4 Units, Conversions, and Constants 4.4. THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) Quantities are physical characteristics capable of being expressed numerically. Examples are length, pressure, and electric current. Units are arbitrary amounts that form the basis for measurement of quantities. Examples are centimeters, pounds per square inch, and amperes. The Systeme Internationale d’ Unites (SI) has been developed to provide a single, well-defined, and universally accepted unit for each quantity. Quantity symbols: 1. Quantity symbols consist of a single letter of the English or Greek alphabet, modified by subscripts and/or superscripts as appropriate. 2. When printed, quantity symbols (and mathematical variables) appear in italic (Slanted) type. Subscripts that are quantity symbols in their own right are also italic. Other subscripts are roman (upright). Examples are Vas Vmax» e+ Ice0 3. Boldface italic type may be used to distinguish a vector quantity (1) from a scalar quantity (J). If lightface is used for vectors, then magnitudes should be distinguished by the absolute sign: MI 4, Because of the limited number of characters available, two quantities may be assigned the same letter symbol. To avoid confusion, an alternative letter symbol may be employed if one is listed, or the quantities may be 135differentiated by subscripts, or upper- and lowercase letters may be defined differently by the writer. In all cases the same quantity symbol should be retained throughout the work. Examples of such differentiations follow: 1 (time), 6 (temperature) 1 (time), tp (temperature) t (time), T (temperature) 5. Several subscripts may be attached to a single quantity symbol, separated by a comma, hyphen, or parentheses if necessary for clarity. Multiple-level subscripts (subscripts attached to subscripts) are discouraged. A symbol with a superscript should be enclosed in parentheses before an exponent is added. Electrical quantity symbols follow several additional conventions. Figure 4.1 illustrates some of them. ET eum) Tea fe (acoh) acta) a t I E tot in (dc avg) (ae) HH py ORD | (tot pk) Figure 4.1 Quantity-symbol and subscript usage. 6. Uppercase (capital) letters are used for the quantity symbols for voltage, current, and power to designate de, rms, average (av), maximum (m), or minimum (n, for nadir: lowest point) values. Uppercase subscripts to uppercase quantity symbols indicate de values, or, with the subscripts, M, AV, or N, respectively, the maximum, average, or minimum value of the total waveform. Lowercase subscripts to uppercase quantity symbols indicate the rms value of the ac wave, or with the subscript “m” the maximum value of the ac component of the total wave. 1367. Lowercase (small) letters are used to designate the instantaneous value of a time-varying quantity. Here uppercase subscripts indicate the instantaneous value of the total waveform (de + ac), and lowercase subscripts indicate the instantaneous value of the ac component only. 8. Double-uppercase subscripts designate the de supply for the element indicated. Example: Vcc for the de collector supply voltage. 9. Two-letter subscripts to the voltage symbol designate voltage from the first point to the second point as a reference. Single-letter subscripts to the voltage symbol may indicate voltage across the indicated device, or from the point designated to circuit ground as a reference. Examples: Veg (collector to emitter) Vz (across the zener diode) Vo (collector to ground) Vo (output to ground, ac) 10, Hyphenated subscripts may be used where two elements have the same name: Examples: Vpj.pp_ (base 1 to base 2 of UIT) Vip.op (base of the first transistor to base of the second) 11. Conventional current (positive to negative through the load) is regarded as flowing into the terminal indicated by a subscript to the current symbol. Conventional current out of the terminal gives the quantity a negative sign. Figure 4.2, on the following page, shows this standard applied to one TTL gate driving another. The input delivers current back to the output of the driver in TTL, but the current leaving the input is designated as negative, and the same current entering the output is designated as positive. 