9,

FILOSOFIA MORALEI

"Fie -PL

LHUWDW

ILORVRILH PRUDO
L D I

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FXW SDUWH GLQWUH VRPQLIHUH

n im ic "v irt u t e a" n -D

HL

FHHD

- L F

FH

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QX

QHVRFRWL XWLOLWDWHD JHQHUDO

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DYRFD LORU

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D

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plic t is it o r".
(Frie dric h Nie t z s c h e )
7HUPHQXO PRUDO  DUH RULJLQH ODWLQ  PRV

derivatul

adjectival

"moralis")

referindu-se

-mores" (cu
la obiceiuri,

RELQXLQ H PRUDYXUL ,QL LDO L WHUPHQXO HWLF  FX HWLPRORJLH
JUHDF  HWKRV VXEVW  WKLNRV  DGM GHVHPQD DFHOHDL OXFUXUL

6SHFLDOL] ULOH

XOWHULRDUH

DOH

VHQVXULORU

SHUPLW

FD

DVW ]L

V 

vQ HOHJHP SULQ HWLF  WHRULD ILORVRILF  LVDX WLLQ LILF  DVXSUD

PRUDOHL DGLF  DQVDPEOXO FRQVWUXFWHORU FRQFHSWXDOH SULQ FDUH VH
H[SOLF 

VWUXFWXUD

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L

ULJRULOH

VSLULWXDOH FH FRQVWLWXLH SODQXO PRUDOLW

H[SHULHQ HORU

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LL WU LWH UHDOH 5LJXURV

YRUELQG PRUDOD HVWH RELHFWXO GH VWXGLX DO HWLFLL FKLDU GDF  vQ
vQWUHEXLQ DUHD FRWLGLDQ  FHL GRL WHUPHQL SDU D DYHD DFHOHDL
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) U 

vQGRLDO 

vQFHUF ULOH

GH

WHRUHWL]DUH

DVXSUD

IHQRPHQXOXL PRUDO DSDU GLQ QHYRLD XQHL MXVWLILF UL FRQVLVWHQWH D

XQXL DQXPH VWLO GH YLD

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SRUQLQG GH OD H[SOLFD LD GDW  RPXOXL L URVWXOXL V X vQ OXPH 6H

tinde, astfel, spre clarificarea problemelor nemijlocite ntr-o

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
XQLWDWH FRQFHSWXDO  vQ YHGHUHD SURLHFW ULL XQXL PRGHO H[HPSODU
F UXLD V  L VH DGDSWH]H UHDOLWDWHD XPDQ  (WLFD WHRUHWL]HD]  SHQWUX
DUHYHQLvQYLD DQHPLMORFLW FXXQVSRUGHFXQRDWHUHFXXQVSLULW
DO QXDQ HORU L HFKLOLEUXOXL DSW V  GLUHF LRQH]H VXELHFWLYLWDWHD
XPDQ  vQ HIRUWXO GH D FRQIHUL YLH LL URWXQMLPH L VHQV SULQWU

-o

XQLILFDUHYDORULF DVLWXD LLORUGHYLD

*HQHUDOLW

LLQWURGXFWLYH

0RUDOD FXSULQGH YDORUL QRUPH HWLFKHWH WLSXUL LGHDOH L

modele exemplare
UDSRUWXULORU

SULQ

LQWHUXPDQH

FDUH

VH

XUP UHWH

&RQFHS LLOH

L

UHJOHPHQWDUHD

FRGXULOH

PRUDOH

SUHILJXUHD]  FULWHULL L PRGHOH YDORULFH HWDORDQH DOH RPHQHVFXOXL

FH VH LPSXQ FD H[LJHQ H vQ ID D DFWHORU LPHGLDWH 9DORULOH PRUDOH
H[SULP  DVSLUD LL YDOLGDWH VRFLDO DGLF  FHHD FH R VRFLHWDWH
FRQVLGHU  GH]LUDELO VHPQLILFD LL vQ HOHVXUL VHQVXUL SH FDUH OH
DWULEXLPDQXPLWRUSHUVRDQHFRPSRUWDPHQWHVDXDF LXQL$FWHOHGH
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LL vQFRQMXU WRDUH

OD DQXPLWH WUHEXLQ H QHYRL DVSLUD LL GRULQ H XPDQH 9DORUL]DUHD
FRQVW  vQ SUHFL]DUHD XQRU SUHIHULQ H FRPSRUWDPHQWH GHPQH GH
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LORU LPHGLDWH D F URU H[LVWHQ

