, PD