137+8V Ic1 o<— Ty = -1.6mA To=+16mA O— Ic2 a Figure 4.2. Current entering a device is positive. Current leaving a device is negative. 12. Bulk resistance is total voltage divided by total current, and is designated by uppercase R. Dynamic resistance (AV/ AD) is designated by lowercase r. Lowercase r may also be used to designate inherent resistance of devices such as signal sources, inductors, and semiconductors. Unit symbols consist of a letter or group of letters from the English and Greek alphabets, plus a few special symbols. 1. Unit symbols are printed in roman (upright) type. They are never given subscripts or superscripts. 2. Lowercase letters are used for unit symbols except where the symbol was derived from a proper name, in which case the first letter is capitalized. 3. A space is left between the number and the unit symbol. 4. Compound units, formed by multiplication and/or division of basic units, are common. Use a raised period to separate multiplications and a solidus (slash) or negative exponent to indicate division. Examples: N-m for newton-meters, and W/m? or W-m- for watts per square meter. 8. Clarity of meaning is often served by expressing certain quantities in “phantom” units. These should be reduced to strict SI units for purposes of calculation. Examples follow. + Radian/second, cycle/second, and revolution/second reduce to I/s. + Ampere-tum for magnetomotive force reduces to A. 138+ V/V, mV/V, and so on for gain, regulation, common- mode rejection ratio, and so on, reduce to a unitless quantity. + Meters/meter, hinch/inch, and so on, for strain, reduce to a unitless quantity + Qfsquare for sheet resistivity reduces to Q. + Q-cm2/cm for bulk resistivity reduces to Q-cm. 6. Intypewritten work, substitute U for ft (adding the “tail” by hand if possible), substitute ohm for Q, and use underline to indicate italic (V. for V), if necessary, to eliminate confusion, 7. Unit prefixes may be added in front of the SI unit symbol to avoid excessively large or small numbers and the power-of-ten notation. Prefixes are selected to place the number in the range from 0.1 to 1000. 8& The term “billion” and the practice of separating digits into groups of three with commas should be avoided because of conflicting meanings outside the Unied States. Use a space between groups of three digits for numbers above 9999. For example, write 98 765 432, not 98,765,432. Common improper or obsolete usages of quantity and unit symbols are illustrated in the table below. Not Recommended Proper Form 5 fps v= 15 fs psig = 14.7 pg= 147 Ibfin2 Epy=117 VAC Vp= 117 Vac «B= 12 a= 124B Is/Aneas| Tems=15A f= 60 cps f= 60 He f=16Ke f= 16 kHz, G=50 mo G=50nS C=8 MFD C=8pF C=47 uF C=47 pF 1394.2. QUANTITY, UNIT, AND UNIT-PREFIX SYMBOLS Base units. SI is based on the independently defined units given in the table below. Quantity Unit Name _Unit Symbol Length, ! meter m Mass, m kilogram kg Time, ¢ second s Electric current, / ampere A ‘Temperature, T kelvin K Amount of substance mole Luminous intensity, /y candela Plane angle, @ radian Solid angle, Q steradian + Kilogram is the basic unit of mass. Kilo is not regarded here as a prefix. However, additional prefixes should be reduced. For example, microkilogram should be expressed as milligram. + Kelvin (K), not degree kelvin nor °K, is the basic unit of temperature. However the use of the word degree and the symbol (°) are to be continued with °C, °F, and °R. + A