Ancient Indian Mathematics

A.K. Upadhyay, Bhubaneswar, 9437034172, 9583492387 arunupadhyay30@yahoo.in, www.scribd.com/arunupadhyay

Errors in History
1. No search of truth-War of Civilizations 2. Ignoring recorded dates-Manipulating approximate dates 3. Assumption that there was no science in ancient 4. Opposite views-great advances in astronomy-no knowledge of math, science 5. Astronomy possible only with survey math + measures 6. Old standards of map, time-ignored 7. Different meanings of words, units of measures-both in 7 Samsth 8. Western view-All science by aliens only 9. Indian modern-astronomical measures by sacrifice of goat in Yaja 10. Indians with faith-all measures by dhyna. 11. Separate units and measures in same period-Vednga, Jaina, Siddhnta 12. Links with world for trade, survey, astronomy measures.

Definition of Mathematics Difficult to define such basic concept & method Old Definitions- (1) Aristotle : The science of quantity. (2) Auguste Comte : The science of indirect measurement. Modern Definitions (1) Mathematics is the science that draws necessary conclusions.-Benjamin Peirce 1870. (2) All Mathematics is Symbolic Logic-Bertrand Russell 1903 (3) An inituitionist definition: Mathematics is mental activity which consists in carrying out, one after the other, those mental constructions which are inductive and effective -meaning that by combining fundamental ideas, one reaches a definite result. (4) A formalist definition: Mathematics is the manipulation of the meaningless symbols of a first-order language according to explicit, syntactical rules. (5) Mathematics is the classification and study of all possible patterns. -Walter Warwick Sawyer, 1955. (6) Mathematics is a broad-ranging field of study in which the properties and interactions of idealized objects are examined-Wolfram Math World. (7) The abstract science which investigates deductively the conclusions implicit in the elementary conceptions of spatial and numerical relations, and which includes as its main divisions geometry, arithmetic, and algebra. Oxford English Dictionary, 1933 (8) The study of the measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities and sets, using numbers and symbols. American Heritage Dictionary, 2000

Scope of Mathematics Modern Mathematics is foundation of every branch of Knowledge(1) Biggest application in Physics including astronomy. (2) Day to day use of arithmatics and estimates. (3) Many parts of Physical Chemistry, Biology, Geology. (4) Quantitaive study of Economics, psychology, sociology, language. Classification Felix Klein-Mathematics classified as per geometrical projections - Erlangen Program, 1872, Guide to development of Mathematics. Common Branches Detailed decimal classification Broadly-(1) Pure Mathematics-Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry , Generalized Geometry (Topology), Algebraic Topology, Analysis-differencial & Integral Calculus, Differential & Integral Equation, Real & Complex Analysis, Numerical Analysis, Set Theories, Algebras & Topologies, Graph theory, Combinatorial math, Logic etc. (2) Applied Mathematics-Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics, Astronomy, Electromagnetic Theory, Statistics, Econometrics, Quantum Mechanics, Relativity Theory, Elasticity, Solid State Physics (Crystals), Chemical Dynamics, Math or statistics applied To social sciences, language.

Indian Conepts 1. Fondation of creationcreation- ( /) Kal = parts, different shapes, Grades, Creating power of Brahma Kalana = Creation, decay, Calculation, Holding Kla = Time of 4 types (Bhgavata 3/11). Perception of change. With creation, there is differentiation in different parts. There is continuous change in each object-perception is Kla Measures of parts and their changes in many ways is Kalana. , , ( , ) 2. Foundation of sciences-Mathematics is queen of science. sciences Similarly, Gaita (math) is eyes of Veda = foundation ok knowledge. ( - ) Jyotia includes all aspects of Mathematics and is eyes of Veda , , , , ( /-, /-)

Indian classification (Bhskara commentary on ryabhaya) After Mahbhrata-1. Maskari-algorithms (both mean rod-holder) 2. Ptana-Rectification (simplify, show by graph) 3. Prana-Integration, combining equations /theories) 4. Mudgala-Discrete mathematics Classes in pairs 1. Vyakta (discrete)-avyakta (abstract) 2. Ri (numbers, symbols)-ketra (area, geometry). 3. Sakta (exact solution)-Asakta (successive approximation) 4. Anka (P-known number)-Bja (unknown-gulika, dependant). 5. Bhva (unknown quantity-Bhvita (function) Applied-Jyotia 1. Cosmology 2. Planetary orbits 3. Cosmic effect on earth(a) Rains, (b) Earthquake, (c) Auspicious times 4. Effect on man-Horoscope prediction by 8 methods. 5. Mathematical methods 6. Use in mapping.

