Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
7/13/2012
Groundwater pollution
Groundwater Depletion
1960 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 12
water level(m-BGL)
100
population (million)
10
200
300
400
500
600
700
-2
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10
Groundwater discharge
Discharge from pumps = Discharge from mhots = Total groundwater discharge from wells = Live stock consumption = Total withdrawal in the area = Ground water balance = 146.78- 85.33 = 57.67 mcm 19.8 mcm 77.47 mcm 7.74 mcm 85.33 mcm 62.45 mcm
Categorisation of Blocks
Safe Semi-Critical Critical Over exploited < 70% 70 to 90 % 90 to 100% > 100 %
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12
Static groundwater reserves upto a depth of 20 m Untapped saturated thickness = 12m (20-8) Static gw reserves = 1100* 0.0092*12= 121.44 mcm
7/13/2012 Water Resources Management 14
Aquifer 2
Aquifer 3
250-350 m BGL
Multiple Aquifers
Aquifer 1
Aquifer 2
Aquifer 3
water quality
The quality of source of water is very important in case direct recharge techniques are used especially when partially treated water is used for recharge. This will lead to decisions about extent and type of treatment required, arrangements for treatment plants and the cost of source of water etc.
Direct Method
Indirect Method
Combination Methods
Surface Methods
Subsurface Method
Induced Method
GW Conservation
Pumping Wells
Surface Spreading
Injection Wells Collector Wells
Basin
Stream Channel
Connector Wells
Infiltration galleries
Ditch & Furrow Aquifer Modification Flooding Bore hole blasting Irrigation
Hydro fracturing
Infiltration basins
Spread channel
Hydro fracturing
0 5 water level 10 15
Stop Dam
Outlet Point A watershed boundary can be sketched by starting at the outlet point and following the height of land defining the drainage divides using the contours on a map.
Minnesota GIS/LIS Consortium Spring Workshops 2001 Page 39
Treatment Areas
1. Upper Reaches 2. Middle Reaches 3. Lower Reaches Non arable lands Arable lands Drainage line treatment
UPPER REACHES
UPPER REACHES
Gabian structure
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UPPER REACHES
MIDDLE REACHES
1. Arable Land - Production Systems 2. Drops in Waterways 3 Contour and Staggered trenches (Upper to middle) 4 Terraces (Upper to middle) 4 Dug out farm pond 5 Live Bund 6 Graded Bunds(Middle to Lower)
MIDDLE REACHES
LOWER REACHES
1. 2. 3. 4.
Small Storage Dams Contour bunds/ Graded bunds Field bunds Spill ways
H BERM
Cement Plug
Nalla Bund
100
9 2 6
100
10 7 21
Sy= Specific Yield H= Change in water level A= Area of influence/ Study area
study has indicated that recharge of 138.47 MCM of runoff water during a drought year became possible. In a normal rainfall year with 2 overflows assumed, the generated capacity could be 307.71 MCM.
2. Benefit to wells
In total 62225 wells were benefited from the Checkdams constructed in the five reference districts.
3. Benefits to agriculture
About 20 lac bighas of land could be protected against draught due to 10257 check dams.
4. Cost benefit
Expenditure per checkdam was Rs. 1,58,000. Total benefits of Rs. 2,51,582 could be obtained in three years.