mole of any substance contains 6.02257 x 1023 atoms, molecules, ions, or radicals of that substance. + A candela is slightly less than the illumination given by one standard candle (candlepower), and is defined as the amount of light given off by solidifying platinum (1772 °C) through a hole 1 cm? in area. + A radian is an angle constructed from the center of a circle such that the arc length equals the radius. There are 2 radians in a circle. A steradian is an angle constructed in a sphere such that the surface area equals the radius squared. There are 4 7:steradians in a sphere. Derived units that have been given special names are listed in the table on the following page. All SI measurements are to be expressed by combinations of base and derived units. 140Derived SI Units Unit — Unit SI Base Quantity Name Symbol Formula _Units Force, F newton N — kg-m/s?_ kg-m/s* Pressure, stress,p pascal ~Pa N/m? kg/m's? Energy, work,W joule J Nem kg-m?/s? Power, P walt Ww dis kg-m?/s3 Charge, 0 coulomb CAs ASS EMF, V volt VoOWA kgm2/A-s3 Resistance, R ohm Q VIA kg-m2/A2-s3 Conductance,G siemens S- A/V A®s3/kgem? Capacitance, C farad F CNV kg-m?/s? Inductance, L henry =H = Wb/A_ kg-m2/A?-s? Magnetic flux, weber Wb V-s kg-m2/A-s? Flux density, B tesla T Whim? kg/A-s? Frequency, f hertz Hz Is st Luminous flux, g, lumen Im cd'sr_—cd'sr Mumination, E, lux Ix Im/m?_cd-sr/m? ‘Magnetic quanti jes and units are less widely understood than their electrical counterparts, perhaps because magnetic measuring instruments are less common. The table below lists comparable units as an aid to conceptualization. Electrical Units Magnetic Units Quantity Symbol Unit Quantity Symbol _Unit EMF vv Magnetomotive Fy, A force Field strength £ V/m Magnetization H = A/m Current TA Magnetic flux g@ — Wb Current density J A/m? Flux density BT Resistance RQ Reluctance Ry HT Resistivity p Qm — Reluctivity yom Conductance G S$ Permeance Pa H Conductivity y S/m Permeability =p Hi/m Relative —— Relative Mo conductivity permeability (numeric) 141Magnetic “Hand” Rules Field about a wire. Grasp a wire with the right hand, the thumb pointing in the direction of conventional current (positive to negative). The fingers curl around the wire in the direction of the magnetic lines of force (N to S). Solenoid magnetic polarity. Grasp the coil with the right hand, the fingers curling around in the direction of conventional current. The thumb points to the north pole of the solenoid. Direction of induced current. Point the index finger of the right hand in the direction of lines of force (N to S) and the thumb in the direction of motion of the conductor. The middle finger (bent toward the palm) points in the direction of induced conventional current. Force on a moving charge. Point the index finger of the Jeft hand in the direction of lines of force (N to S$), and the middle finger (bent) in the direction of conventional current. ‘The thumb points in the direction of the force on the charge. Light is normally measured in the photometric system, which includes only the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye. The radiometric system includes all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. ‘The ‘wo systems are compared in thte table below. Photometric vs. Radiometric Quantity and Unit Symbols Photometric Radiometric Quantity Symbol Unit Comment Symbol_Unit Source intensity 1, cd cd=imsr Il, Wisr Luminous flux @ = Im Im=cd'sr gS W (power) Tlumination Ey wk Ix=im/m? EE, Wim? (irradiance) Efficacy Kim Wibleligh 142ST quantity and unit symbols (other than magnetic and light) are given in the table below. Symbols in parenthes are reserve quantity symbols to be used only to avoid conflicting symbol meanings. Additional Quantity and SI Unit Symbols Quantity Spatial Plane angle Solid angle Length Path length Thickness Radius