Mapping Mapping needs measure of 3 quantity (Tri-prana) at key points on globe(a) Longitude, (b) Latitude, (c) Direction (marking north). These need observing Nakatra in space in Spherical polar coordinates. Parilekha is a measure (Mpa), so it is Map. Uses Nakatra, so Naksh. Quadrant points Marking 4 points separated by of circle1. Brahm system (29102 BC) , 2. Vaivasvata Manu system (13902 BC) Ref. East (+900) West (-900) Opposite (+1800, or-) 1. Amarvat Sukh Sanyaman Vibhvar (Indra) (Varua) (Yama) (Soma) 2. Ujjain (Lank) Yamakoipattan Romakapattana Siddhapura (Bhrata) (Ketumla) (Bhadrva) (Uttara-Kuru) These quadrants are 4 petals of Earth-lotus, Bhrata covers 1. Rotation axis is Meru, north pole = Sumeru, South pole = Kumeru. Local references in each continent, countries-local Merus, North Hemisphere-4 quadrants in 4 colours = 4 colours of Sumeru faces. Similarly, 4 quadrants in south = Total 8 petals of earth, Bhrata petal in north-divided into 3 or 7 lokas like lokas in space. Other 7 petals ( 3 in north, 4 in south) are 7 Tala (or Ptla),

Minor references 1. Local Meru or Lank in each country/continent-15 Merus survive. 2. 60 time zones at interval of 6 Degs, Places of Sun, Klahast etc. 3. Survey centres-(a) Guntur-Guha = small area, measure rods linked together. Ur (Uru) = town, Centre of Survey is Guntur. Gunter chain = 100 links = 22 m (b)Ranchi-Zero ref point (RD)-town measures from this place. Indra (Achyuta-chyuta) ref-Chutiya in Ranchi, Dhruva (fixed pole) measuring rod. Dhurva region, Dhura = 99 rod, its squire land (c) Karanchi-RD point for ocean distances (Ka = water). (d) Other RD points-Kumbhakoam, Konkaa, Kanykumr 4. Road-sea routes, maps. 5. Town designs (a) Uru, (b) Pura, (c) Meru, (d) Vajra, (3) r (Trikoa -Thiru). Map of country-names on map shape(1) Kumrik Khaa (Inverted triangle, akti-trikoa) (2) Lank-long in north south on Ujjain longitude-Lanka = chilly in Bengal, Odisha. (3) Kerala= Chera (at root of country), vegetable of this shape = Karela. (4) Jamb-dvpa-Relief map of Manipur region = head of elephant (5) u (elephant trunk)-shape of Indonesia-Greater & smaller Shunda groups (6) Himalaya in crescent shape, so Bhrata is Indu = Inde (India) (7) North boundary of Jamb-dvpa also like that. (8) Kraucha (Heron) dvpa-Shape of north America.

Survey & Astronomy Dependent on each other. Survey by Nakatras Distance of cosmic bodies starts with earth survey Moon Distance-Measure of moon from 2 far off places at same time. Problems-(1) Mapping & finding accurate linear distance (less than 1% error) (2) Matching of time-universal not local (1 second accuracy) (3) Angle measure -1 second of angle These accuracy gives more than 5% error in moon distance. Sun & Planets (1) Comparison of moon-sun distance. Indirect observation of Sun. (2) Comparing sun & planets-measures of ghra Paridhi. (3) Eccentricity of orbits, inclination to ecliptic. (4) Sizes of planets. Apogee from daily speed-place of minimum. (5) Rotation of apogee-Saturn apogee rotates 39 times in 4320m years. (6) 60,000 Blakhilyas of 135 kms (Anguha size = earth /96) (7) Blakhilyas at average distance of 60 AU, rotating in 360 years NASA figure after Cassini probe to Uranus (2008) 70,000 of 100+km at 45-65 AU (8) Solar wind till 30 AU (known after 2008). (9) Limits of solar system-Gravitational-1 lakh sun-dia radius Brightness- 230 x Earth or 157 lakh times Sun, or 1 LY radius. (10) 6 zones (Vaakras), 30 Dhma-their size & properties

vetvatara measures Radiation (white, veta) of sun is driving force (ava) of life, Sun = vetva Rohitva = Kumra, creation on earth. Structures beyond sun = vetvatara. Galactic centre = Mla-barhai (Mla nakatra) Spiral arms-Ahirbudhnya (Vedic term), ea-nga (Pura). Sphere around sun-width equal to spiral arm = Mahar-loka 1000 stars in Mahar-loka = 1000 heads of ea-nga. Measure of these star distances-Parallax from earth orbit ends Measure of 1/10,000 deg for accuracy of 10%. Farther stars by relation of distance and radiance, which depends on spectral type. Errors by inter-stellar dust, air fluctuations, gravitational lense, spectral theory. Galactic centre-Size & Distance- How? Size of galaxy, Corona (Goloka , Krma)-how? 1017 Yojanas, Goloka 10 times bigger (anku = 1013 x 105) Count of Nakatras = 1011 (how?) Man is image as he has same number of neurons in brain. Higher structures-Dhti (earth x 2(64-3)), Ati-dhti (earth x 2(68-3)). Tapah, Satya lokas. 5 gross levels larger by 1 crore at each level-Man, Earth, Solar system, galaxy, Universe 7 micro-worlds smaller by 1 lakh at each level-Kalila (cell), Jiva (atom), Kualin (nucleus), Jagat (particles of 3 types), Deva-dnava, Pitar, i.