SRODUL]DUHD

L

LHUDUKL]DUHD

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atribute valorice intrinseci. Lucrurile nu sunt nici bune, nici rele,

QLFL IUXPRDVH QLFL XUkWH QXPDL SULQ UDSRUWDUH OD VIHUD WUHEXLQ HL
XPDQH DSDU GLIHUHQ H GH UDQJ L UDSRUWXUL GH RSR]L LH vQWUH
GLIHULWHOH LSRVWD]H DOH UHDOLW

LL VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH YDORUL SR]LWLYH

acele acte, obLHFWH FRPSRUWDPHQWH HWF FDUH SULQ vQVXLULOH ORU

FRQFUHWH VDWLVIDF WUHEXLQ HOH XPDQH L GH DFHHD VXQW SUH XLWH
SUHIHUDWH F XWDWH L GRULWH 9DORULOH FD UH]XOWDWH DOH DFWHORU GH
YDORUL]DUH QX DX SUH]HQ

SiPEROXULOH

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FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH

H[LJHQ HOH

L

QRUPHOH

PRUDOH

H[SULP  FRQ LQXWXUL YDORULFH SURSXVH VSUH UHDOL]DUH 'HVHRUL vQV 

DFHVWHDQXVHPXO XPHVFV UHFRPDQGHFLIRUPXOHD] LPSHUDWLYH

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
WUHEXLH V  HVWH QHFHVDU FD V  &RGXULOH YDORULFR

-normative

sunt DFHOH FRQYHQ LL SULQ FDUH R FROHFWLYLWDWH vL IRUPXOHD]

 L vL

FRQVWUXLHWH LGHDOXULOH I FkQG SRVLELO  FRQYLH XLUHD LQWHUXPDQ 

(OH LQWURGXF DXWRFRQVWUkQJHUL WXWXURU UHDF LLORU SVLKRVRFLDOH 3ULQ
DFHDVWD GLVFLSOLQHD]  L RULHQWHD]  LQYHVWHVF FX VHQV HQ

ergiile

LQVWLQFWXDOHLSVLKLFH

n mod nemijlocit, raporturile dintre oameni, la nivel de

LQGLYLGXDOLW

L LVDX JUXSXUL DX WHQGLQ D GH D VH PDQLIHVWD FD

UDSRUWXUL GH IRU

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-L

afirme puterile, energiile (indiIHUHQW GH PRGXO V

X FRQFUHW GH D L

OH PDQLIHVWD SHQWUX D RE LQH DYDQWDMH HILFLHQ

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5DOHD FRQVWDW  F  RULFH SXWHUH VH VXSXQH HIHFWXOXL GH SDQW 
DGLF WLQGHVSUHRDILUPDUHFkWPDLHQHUJLF LGRPLQDWRDUH)RU D
SULQ HD vQV L UHIX]  RULFH UHVWULF LL GHYHQLQG LPSHULDOLVW 
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5DSRUWXULOH

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IRU

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deosebi mai multe tipuri de fRU

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F UHLD GLQFROR GH HUHGLWDWHD ELRVRPDWLF  L VH SRDWH DWDD WHKQLFD

IRU DSVLKLF W ULDGHFDUDFWHUYRLQ DFDSDFLWDWHDGHDXWRFRQWURO
SXWHUHD HFRQRPLF  GDW  GH SURSULHWDWHD LQGLYLGXDO  FH FRQIHU 

insului n cauz

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FXOWXUDO  GDW  GH DSWLWXGLQLOH LQWHOHFWXDOH GH SUHJ WLUHD JHQHUDO 

L GH VSHFLDOLWDWH GH HUXGL LH H[SHULHQ
SROLWLF 

- SURFXU

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HOLWH DOH SXWHULL SXEOLFH SDUWLGH PL]D DFHVWHL SXWHUL FRQVW  vQ
VSHFLDO vQ RFXSDUHD LQVWLWX LLORU

- acele puncte strategice din care

SRW IL OXDWH GHFL]LL PHQLWH V  GHFODQH]H SURFHVHOH SVLKRVRFLDOH SH

WHUPHQ PHGLX VDX OXQJ WRW vQ DFHVW GRPHQLX LQWU  L HOLWHOH GH
LQIOXHQ

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DXWRULW

LL SXEOLFH GHFL RSHUHD]  vQ SODQ SVLKRVRFLDO SXWHUHD

WDOHQWXOXL LVDX D IUXPXVH LL Q WRDWH LSRVWD]HOH HL IRU D SRDWH IL
FRQFHSXW FDXQFDSLWDOvQVHQVODUJ

care este investit nemijlocit

vQ DFWH FRWLGLHQH vQ UDSRUWXULOH FX FHLODO L SHQWUX D SURGXFH

FILOSOFIA MORALEI

avantaje posesorilor (avere, rang social, popularitate, succes).