Diameter Area Volume Time Velocity Angular velocity Acceleration (of free fall) Angular acceleration Mechanical Force Weight Mass Density Pressure Momentum Torque Rotational inertia Work Energy Efficiency Stress Strain 143 Symbol Unit 6¢0,8 md 2,(@) sr I m s m 4,6 m r m d m A, (S) m2 Vv m3 1 s v m/s @ rad/s a m/s? g m/s? a rad/s? F N w m Pp P P T, (M) Ld w E,W oT numerical o Nim? é numericalQuantity ‘Thermal Temperature, Celsius ‘Temperature, absolute Heat energy Heat flow rate ‘Thermal resistance Thermal resistivity Heat capacity Specific heat Electrical Charge Field strength Electromotive force Current Current density Resistance Resistivity, volume Conductance, 1/R Conductivity Reactance Susceptance, -1/X Impedance Admittance, 1/Z Characteristic impedance Transadmittance Mutual conductance Amplification factor Quality factor, Xs /Rs Dissipation factor, 1/0 Phase angle Power Reactive “power” Apparent “power” Power factor 144 Symbol 1 (8) T,(®) ®,(q) Yex 8m ao Q,(Pq) SPs) cos 9, Fp Sim Q Ss Q Ss Q Ss Ss numerical numerical numerical rad Ww var VA numericalQuanticy Symbol Period T ‘Time constant (7) Frequency LM Angular frequency o Resonant frequency te Critical frequency te Wavelength a Rise time (10%—90%) t Fall time (90%—10%) ty Duty factor D Duration of signal element Signaling speed (baud) ut Bandwidth Noise figure Amplification (voltage gain) Gain, power Feedback ratio B F A Amplification (current gain) A; G B a Attenuation Unit Hz rad/s Hz Hz m s s numerical s Bd Hz numerical numerical numerical numerical numerical numerical SI unit prefixes are given in the table below. Centi, deci, deka, and hecto are to be avoided where possible. Pronounce giga as in jig, kilo as in kill, nano as in Nancy, pico as in peek, and peta as in per. Factor 10! 102 103 106 10° 1012 1015 1018 SI Unit Prefixes Name Symbol Factor _Name_ Symbol deka da 101 d hecto hy 10-2 enti c kilo k 10-3) milli, =m mega M 106 micro pb giga G 10° nano on tera 10-2 pico = —p peta P 10-15 femto f exa_E 10-18 ato a 1454.3 UNIT CONVERSIONS Conversion factors for converting various units to other commensurate units are given in the table that begins on the following page. Conversions are listed alphabetically according to the general name of the quantity involved— acceleration first, volume last. A list of miscellaneous conversions, plus a table of Fahrenheit-to-Celsius conversions appears at the end of the main table. + The first conversion given for each unit is to the basic SI (system international) unit in the mksA (meter-kilogram- second-ampere) system. This is the internationally preferred unit, which should be used wherever possible. + Boldface conversion numbers are exact. Other factors are given to four-digit precision in the interest of practicality. + If the desired conversion is not listed, try looking up the reverse conversion. To convert from the unit on the right to the unit listed at the left, divide by the factor given. + If a direct conversion does not appear in the table, multiply by the factor given with the known unit and divide by the factor given with the unknown unit. The process may be represented as unit A —> SI > unit B. As an example, we convert 40 biblical cubits to feet: 40 cubits x 0.4437 m/cubit + 0.3048 m/ft = 58.23 ft + To convert compound units not listed, convert each unit separately. All units except one will have the numerical coefficient 1. As an example, we convert a fuel efficiency of 23 kmiliter to miles per gallon. 