Dictionaries Series

There are no 'official' rules governing electronic communication. While there have been attempts to establish one standard or another as the default, there is no common agreement. So beware people telling you there is one right way, they are assuming too much. As a general rule though, netiquette involves the same principles as plain old etiquette -- basic courtesy, respect and ethics. Treat people the way you would want to be treated yourself. By following the principles outlined below, the recipient of your email will be more likely to read and act, if not be favorably impressed by your message: Subject line to summarise the message. Make the Subject line summarise the body of the e-mail. Ask yourself, 'will the recipient(s) know what this e-mail is about'. For example, Instead of Subject: Exam, say Subject: Location of 1508INT Exam, 23 July 2011. Don't assume the recipient knows the background. Include enough contextual information at the beginning of the e-mail for the recipient to know what the matter is about. If in doubt, put background information in. For example, don't say can I have an extension for my assignment?, instead say I refer to the CIT3622 assignment 1 that I handed in late. I was ill and have a doctor's certificate. May I ask for an extension on the basis that I was too ill to do it on time? Keep it concise. Keep messages brief and to the point, but not so brief that it causes the problem outlined in the previous point. This includes deleting any irrelevant text when an email has been back and forth several times. No-one wants to scroll down through pages of text in order to reach the message they want to read. If the sense of the email will be lost by deleting that text, however, leave it in. Reply within 24 hours. Try to reply within 24 hours, less if possible. In fact, get in the habit of replying immediately -- it is the polite thing to do, and the recipient will appreciate a prompt reply. It also makes you look efficient. The longer you leave it to reply, the more likely you will forget or have too big a log-jam of unanswered email. Allow time for a reply. E-mail messages are not usually required to be answered immediately, though it is good practice if you do. Before sending a reminder, allow some time for a response, some times even a few days. Not everyone is online 24 hours a day. Use the BCC field when sending bulk email. If you're sending email to a whole list of people, put their email addresses in the BCC field. That way, the privacy of the recipient is respected, and spammers cannot harvest the email addresses for their dastardly purposes.

This dictionary is for the students and teacher of Botany. The detailed definitions are followed by appropriate examples and suitable references. A must have book for the students of Science!

Aussie Slang is a performance art practiced everyday by ordinary Australians. To the outsider it can be difficult to understand. Yet once you enter into the mind-set, the language makes perfect sense. This eBook aims to give people a window into Australian life. At home, as a child in the East Brisbane suburb of Cannon Hill in the 1960’s, I grew up hearing my brother Steve and father Alec honing their skills at this classic Aussie lingo. In the neighborhood there were many old soldiers who had returned battered and bruised from World War II and the older soldiers who had served in WWI. In the homes of my school mates there were the stalwart wives and mothers who were the real glue of that society regardless of how irascible their men were. It is for these decent folk, now long gone, that I wrote this book. Aussie Slang is a richly-textured, often ribald world of understatement and laconic humour. This guide aims to do three things; (a) to help the traveller decipher what they hear around them in everyday Australian life, (b) give the causal reader some insight into informal Australian culture, and (c) make a record of some old Australian expressions that are slipping into disuse now that English has become a global language. Readers will recognize both British and American terms in this list. Australian English has absorbed much from these two great languages. For depth of knowledge of their own language, no-body beats the British. Its their language after all. A thousand years in the making, the English language is embedded deep in the DNA of the British. No-one uses their language more skilfully than they do. On the other hand, American English has a creative power that recognizes no boundaries. Americans have taken a very good all-purpose language and extended it in all kinds of directions with new words describing the world as it is today. They do not generally cling to old forms out of respect for tradition. As Winston Churchill observed, Britain and America ... two great nations divided by the same language. Australian English sits comfortably in the space between the two. Australian English began in the early days of settlement as English English with a healthy dash of Celtic influence from the many Scots, Irish and Welsh settlers who came to Australia. Large numbers of German settlers also came in the 1800’s,and their influence on the language is also clearly evident. For over a hundred years, Australia developed in splendid isolation its unique blend of English, tempered by the hardships of heat and cold, deluge and drought, bushfires and cyclones. The harsh environment united people in a common struggle to survive. People helped each other. Strong communitarian loyalties were engendered. It is from this that the egalitarian character of Australia evolved. There is a strong emphasis on building a feeling of solidarity with others. Strangers will call each other "mate" or "luv" in a tone of voice ordinarily reserved for close friends and family in other parts of the world. Everyone was from somewhere else, and no-one was better than anyone else. A strong anti-authoritarian attitude became deeply embedded in Australian English. This was mainly directed towards their British overlords who still ran the country as a profitable colony. If Australian English has a remarkable quality, it is the absence of regional dialects. It is spoken with relative uniformity across the entire nation. Brisbane on the East coast is a 4,300 kilometre (2,700 mile) drive from Perth on the West coast, yet there is little discernable linguistic difference between the two places compared with the difference, for example between Boston and San Francisco in the US. Nowhere else in the world do we see such linguistic uniformity across large distances.