2ULFH PRUDO  UHVSLQJH GLQ SULQFLSLX FXOWXO IRU HL L HJRLVPXO

calificndu-le ca vicii, defecte

SHUVRQDOH

0RUDOD

XUP UHWH

VLVWHPDWLF vQWRWGHDXQD U VWXUQDUHD UDSRUWXULORU GH IRU H GLQWUH

RDPHQL FRUHF LD H[SDQVLXQLL IRU HL UHVHPQLILFDUHD FRQGXLWHORU
SULQ DSHO OD LGHDOXUL QRUPH PRGHOH 0RUDOD FXOWLY  FRPSRQHQWD
XPDQ  D YLH LL DU WkQG FH L FXP WUHEXLH I FXW SHQWUX FD SULQ
DF LXQLOH QRDVWUH V  ILP GHPQL GH FDOLWDWHD GH RP QWHPHLHUHD
YDORULL PRUDOH HVWH I FXW  GLIHULW GH OD R FRQFHS LH PRUDO  OD DOWD
FRGXULOH PRUDOH VH GHRVHEHVF vQWUH HOH SULQ PRGXO vQ FDUH vQ HOHJ
DXWHQWLFLWDWHDXPDQ LSURSXQDQXPLWHFRQ LQXWXULFDIXQGDPHQWH
DOHRULF URUJHVWXULXPDQH

Urmnd analizele lui Mihail Ralea, putem sugera o

WLSRORJLH JHQHUDO  0RUDOHOH VLPSDWLHL LGHQWLILF  VXUVD YLH LL
PRUDOH vQ DWDDPHQWXO VSRQWDQ DO RPXOXL ID

Accentul cade pe ILUHVFXO vQWkPSLQ

 GH VHPHQXO V X

ULL RPXOXL GH F WUH RP SH

DWUDF LD UHFLSURF  PLO  FRPSDVLXQH LPSXOVXO VSUH D IL XWLO

celuilalt, ntrajutorare, generozitate, iubirea omenescului din

FHO ODOW 'HVFKLGHUHD RPXOXL F WUH VHPHQL VH GDWRUHD]  vQWU-o
asemenea viziune asupra moralei, instinctului de conservare. Prin
LQWHJUDUHD VRFLDO  VH RE LQH R VWDUH GH VHFXULWDWH LQWHULRDU  DO WXUL

de avantajele civilizatorii. n categoria moralelor fundamentate pe

VLPSDWLH VH vQVFULX YL]LXQLOH PRUDOH DUKDLFH GLQ VRFLHW

LOH

WUDGL LRQDO

e, n care raporturile dintre oameni sunt directe,

OHJLWLPDWH SULQ WUDGL LH LDU LPSHUDWLYHOH VXQW LPSOLFLWH PXOWH DFWH
QXVXQWI FXWHGLQWHDP MHQ UXLQH0RUDOHOHFDUHSUHVXSXQF 
YLD D GH UHOD LH VH ED]HD]  SH VSRQWDQHLWDWH VXIOHWHDVF  L VSLULW

cRPXQLWDU ULVF

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YDOLGDUH PRUDO  Q JHQHUDO VHQWLPHQWHOH PRUDOH HPR LL DIHFWH

VW UL GH VSLULW vQVR HVF DFWHOH PRUDOH GDU YDORDUHD PRUDO  D
DFHVWRU DFWH QX GHSLQGH GH SDUWLFLSDUHD VXIOHWHDVF  'H DFHHD

PRUDOHOH VLPSDWLHL H[LVW  ULVFXO XQRU FRQIX]LL FRPSDVLXQHD SRDWH

IL VLPXODW  VLPSDWLD SRDWH IL LQWHUHVDW  LDU GH RELFHL HVWH
SUHIHUHQ LDO  L FRQMXQFWXUDO  'DWRULW  DFHVWRU QHDMXQVXUL PRUDOHOH
UHOLJLRDVH

WUDQVIRUP 

LXELUHD

VHPHQXOXL

vQWU

-un

imperativ,

FILOSOFIA MORALEI

refuzndu-L

VLPSOD LSRVWD]  VHQWLPHQWDO  LXEHWL L UHVSHF L vQ

SULPXO UkQG FDOLWDWHD GH RP RPHQHVFXO GLQ WLQH vQVX L L vQ
VHPHQXO W X 'UDJRVWHD ID

 GH XPDQLWDWH HVWH LPEROGXO VXIOHWHVF

pentru a participa efectiv la ceea ce este sacru n fiecare om.