23km _ 23 x 1000 m (2300 + 1609) mi 1L 1x103m3— (103 + 3.785 x 10°) gal (given units) (SI units) (convert to desired units) = 54.1 mi/gal 146Boldface numbers are exact. To convert from Acceleration fus? earth gravity, g in/sec? mysec? Angle degree gradient minute radian second Unit Conversions mys? g (earth grav) inJs? m/s? fs? inJs? m/s? fys? g (earth grav) fs? 8 (earth grav) inJs? rad gradient minute second rad degree minute second rad degree gradient second degree gradient minute second rad degree gradient minute 147 Others accurate to 4 digits Multiply by 0.3048 0.03108 12 9.807 32.17 386.0 0.0254 0.08333, 2.590 x 10-3 3.281 0.1020 39.37 0.01745, in 60 3600 0.01571 09 54 3240 2.909 x 10-4 0.01666 0.01852 60 57.296 63.66 3438 2,063 x 105 4848 x 10-6 2.778 x 10-4 3.086 x 10-4 0.01666To convert Area acre hectare mile? yard? bam circular mil cm? hectare mile? yard? m acre hectare in? mile? yard? m acre 2 mile? yard? m acre f2 hectare yard? circular mil in? mm? 148 Multiply by 4047 43 560 0.4047 1,5625 x 10-3 4840 0.09290 2.296 x 10-5 9,291 x 10-6 144 3.587 10°8 O.1111 10000 2471 107 630, 3.861 x 10-3 11 960, 2.590 10° 640 2.78784 x 106 259.0 3.0976 x 106 0.8361 2.066 x 104 9 8.361 x 10-5 3.228 x 10-7 10-28 5.067% 10-10 5.067 10-6 7.854 x 10-7 5.067 x 104 0.0001 1.974 105 0.1550 100To convert jror kg/m$ I/t3 Ioyin.3 Ib/gal Electrical and Magnetic ampere-tum ampere/meter coulomb decibel faraday gauss gilbert maxwell (line) m2 kg/m3 To/f3 Ib/inS Ib/gal g/em3 Io/f3 Ibjin3 Ib/gal kg/m} gicm3 Ibjin.3 Ibigal kg/m} g/cm} To/f3 Ib/gal kgim3 giem3 Toft? Ibfin.3 gilbert oersted faraday neper coulomb tesla ampere-tums webber 149 Multiply 6) 6.4516 x 104 6.4516 645.16 10-6 1000 62.43 0.03613, 8.345 0.001 0.06243 3.613 10-5 8.345 x 10-3 16.02 0.01602 5.788 x 10-4 0.1337 2.768 x 104 27.68 1728 231.0 119.8 0.1198 7.481 4.328 x 10-3 1.257 0.01257 1.036 x 10-5 0.1151 9.652 x 104 104 0.7958 108To convert from to Multiply by oersted ampere/meter 79.58 unit pole webber 1.257 x 10-7 webber maxwell 108 webber unit pole, 7.957 x 106 Qem Qm 0.01 Q-cirmil/ft Qm 1.662 10-9 Qm Q-cirmil/ft 6.017 x 108 Q-mm2/m Qm 10-6 Energy British Thermal Unit joule, J 1055 (BTU) calorie 252.0 erg. 1.055 x 1010 felb ma fi-poundal 25020 kilocalorie 0.2520 kW-hr 2.928 x 104 Ws 1054 calorie joule, J 4.184 BTU 3.968 x 10-3 electron volt 2.612 1019 erg 4.184 x 107 fi-lb 3.086 kilocalorie 0.001 kW-hr 1.162 10% Ws 4.184 electron volt joule, J 1.602 10-19 calorie 3.828x 10-20 erg 1.602 10-12 Ws 1,602 10-19 erg joule, J 10-7 BTU 9.484x 10-1 calorie 2.390 10-8 electron volt 6.242 10!1 filb 7.315 x 10% kW-hr 2.778 10-14 Ws 107 150To convert from ft-lb fi-poundal kilocalorie kW-hr Force dyne kg-force ounce-force to joule, J BTU calorie erg fi-poundal kilocalorie kW-hr Ws joule, J feb joule, J BTU calorie joule, J BTU calorie electron volt erg fil kilocalorie newton, N kg-force ounce-force pound-force poundal newton, N dyne ounce-force pound-force poundal newton, N. dyne kg-force pound-force poundal 151 Multiply by 1.356 1.284 10-9 0.3236 1.356 107 32.17 3.236 x 104 3.167 x 10-7 1.356 0.04214 0.03108 4184 3.968, 1000 3.6 106 3409 8.592 105 2.247 x 1025 3.6 1013 2.655 x 106 860.5 105 1.020 10-6 3.597 x 10°5 2.248 x 10-6 7.236 x 10-5 9.807 9.807 x 105 35.28 2.205 70.94 0.2780 2.780 x 104 0.02835 0.0625 2.011To convert from pound-force poundal Length angstrom astronomical unit cable chain cubit, English cubit, biblical newton, N dyne kg-force ounce-force poundal newton, N dyne kg-force ounce-force pound-force meter, m inch microinch mm m light-year miles parsec m foot m fathom foot furlong league mile rod yard m inch m inch 152 Multiply by 4.448 4.448 x 10° 0.4536 16 32.17 0.1382 13 820 0.01409 0.4973 0.03108 10-10 3.937 x 10°9 3.937 x 10-3 107 1.496 x 101 1.581 x 10-5 9.298 x 107 4.848 x 10-6 219.5 720 20.12 i 66 4 4.167 x 103 0.0125 4 22 0.4572 18 0.5537 218To convert from fathom foot furlong hand inch league league, nautical light-year to m foot m chain cubit, English cubit, biblical fathom furlong hand inch league mile mile, nautical rod span yard m foot m inch foot m foot hand mil pica point m foot miles m foot miles, nautical m mile parse 153 Multiply by 1.829 6 0.3048 0.01515 0.6667 0.5505 