There are hundreds of terms which baffle even that person who has been working on computers for one year or so. Stereotyped works on computers hardly leave any choice for the workers to explore beyond what is required of them on that particular job. This dictionary acquaints you with thousands of computer terms which will make your work easier and raise your status in your office. Perhaps, you could get a raise if you are working for someone. This is the dictionary that can be used by even a layman, or the person who has never handled computers. All the best!

If you are a student or teacher of medicines, medical science, biology, or human anatomy, this is the dictionary for you. The detailed definitions are followed by descriptive examples and suitable references.

As English has evolved over the past 1,500 years, words that were once in common usage have slipped out of usage. Some are delightful, others not so much. This book blows the dust off a thousand delightful words, bringing them to a whole new audience. So if you enjoy words for their own sake, or if you are at all curious about how people talked and wrote when the world was a quite different place, then this book is for you. Ever since it emerged as a distinct language from the West Germanic dialect spoken by early arrivals to what is now called England around the 5th Century C.E, English has busily absorbed many thousands of words from Ancient Greek and Roman Latin, the Northern Germanic languages of Scandinavia, the French spoken in Normandy, and more recently from countries that were once part of the British Empire (for example India). Most recently, American English has contributed many words to colourfully describe the modern world. The Oxford English Dictionary in 2011 lists over 250,000 words, and that does not include many more technical and slang words. Use this book like a hungry person might approach a delicious buffet lunch. It deserves to be consumed slowly, savouring the flavours and giving them time to be properly digested.

All terms have been appropriately defined and suitable examples have been provided. All the Best Marie Publications

Australian Military Slang is a window into the rank and file culture of the Australian Army and to some extent the Navy and Air Force. It is an honest, confronting and often humorous look into a culture that most civilians never experience. Australian military culture has its origins in the traditions of the British military, though over more than a century it has evolved into its own distinct culture. The Australian military has the fundamental values of courage, initiative, respect and comradeship. There is an ethos of courage and toughness built on a foundation of loyalty and fairness. Around the world, the Australian military is respected for its professionalism, integrity, initiative and esprit de corp. Though relative small compared with other countries, the Australian military is known to “punch above its weight” as the old boxing metaphor goes. Like any military, there is strong hierarchy. Much of the language is concerned with establishing and reinforcing the military hierarchy. It is essential that everyone accepts their place in the hierarchy. There is hazing implied in the language. A fighting unit depends on each member to withstand the pressure of combat and do their job. Everyone is tested, and tested again. Anyone found wanting is weeded out before they have a chance to get anyone killed. The men and women of the Australian Defence Force have a colourful language all their own. Full of profanity and wry humour, it has developing over time, taking influences from the broader Australian dialect, as well as the militaries of other nations, principally Britain and the United States with whom Australia has worked most closely over time. Readers of Australian Military Slang are warned that there is much strong language. If you are likely to be offended by this, then you have been made aware. This dictionary makes no judgment on the appropriateness of the language in relation to community standards. It simply documents it as it is. It is worth preserving for posterity.

This is an updated version and the names of modern and newly discovered insects and diseases with definitions have been added. This information is in the concluding part of this dictionary. All the best.

There are hundreds of Astronomical terms which sound alien to you and you have to look for their definitions and meanings. To save you from the trouble, this concise dictionary has been composed. You can download it on your device and be ready for the astronomical terms which might confuse you. All the best!

There are hundreds of terms which sound alien to you and you have to look for their definitions and meanings. To save you from the trouble, this concise dictionary has been composed. You can download it on your device and be ready for the terms which might confuse you. All the best!

A useful dictionary for the students and teachers of audiology.

Christianity has developed not only as a religion but as a way of life over the past two millenniums. It is the largest religion in the world, and half of the population of the world is Christian. There is no doubt that there are various extraordinary complexities, as a religion, in this institution, however, the number of Christians has continued to increase. Christianity has its own extensive vocabulary that happens to be beyond the comprehensive reach of a layman. A layman happens to comprehend only those words which he happens to hear in the daily conversation of Christians or clergymen. There are hundreds of words which are used by the high clergy and scholars of Christianity. Christian preachers, priests, and other clergymen often use such words during their discourses which happen to be quite alien to a common man. Some words happen to be even beyond the reach of the clergy. In this dictionary, we have tried to put together all those words with their definitions and descriptions, which might help a lay man to understand Christianity better. Reading of certain ancient scriptures becomes quite impossible without the knowledge of these words. If you are a student, teacher, or a person with interest in theology, this is the dictionary which you should not miss.