0RUDOHOH KHGRQLVWH FRQVLGHU  F  LPSXOVXO VXUVD YDORULORU
PRUDOH VH DIO  vQ F XWDUHD SO FHULL D VDWLVIDF LHL $FHVWH VLVWHPH
PRUDOHDSUHFLD] F WRWFHHDFH LQHGHQDWXUDXPDQ SRDWHILVXUV 
GH IHULFLUH SO FHUH L EXFXULH GH DFHHD RPXO QX WUHEXLH V

-L

LQKLEH QLFL R SRUQLUH 5LVFXO HVWH GH D UHGXFH VDWLVIDF LD LQWHULRDU 
OD VLPSOH SO FHUL vQWkPSO WRDUH LQFRQVLVWHQWH Q DFHVW VHQV
HSLFXUHLVPXO UHFRPDQG  FXPS WDUHD P VXUD vQ HOHSFLXQHD FKLDU
L YLFLLOH SUDFWLFDWH FX P VXU  SXWkQG IL FRQVLGHUDWH YLUWX L
([FHVXO GH YLUWXWH REVHVLD SHUPDQHQW  GH D IL YLUWXRV HVWH XQ

mare viciu.
Moralele eudemoniste, n prelungirea celor hedoniste,
FRQVLGHU  F  VFRSXO YLH LL FRQVW  vQ F XWDUHDIHULFLULL )HULFLUHD FD

ideal,este acea starea n care majoritDWHD WUHEXLQ HORU QRDVWUH VDX

P FDUFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHGLQWUHHOHVXQWVDWLVI FXWHODPD[LPXP
SH R GXUDW FkW PDL vQGHOXQJDW  QHGHWHUPLQDW  Q HOHDV vQDFHWL
WHUPHQL IHULFLUHD QX SRDWH IL DWLQV  vQWUXFkW VH IDFH DEVWUDF LH vQ

mod sistematic, de liPLWHOH ILLQ HL XPDQH L GH VXUVHOH VXIHULQ HL
-

&DVWDUHUHDO IHULFLUHDFRQVW vQWU RVDWLVIDF LHLQWHULRDU PD[LP 

FDUH HVWH SRVLELO  QXPDL GDF  VXVSHQG P VLP XO FULWLF IDFHP
DEVWUDF LH GH WRDWH VXUVHOH O XQWULFH SHUWXUEDWRDUH L GLQ DIDU 

astfel ncWDWHQ LDQRDVWU

V ILHIL[DW QXPDLDVXSUDDFHORUVWLPXOL

FDUH SURGXF VDWLVIDF LH 7RWXL IHULFLUHD QX SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW 
VFRS H[SUHV DO YLH LL L DO DFWHORU QRDVWUH (D HVWH R FRQVHFLQ

psihologico-VSLULWXDO

 FH VH DWDHD]  QHSURJUDPDW DF LXQLORU vQ L

SULQ FDUH XUP ULP VFRSXUL L YDORUL GH R FX WRWXO DOW  QDWXU  0DL
PXOW FD WU LUH IHULFLUHD LQFOXGH WRWGHDXQD VHQWLPHQWXO XQHL
IUDJLOLW
XQRU

L QHOLQLWL LQFHUWLWXGLQL $WXQFL FkQG DYHP FHUWLWXGLQHD

UH]XOWDWH

DWHSWDWH

L

D

XQRU

VDWLVIDF LL

IHULFL

rea se

DXWRVXVSHQG  'HFL VLWXD LD GH IHULFLUH H[LVW  QXPDL DWkW WLPS FkW
HVWH SUH]HQW  LQWXL LD LQWHQ LD LVDX FRQV LLQ D SURYL]RUDWXOXL D
HYLGHQ HL F  VXUVHOH IHULFLULL VXQW PXOW PDL SX LQH GHFkW FHOH DOH