0.1667 1515 10-3 3 2 6.313 x 10-5 1.894 x 10-4 1.646 x 104 0.06061 1.333, 0.3333 201.2 660 0.1016 4 0.3333 0.0254 0.08333 0.25 1000 6.022 (Or 6) 72.26 (or 72) 4828 15840 3 5556 18.230 3 9.461 x 1015 5.878 x 1012 0.3067To convert fro Multip! microinch m 2.54 108 inch 10 micron 0.0254 mil 0.001 mm 2.54 10-5 micron m 10° inch 3.937 10-5 microinch 39.37 mil 0.03937 mm 0.001 mill m 2.54 x 10-5 inch 0.001 microinch 1000 micron 254 mm 0.0254 mile m 1609 foot 5280 furlong 8 km 1.609 Teague 0.3333, light-year 1.701 x 10-13 mile, nautical 0.8689 rod 320 yard 1760 mile, nautical m 1852 foot 6076 km 1.852 league, nautical 0.3333 mile 1.151 parsec m 3.084 x 1016 light-year 3.261 mile 1.916 1013 154To convert from 0 Multiply by pica m 4.218 10-3 inch 0.1667 mm 4.218 point 2 point m 3.515x 104 inch 0.01388 mn 0.3515 pica 0.8333 rod m 5.029 chain 0.25 fathom: 2.75 foot 16.5 furlong 0.025 Teague 1.042 x 10-3 mile 3.126x 103 yard 5S yard m 0.9144 chain 0.04545 fathom 05 foot 3 furlong, 4.545 x 10-3 inch 36 league 1.894 x 104 mile 5.683 x 10-4 mile, nautical 4.937 10-4 rod 0.1818 Light (source) candle lumen/steradian 1 candela 1 candlepower lumen 12.57 lumen candlepower 0.07958 lumen watt 15x 103 Light (illumination) fi-candle lumen/ft2 1 lumen/m? 10.76 ux 10.76 155To convert from 0 Multiply by lumen/m? lux 1 fi-candle 0.09290 Jumen/ft? fi-lambert 1 fi-candle 1 lumen/m? 10.76 lux ficcandle 0.09290 Mass carat (jeweler’s) kg 2104 grain 3.086 gram 02 dram, avp kg 1.772 10-3 grain 27.34 gram L772 ounce, avp 0.0625 grain kg 6.480 x 10-5 carat 0.3240 dram, avp 0.03687 ounce, avp 2.29 x 10-3 gram kg 10-3 carat 5 dram, avp 0.5644 grain 15.43, pound 2.208 x 10-3 kg (kilogram) ounce 35.28 pound 2.205 slug 0.06852 stone 0.1575 ton, short 1.102 x 10-3 tonne, metric 103 ounce, avp kg 0.02835 carat 141.8 dram 16 grain 4315 gram 28.35 ounce, troy or apoth 0.9115 pound 0.0625 156To convert from ounce, troy or apoth pennyweight pound poundal slug stone ton, long ton, short tonne, metric Power BTU/hr to ounce, avp kg & ounce pound kg ounce poundal stone slug ton, long ton, short tonne, metric watt BTU/min calvhr cal/min calfsec erg/see firlbisec horsepower ton, refrig 187 Multiply 6) 1.097 1,555 10-3 1.555 0.05486 3.429 x 10°3 0.4536 16 32.17 0.07143 0.03108 4.464 x 104 5x 104 4.535 x 10-4 0.01410 0.03108 14.59 32.17 6.350 14 1016 2240 907.2 2000 1000 2205 0.2929 0.01667 252.0 4.200 0.0700 2.929 x 106 0.2160 3.929 x 104 8.333 x 10-5To convert from cal/sec ergisec fi-lbysec horsepower ton, refrig watt Pressure atmosphere bar cm of mercury dyne/em? gram/cem? to watt BTU/hr erg/sec fulb/sec horsepower ton, refrig watt watt BTU/hr horsepower ton, refrig watt BTU/hr cal/sec fi-lb/sec ft-Ib/min ton, refrig watt BTU/hr horsepower BTU/hr cal/min erg/sec fi-lbysec ft-Ib/min horsepower ton, refrig pascal, Pa pascal pascal pascal pascal Ibfin? 158 Multiply by 4.184 14.29 4.184 x 107 3.085 5.609 x 10-3 1.191 x 10°3 107 1.356 4.626 1.818 x 10-3 3.856 10-4 746 2547 178.3, 550 33.000 0.2121 3517 12.000 4.714 3.415 14.34 107 0.7375, 44.25 1.340% 103 2.846 10-4 1.013 x 105 108 1333 o1 98.07 0.01422To convert from inch of mercury Ibfin.? (psi) pascal torr (mm Hg) Temperature CK °C3F °F 4K °F °C °F R ‘Thermal capacity BTU/b-°F calkg-K kek ‘Thermal conductivity BTU -in/hr-ft2-°F UkgK 0 Multiply by pascal 3386 pascal 6895 gram/ers? 70.31 om Hg 7.502 10-4 gram/.ci 0.01020 Ibfin2 70.32 pascal 133.3 oc + 273.15" 18 fog +32 pt 459.7) + 18 lop 32°) +18 Ig = top + 459.7° Ukg-K 4187 Jkg-K 4.190 BTUAb°F 2.388 10-4 callke-K 0.2387 Ikg-K 0.1442 BTU -in/hr-fi2°F 6.935 (R insulating value is the reciprocal of thermal Torque dyne-cm kg-force-m Ib-force-fi conductivity in BTU-in./hr-ft2-°F,) Nm 107 kg-force-m 1.020 x 10-8 ox-force-in. 1.416 x 10-5 Ib-force:ft 7.375 108 Nem 9.807 dyne-cm 9.807 x 10-7 oz-force-in. 1389 Ib-force:ft 7.23 Nm 1.356 dyne-cm 