There are hundreds of Sanskrit terms which are frequently used by writers, poets, and scholars. This concise dictionary will acquaint you with the most common of those Sanskrit terms.

Australians use a lot of slang words and expressions as if they were using code words. Some of these words are quite frequently used in movies and spoken by Australian sports commentators. Australian slang is also called 'Strine' which is what some Australians call each other. The way Australians use these slang words is quite interesting. This concise dictionary acquaints you with hundreds of Australian Slang terms which they frequently use in their daily conversation. All the Best.

A dermatologist is the medical expert who takes care of diseases, in the widest sense, and some cosmetic problems of the skin, scalp, hair, and nails. There are hundreds of medical terms which are often used by dermatologists and cosmetic surgeons and those words and terms are beyond the comprehension of a layman. It becomes easier for a person if he or she understands what doctors are talking about. This concise dictionary will help you in this respect and you will be acquainted to hundreds of words and terms which are so frequently used by your doctor, dermatologist, or cosmetic surgeon. All the best.

In this dictionary, you will find almost all the words which are often used as homonyms. There are more than one thousand entries in this concise dictionary. This dictionary has been particularly designed to help teachers and students of linguistics and English language.

All kinds of groups develop their own slang, and the military is no exception. Slang is an in-group language which has to be understood if you are to be accepted as a member. An outsider can pretend to be a member, but unless they know the slang, they will not be accepted. On the Western Front, infiltrators and spies were a threat. The battlefield slang that developed over the course of the war helped to validate a person’s allegiance. In strongly hierarchical groups like the military, the enlisted men use slang to have a laugh at the expense of the officers, what linguists call ‘diminishing the dignity of the formal language’. The totality of the British armed forces was diverse. It comprised not just British soldiers. It also included soldiers from English-speaking former British colonies like Australia, Canada, India, South Africa and New Zealand. The colloquialisms of the British soldier are colourful and often irreverent for the reason mentioned earlier. Many come from Indian and Arabic words acquired during earlier military actions in India and Egypt. Other colloquialisms are Anglicised words, phrases and place names learned from their French allies. The military phonetic alphabet, known as Signalese, also contributed substantially to the battlefield colloquiums of World War I. The term ‘Ack-Emma’ for example means in the morning, or AM, and comes from the phonetic alphabet as listed below. In 1918, the British military alphabet was; Ack, Beer, Cork, Don, Eddy, Freddy, George, Harry, Ink, Jug, King, London, Emma, Nuts, Orange, Pip, Quad, Robert, Esses, Toc, Uncle, Vic, William, Xerxes, Yellow, Zebra. A-1. First rate, by 1916 the British War Office had instituted a nine point rating scale for recruit fitness; A-1 to A-3, B-1 to B-3, C-1 to C-3. ABDUL. Turk, the individual or collective term for Turkish people. Ottoman Turkey was a member of the Central Powers. ABOUT TURN. Hébuterne, a French village in the Department of Pas de Calais. For much of the war Hébuterne was on the Western Front and occupied by entrenched Allied Forces on the Eastern side of the village facing the Imperial German Army 800 yards beyond occupying the village of Gommecourt. ABRI. A dugout to shelter from bombardment. Deriving from the French. ACE. An outstanding aviator, literally a high-card to play against the enemy. Later in the war, it came to mean a pilot who had made at least 25 kills. ACCESSORY. Poisonous gas deployed from cylinders. Accessory was a code word used in communiqués in an attempt to keep the practice secret. ACK-ACK. Anti-aircraft (AA) fire. ‘Ack’ was the first letter of the military phonetic alphabet. ACK EMMA (1) Military phonetic alphabet for AM as in morning or ante meridiem, (2) Air Mechanic (RFC/RAF). ALLEY. Go! Get Clear! From the French word allez. ALLEYMAN. German soldier (from French word for German ‘Allemagne’). ALLY SLOPER'S CAVALRY. Army Service Corps (ASC). Ally Sloper was a fictional character drawn by W F Thomas that appeared in the popular pre-war paper Ally Sloper's Weekly. The ASC with their non-combatant role were held on low regard by the Infantry. In 1919, when the ASC became the RASC their nickname was changed to Run Away, Someone's Coming. AMMO BOOTS. Standard issue, hobnail boots worn by the Infantry (from the term ‘ammunition boots’). ANZAC. Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. The collective name for participating units from these countries. ARCHIE. Anti-aircraft fire or artillery piece, from a popular music hall character.