The Great Squeeze

Team

5:

Freddie Fahmi Jian Ping Alvin Raj

Content
Compressors - Alvin
Axial Compressor Centrifugal Compressor

Fan Trim Balance Freddie

Compressor Stall & Surge Freddie

Bleed Band/Bleed Valve Fahmi

Variable Inlet Guide Vanes (VIGVs) Raj

Compressor Ratio Jian Ping

Conclusion

Compressor
There are many different types of compressors, but we will focus on the 2 main ones:
Reciprocation compressors Scroll compressor Axial-flow compressor Centrifugal compressors

Compressor Axial-flow compressor

Rotor

Stators

Axial flow compressors uses arrays of airfoil shaped blades to compress air (working fluid). Rotors are moving components and stators are fixed components. Airflow for axial compressors are parallel to the axis of rotation. Purpose of a compressor is to gradually raise the pressure through its stages and reduce the volume of air flowing through it.

Compressor Centrifugal compressor

Centrifugal compressors has 3 main parts: The rotating impeller, the diffuser and the compressor-manifold section.

A centrifugal compressor forces air upwards into the diffuser (the narrowing chamber) and channels it to the combustion chamber.
The diffuser slows down the air velocity and increases pressure.

Centrifugal force is force that acts outwards of a spinning object thus the air exits upwards from the impeller.

Fan trim balance

Fan trim balance is balancing of the fan assembly to reduce unwanted, unproductive, cyclic oscillation of the fan assembly about its rotational axis. Fan trim balance is necessary to reduce vibration and noise induced stress on passengers and crew, less damages to airframe, increasing the efficiency of the engine.

Measuring vibration
Displacement Measures physical change of position. Velocity - Measures the rate of change of displacement with time. Acceleration Measures the rate of change of velocity with time.

Compressor stall
Compressor stall is a local disruption of airflow within the compressor which continues to provide compressed air but with reduced effectiveness. Rotational stall arises when a small proportion of aerofoils experience aerofoil stall disrupting the local airflow without destabilising the compressor.

Compressor stall can be mild and self corrected after 2 pulsations, or continued to become the more serious compressor surge.

Compressor surge
It is a complete breakdown in compression resulting in a reversal of flow and the violent expulsion of previously compressed air out through the engine intake. The compressor's is unable to continue working against the already-compressed air behind it. Compressor surge is when the stall propagates from the small proportion of aerofoil stall to include the entire compressor. The compressor surge will cause multiple stall spread to the entire compressor and the compressor is destabilised

Causes of compressor stall

Compressor stall can be attributed to damage to the compressor by:

Foreign object damage by debris ingestion

Worn or contaminated compressor components Operation out of design specifications Turbulent or distorted / disrupted airflow to the engine inlet reducing the axial velocity

Bleed Band
Bleed Bands are simply a band drawn tight around a section of the Compressor housing or case, covering a series of openings or ports in the case. They are commonly used on smaller engines, often between the axial part of a Compound Compressor, and the centrifugal section.

Bleed Valve
They are essentially a set of floating poppet style bleed valves positioned circumferentially around the compressor case,
often at two stages of the compressor (e.g. 8th and 13th Stage Bleed).

Variable Inlet Guide Vanes(VIGVs)

To ensure a compressor surge margin and also guide the air through the compressor.

Variable Inlet Guide Vanes (VIGVs))

VIGV system (Small engine) At low mass airflow Ms, slightly high N1 speeds. During a Startup or Acceleration .

VIGVs are closed to direct the inlet air in the direction of Rotor rotation, while at higher Ms and N1 speeds, the VIGVs are open allowing unobstructed airflow to the engine. Both inlet has air speed (Ms) compressor speed (N1) are constantly changing, must to vary the AOA.
Controlled by the (FCU) monitors N1 speed, Inlet Air Pressure(Cip), and Compressor Inlet Temperature (Tt2).

Compressor Ratio
Stage 1 = 14.7x1.2 = 17.64 Stage 2 = 17.64 x 1.2 = 21.168 Stage 3 = 21.168x1.2 =25.4016 Stage 4 = 25.4016x1.2 =30.48192 Stage 5 = 30.48192x1.2 =36.578304 Stage 6 = 36.578304x1.2 =43.8939648 Stage 7 = 43.8939648x1.2 = 52.67275776 Stage 8 = 52.67275776x1.2 =63.207309312 Stage 9 = 63.207309312x1.2 =75.8487711744 Compressor ratio = final pressure/initial pressure Final pressure = 75.85 = 75.84877/14.7 = 5.159780 : 1

Conclusion
Individuals life
Ability to absorb pressure in life Ability to absorb high pressure Techniques of pressure relief Balanced life-style Result of an unbalanced lifestyle Management of daily routine Efficiency Cool temper Withstand stressful situation Activities sleeping, exercising, eating, etc. Balancing work & studies Health Issues Time Management Achieve a desired result

Turbine Engine Compressor Operations

VIGV Making use of suitable materials Bleed Bland/Bleed Valve Fan Trim Compressor Stall & Surge Routing Maintenance Compression Ratio