1.356 x 10-7 kg-force-m 0.1383 oz-force-in. 192 159To convert from Nm oz-force-in. Velocity ¢ (light) fymin in/s knot 0 dyne-cm kg-force'm oz-force-in, Ib-force-ft Nm dyne-cm kg-force-m Ib-force-ft m/s fuls mi/hr m/s fus inds km/hr mifhr m/s ft/min ins km/hr knot mach number mifor m/s mi/ar 160 Multiply by 107 0.1020 141.6 0.7375 7.062 x 10-3 7.062 x 104 7.201 x 104 5.208 x 10°3 2.998 x 108 9.836 x 108 6.706 x 108 5.080 x 10-3 0.01667 02 0.01829 0.01136 0.3048 60 12 1.097 0.5922 9.200 10-4 0.6818 0.0254 0.05682 0.2778 ona 0.5400 0.6214 0.5144 1.688 1.852 11S]To convert from mach number mi/h mils Volume acre-foot barrel, 42-g oil board-foot bushel cord (wood) mie mis fs kann knot m/s Gight) kis mi/min mi barrel, 42- oil £3 gallon yo ™ 3 gallon Titer 161 Multiply by 3313 1087 1193 741.2 0.44704 1.467 1.609 0.8690 1609 5.367 x 10-6 1.609 60 1233 7758 43 560 3.259 x 105 1613 0.1590 5.614 a2 159.0 2.360 10-3 0.08333 0.3524 1.244 35.24 4 32 0.04607 3.625 128To convert from b Multiply by cup m3 2.366 x 104 floz 8 gallon 0.0625 gill 2 liter 0.2366 pint 0s quart 0.25 tablespoon 16 teaspoon 48 #3 m3 0.02832 acre-ft 2.296 x 10-5 barrel, 42-g oil 0.1781 board-ft 2 bushel 0.8036 cord 7.812x 10-3 cup 119.7 gallon 7.481 ind 1728 liter 28.32 peck 3.215 perch (stone) 0.04040 yard3 0.03704 gallon, US mM 3.785 x 10-3 acre-fi 3.069 x 10° bushel 0.1074 barrel, 42-g oil 0.02381 cup 16 £3 0.1337 liter 3.785 peck 0.4296 pint 8 quart 4 yard3 4.950 x 10-3 gallon, Brit. m3 4.546 x 10-3 gallon, US 1.201 162To convert from in3 Jigger liter (L) m3 (cubic meter) milliliter (ml) ounce, fluid to m3 cup gallon Titer ounce, fl ounce, fl m3 barrel, 42-g oil bushel cup gallon in3 ounce, fl pint quart tablespoon acre-fi barrel, 42-g oil board-ft bushel cord cup £3 gallon liter perch (stone) yard3 m3 inch? liter ounce, fl teaspoon m3 cup gallon in3 163 Multiply by 1.639 x 10-5 0.06927 4.333 x 10-3 0.01639 0.5541 1s 10-3 6.289 x 10-3 0.02838 4.227 0.2642 61.01 33.82 2.413 1.057 67.61 8.110x 104 6.289 423.7 28.38 0.2759 4227 3531 264.2 1000 1.427 1.308 10 0.06101 0.001 0.03382 0.2029 2.957 x 10-5 0.125 7.812X 10-3 1,804To convert from peck, US, dry perch (stone) pint, liquid quart, dry quart, liquid 0 liter pint quart tablespoon teaspoon m3 barrel, 42-g oil bushel cup, liq £3 gallon, liq Titer quant, dry quart, liq m3 48 m cup gallon in3 liter ‘ounce, fl quart tablespoon teaspoon m3 m3 cup gallon in} Titer ounce pint quart, dry tablespoon teaspoon 164 Multiply by 0.02957 0.0625 0.03125 2 6 8.810% 103 0.05541 025 37.24 0.3111 2327 8.810 8 9.309 0.7004 24.75 4.732 104 2 0.125 28.87 0.4732 16 0s 32 96 1.101 10-3 9.464% 104 4 0.25 37.74 0.9464 32 2 0.8594 64 192wo tablespoon m 1.479 x 10-5 cup 0.0625 gallon 3.906 x 10-3 ind 0.9024 liter 0.01479 ounce, fl 05 pint 0.03125 quant 0.01562 teaspoon 3 teaspoon m3 4.929 x 10-6 cup 0.02083 ind 0.3008 milliliter 4.929 ounce, fl 0.1667 pint 0.01042 tablespoon 0.3333 ya m3 0.7646 acre'ft 6.199 104 barrel, 42-g oil 4.809 bushel 21.70 cord 0.2109 a3 27 gallon 202.0 inch? 46 656 liter 764.6 peck 86.79 quart, liq 807.9 Miscellaneous Conversions Fuel consumption: 1 mi/gal = 0.425 kmfliter 1 mi/gal = 222.2 liter/100 km To convert mifgal and liters/100 km, as used in Europe mi/gal * liters/100 km = 235.3 One carat of gold = 41.67 mg/g. Thus 24 ki 165 pure gold°C 100 ~90 80 -70 ~60 ~55 -50 45 -14 Fahrenheit - Celsius Conversions F 148 130 -112 166 F 32 34 36 31 39 41 B 45 46 48 50 52 54 35 37 59 61 63 64 66 68 70 n 7B 5 1 9 81 82 4 86 88 90 91 8 95 °C 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 125 150 175, 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 400 F 97 99 100 102 104 106 108 109 WW 113 us 7 18 120 122 131 140 149 158 167 176 185, 194 203 212 281 302 347 302 437 482 527 372 617 662 7524.