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
QHIHULFLULLLDOHVXIHULQ HL

Aristotel concepea fericirea nu ca stare, ci ca una din

DFWLYLW

LOH VXIOHWXOXL FRQIRUP  FX YLUWXWHD 3UDFWLFDUHD YLUWX LORU

HVWH FDOHD SULQ FDUH RPXO vL vPSOLQHWH DGHY UDWD VD QDWXU 
GHVFRSHU  vL DVXP  L HODERUHD]  FDOLWDWHD GH RP FDUH HVWH R
VDUFLQ  LQGLYLGXDO  6SLULWXO LQWURGXFH UHVWULF LL SHQWUX ]HVWUHD
WHPSHUDPHQWDO  L ELRORJLF  9LFLXO UH]XOW  GLQWU

-un exces sau o

OLSV  GLQ SUHD PXOW VDX SUHD SX LQ 9LUWXWHD HVWH R FDOH GH PLMORF
DGLF  HVWH MXVWD P VXU  GLQWUH H[FHV L LQVXILFLHQ
GHY UDWD

 'H H[HPSOX

modestie ar consta n a- LFXQRDWHvQPRGOXFLGYDORDUHD

LD L RDILUPDI U RVWHQWD LH2UJROLXOFDH[FHVDOLXELULLGHVLQH

FD L XPLOLQ D

- opusul la fel de excesiv al orgoliului - sunt vicii.

Curajul este calea de mijloc dintre simpla temeritate L IULF  VDX

ODLWDWH FXUDMXO SUHVXSXQH R MXVW  HYDOXDUH D FRQVHFLQ HORU FH

UH]XOW  GLQ ULVFXO DVXPDW 'LQ DFHVW PRWLY FXUDMXO QX H[FOXGH
WHPHUHDvQID DSHULFROXOXLFLRLQFOXGH
0RUDOHOH YLUWX LL SOHDF  GH OD FRQVLGHUD LD F  YLUWXWHD HVWH
LGHQWLF FXvQ HOHSFLXQHDSUDFWLF vQV FRPSRUW LQHDMXQVXUL/D
DQWLFLGHSLOG YLUWXWHDPRUDO HVWHXUP ULW SULQWU ROXSW WRWDO D

UD LXQLL vPSRWULYD LQVWLQFWHORU L D XQRU SUHGLVSR]L LL SVLKRORJLFH D

F URUH[WLUSDUHHUDGRULW $VWIHOYLUWX LOHSRWILVLPXODWHHXkQGvQ
PHGLRFULWDWH &XPS QLUHD H[FHVLY  SRDWH SURGXFH RPXO IDOV
vQ HOHSW
0RUDOHOH YLWDOLVWH FRQVLGHU  F  DGHY UDWHOH YDORUL XPDQH
UH]XOW  ILUHVF VSRQWDQ GLQ H[FHVXO GH YLWDOLWDWH 6H XUP UHWH
YDORULILFDUHD WXWXURU VXUVHORU GH HQHUJLH XPDQ 

n acest sens,

1LHW]VFKHFRQVLGHUDFXOWXOYLUWX LLGLQILORVRILDDQWLF JUHDF GUHSW

VXUV  GH FDVWUDUH D RPXOXL GHYLWDOL]DUH D ILLQ HL XPDQH SULQ
GLVSUH XO VXUVHORU GH SXWHUH SULQ FDUH YLD D SRDWH IL DILUPDW 
&XOWXUD LQWHQ LRQHD]  V GLVFLSOLQH]H L V  GRPHVWLFHDVF LQVWLQFWH
L SXWHUL ELR SVLKLFH 0RUDOD vQ RSLQLD OXL 1LHW]VFKH FRPSRUW 

ULVFXO GH D GHYLWDOL]D LQWHULRUXO XPDQ 1LHW]VFKH FRQVLGHUD F 

VLVWHPHOH PRUDOH VXQW EHQHILFH GRDU vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH LPSXQ
ILHF UXL RP R GLVFLSOLQ  D YRLQ HL 0RUDOD HV

te ntotdeauna

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
FRQVWLWXLW  GLQ FRQYHQ LL FROHFWLYH GRWDWH FX MXGHF

L MXVWLILFDWLYH

FDUH PRWLYHD]  vQWHPHLD]  DQXPLWH VWLOXUL GH YLD

FDOLW

 GRULQ H

L L GHIHFWH SVLKRORJLFH 'LQ DFHVWH PRWLYH PRUDOD WLQGH

VSUH XQLIRUPL]DUHD ILLQ HL XPDQH DGLF  VROLFLW  LQWHJUDUHD vQ

DEORDQH RELQXLQ H GHSULQGHUL PHQLWH V  DGXF  RDPHQLL OD
DFHODL QXPLWRU 5H]XOWDWXO FRQVW  vQ JHQHUDOL]DUHD XQXL WLS XPDQ
PHGLRFUX 0RUDOHOH VXQW YLFLDWH GLQ SULQFLSLX vQWUXFkW HOLPLQ 
LQGLYLGXDOLWDWHD VWULFW  D RPXOXL vL FHU UHQXQ

UL L IDF DEVWUDF LH

GH LQHJDOLWDWHD IXQFLDU  GLQWUH LQGLYL]L 'H DFHHD PDL DOHV vQ
VRFLHWDWHD

PRGHUQ 

V D

LPSXV

PRUDOD

VFODYLORU

DGLF 

HJDOLWDULVPXO XPDQ LQGLVWLQF LD PHGLRFULWDWHD FD HWDORQ VRFLDO

JXVWXO PHGLX JRDQD GXS  FRQIRUW L SO FHUH UHIX]XO VXIHULQ HORU
ILUHWL OLSVD GH SUREOHPH VSLULWXDOH PLWXO HJDOL] ULL DQVHORU L
GHFUHWDUHD HJDOLW

LL WRWDOH vQ GUHSWXUL $FHDVW  PRUDO  FRQYLQH

gloatei, turmei. Ea are ca scop domesticirea instinctelor umane,

YO JXLUHD HQHUJLLORU YLWDOH QV  - considHU  1LHW]VFKH - DGHY UDWD
PRUDO  HVWH FHD GH VW SkQ vQWRWGHDXQD LQGLYLGXDOL]DW  DIOkQGX-se
GLQFROR GH FRQYHQ LLOH FROHFWLYH FRQIRUWDELOH GHVSUH ELQH L U X
$GHY UDWD PRUDO  WLQGH VSUH DILUPDUHD YLH LL OXkQG FKLDU IRUPD
YRLQ HLGHSXWHUH

- n sens larg. Elanul vital tinde spre afirmarea de

VLQH VSUH SURJUHV LQWHULRU L FUHDWLYLWDWH DYkQG PL]H vQDOWH L

capacitatea de a-L DVXPD WRDWH ULVFXULOH UHDOH L SRVLELOH 0RUDOD

GH VW SkQ YL]HD]  GHS LUHD PHGLRFULW

LL FXUHQWH SULQ LGHDOXO

supraomului. Supraomul este, la Nietzsche, un proiect umanist:

HVWH RPXO DGHY UDW FDUH vL DVXP  RPHQHVFXO GUHSW VDUFLQ 
SHUVRQDO 

HVWH

FRQWHPSRUDQLORU

RPXO
RPXO

DIODW
FDUH

GLQFROR

XUPHD] 

XOWUDRPXO RPXO QRELO FX R YRLQ

GH

RPXOXL

PHGLRFULWDWHD
DFWXDO

DGLF 

 SXWHUQLF  L DVSU  'H DFHHD

VXSUDRPXO vL UHIX]  VHQWLPHQWDOLVPHOH X]XDOH SUHFXP PLOD

DXWRMXVWLILFDUHD FDUH VXQW VHPQH GH VO ELFLXQH 'DF  PRUDOHOH
RELQXLWH H[SULP  OD QLYHOXO YDORULORU L QRUPHORU LQVWLQFWXO GH
DXWRFRQVHUYDUH PRUDOD VXSUDRPXOXL UHIX]  SUHFDX LD LQGHFL]LD
DVSLUD LD P UXQW  MXVWLILFDULOH DFFHSWkQG vQ VFKLPE ULVFXO WRWDO DO
ULVLSHLGHHQHUJLHLYLD

SULQFDUHRPXOVHSURGXFHSHVLQHvQVXL

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
Q YL]LXQHD OXL 1LHW]VFKH RPXO HVWH R ILLQ
LQGHFLV  3XWHP VSXQH F  vQVXLUHD GH R

 QHvQFKHLDW 

m este un risc permanent,

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necesitateD
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ia apoi

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reduce la simplele reflexe pavloviene.

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cu profilul valorico-normativ al modelului cultural, care

-

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-un cod cultural elementar, dispuse

la tQJXLUH

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marginea superioar

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eea ce este
susceptibil de calificare/valorizare dintr-un punct de vedere moral,
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la valorizare; ntr-un sens mai restrns, prin "moral" se poate

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