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CONSTANTS Selected physical constants Length of a 1-s pendulum at sea level = 0.994 m Solar radiation intensity st earth distance = 1.35 kW/m? Mean radius of earth = 6370 km Mass of earth = 5.983 x 1074 kg Earth gravity (g) =9.81 m/s? Gravitational constant (G) = 6.670 10-1! N-m2/kg? Standard atmospheric pressure = 1.013 105 N/m? Boltzmann's constant (4) = 1.381 x 10-3 J/K Planck’s constant (fi) 626 X 10-34 J-s Avogadro's number (V4) = 6.023 x 1023 atoms/mole Permeability of vacuum (tug) =42* 10-7 Him Permittivity of vacuum (¢) = 8.854 x 10-12 Fm Electron charge (e) = 1.602x 10-19 Charge-to-mass ratio of the electron = 1.759 10!! C/kg Atomic mass unit (C12 =12 amu) = 1.6605 x 10-77 kg. 3.486 x 104 amu 00728 amu Neutron mass 00867 amu Alpha particle mass = 4.00151 amu Diameter of hydrogen atom 06x 10710 m Velocity of electromagnetic waves (cg) = 2.998 x 108 m/s Velocity of sound in air (14.7 Ibfin.2,0°C) = 331.4 m/s Velocity of sound in water = 1420 m/s Velocity of sound in stee! = 5103 m/s Electron mass = Proton mass = Sound intensity is measured in decibels, with 10-1? W/m? defined as 0. dB. The lower limit of audibility varies with individuals, but is normally within a few dB of 0 dB. The ear is most sensitive at about 3 KHz. Sensitivity at 300 Hz is down by about 20 dB. 15 4B whisper 704B truck engine 304B office background 85dB jackhammer 55.dB_ average conversation 110 4B jet engine 167Air pressure (atm) vs. elevation (km) (km) 0 os 10 20 30 50 10 20 (atm) 1.00 0.94 089 0.78 0.69 0.54 0.26 0.056 Coefficients of sliding friction, Fparatie! / Fnormal for selected materials (numerical) Rubber on dry pavement Rubber on wet pavement Wood on hardwood floor Steel on steel (dry) Steel on steel (oiled) Steel ers on ice 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.20 0.06 0.04 Density at 0 °C and standard pressure for selected materials (kg/m) Gold Lead Copper Steel Aluminum Magnesium Cork Pine wood Oak wood 19300 11400 8890 7830 2700 1741 224 430 750 Mercury 13600 Water 1000 Seawater 1025 Tee 910 Gasoline 690 Propane 2.02 Carbon dioxide 1.96 Air 1.29 Helium 0.18 Hydrogen 0.09 Birch wood 640 Young's modulus ¥ (stress/strain) and ultimate strength (s,) for selected metals Y (Nim? x 1010) @, (Nim? x 108) Material Aluminum Copper Cast iron Mild steel Spring steel Tungsten 10 12.5 91 17.2 35 42 14 24 29 41 B8 41 1.9 Magnesium 168Thermal coefficients of expansion (1/K x 10-6) Linear Volume Aluminum, 24 Alcohol 1220 Brass 18 Gasoline 1080 Copper 7 Water at 20°C 207 Glass 8 Mercury 182 Glass (Pyrex) 3 Steel ll Magnesium 28 Thermal conductivity (Wim:K) Silver 415 Sand, concrete 18 Copper 381 Glass 0.78 Aluminum — 213 Brick 0.72 Steel 50 Wood (fir) O11 Lead 35 Cork board 0.037 Ice 2.2 Fiberglass insulation 0.036 Heating values of fuels (J/kg x 108) Hydrogen 142, Fuel oil 45 Natural gas 55 Coal (hard) 33 Gasoline 47 Wood (average) 15 Kerosene 46 Melting and boiling points at standard pressure (K) Substance Melting Boiling Helium 0.094 43 Nitrogen 63.2 71 Carbon dioxide 216.5 213.2 ‘Ammonia 198.7 239.8 Alcohol, ethyl 143.2 350.6 Water 273.2 373.2 Tin 505 2530 Lead 600 1890 Copper 1360 2570 Iron 1810 3260 169Heat capacities of various substances (J/kg-K) Water 4190 Air 1010 Steel 482 Kee 2100 Aluminum 922 Copper 390 Steam 2010 Dryearth 840 Lead 126 Heats of fusion and vaporization (u/kg x 108) Substan Fusion Water 0.335 Ammonia 0.452 Alcohol 0.104 Weight of water vapor in saturated air (kg/kg) Cc kgkg sc kg/kg. 10 0.0076 35 0.0370 15 0.0107 40 0.0490 20 0.0149 45 0.0653 25 0.0205 50 0.0868 30 0.0279 55 0.1142 Greek Alphabet A,Q Alpha (AYL-fa) N,V Nu (New) B,B Beta (BAY-tah) =,& xi (Zigh) T,Y Gamma 0,0 Omicron A,8 Delta Tm Pi E,€ Epsilon (EP-sah-lon) P,p Rho ZO Zeta XO Sigma Hn Eta T,t — Tau (Taow) ©, Theta (THAY-tah) Y,V_— Upsilon Il Iowa ®, Phi K,« Kappa X,% Chi A, A Lamda Y, We Psi (Sigh) M, Mu (Mew) Q,@ Omega 170