Mathematical methods of Jyotia 1. Parikarma of 20 Types 2. Algebra 3. Trigonometry 4. Spherical Triginometry & geometry (Gola) 5. Calculus-Differential, Integral, variational 6. Numerical analysis 7. Stability of solutions-convergent & divergent series Cosmology 1. Purua-5 Purua gross levels- inner ratio 107 7 minor worlds- inner ratio 105 Cross-ratio with base of 10, so universe is 10 dimensional. 2. r (Field)-10 dimensions, da (state), di (direction), daa (10) space 3 dimensions-Vindu = 0, Rekh = 1, Pha = 2, Stoma = 3 Matter-4th, Time-5th, Mechanical world, 5 M-Chhandas Purua-Chiti, Chetan-6th, i (string)-link-7th, Nga or Vtra-8th Randhra or Nanda (Deficit, density or energy gradient -9th, 10th is nanda or Rasa-Uniform Homogenous, Isotropic-Trisatya, Satyasya satya 3. Yaja-Shukla gati-visible outer motion, Ka gati-Inner transformation. Creative work, product is useful if system runs by that. 5x5 Yajas. Chain of Creation (Tree, Avyaya), Inter-link of Yajas-Deva culture ( ,)

Time & Purua 1. Kara (decaying system)-Nitya Kla (Thermodynamic arrow). 2. Akara-Janya kla (Measure of Yaja cycle)-Kalana. 3. Avyaya-Akaya kla-5 laws of conservation, inner transformation 4. Partpara Purua & Kla-Beyond perception, distinction Bhgavata pura 3/16, i = 1.35 (man) x 10-35 m, smaller is nirajana or Partpara Paramu kla = time in which light ray covers i = 10-43 second ( /) ( /) ( /) ( //) ( , ) Math texts of 4 types-Maskari, Praa, Ptana, Mudgala Finite Mathematics, Infinites, Aparimeya = beyond mathematical model.

Zero & Infinity Zero meanings-Algebra-non-existent, 2-2, Analysis-Limit(1/x),x ; Smaller than any smallest number. Infinity-Larger than any large number, Limit(1/x), x 0. , , ( //, /) Cantor Set Theory-grades of infinity Natural numbers ( countable) , Real numbers of 2 typesAlgebraic, Transcendental. Higher order Viu sahasranma termsAnanta = , Asankhyeya-Beyond natural numbers Aparimeya =Transcendental, ( /) World Infinities-k = Mrti (form) Countable infinity = N Yaju = motion-Real numbers equal to line (motion).= R Sma-field, R3, Atharva = Foundation, Transcendental , , ( ///) Sankhyeya (countable )-letter/words/sentense=Gaea. Asankhyeya = real number = Interlink (Subrahmaya) Aparimeya-Thoughts, Rasa = Sarasvat

Nature of Proof 1. 4 types of Nyya = Logic (a) Vykaraa-words into letters/syllables.Meanings modified by suffix/prefix. (b) Gautama-Link between Gau= 3 parts of Vk in mind with Tama = expressed. Tama is dark as some content is missing in expressed word. (c) Mmns (Prva)-Jaimini-Joining of words into sentences-types of meanings. (d) Brahma-stra (uttara) of Vysa-Unification of thought. 2. Establishing a fact/theorem = Prama (a) Pratyaka = observation (2) Anumna (inference + Upamna = induction), (c) abda (Link of 3 worlds, holistic) (- ) Source of work (Karma-chodan) 1. Jna = Knowledge (information, perception) 2. Jeya = Object of knowledge/study 3. Jt = Knower, observer. Process of workwork-1. Jna = Knowledge, methods. 2. Karma-Actual work. 3. Kart = Doer (man, cause). 3 GuasGuas-(a) Satva = Creative part of source, (b) Raja = Creation, inner/outer motion. (c) TamaDormant matter/energy.

Mathematical Proof-1. Numerical 2. Logical, 3. Geometrical. Stages-1. M = to measure, M Chhanda- 5 types of measuresM, Pram, Pratim, Upam, Sam 2. My-cover or boundary, Measure, illusion (both by cover). 3. Pram-Measured or proof. 4. Prameya-Point to be proved, measured. 5. Pramt-Person/agency which proves. Stages of Science -1. Vidy = Unification of knowledge 2. Avidya = Apar Vidy-Classification, science Methods of Science1. Avidy-classification 2. Asmit-definition of each class 3. Rga-Links with other classes. 4. Dvea-Differences from others 5. Abhinivea-Making a theory. Chain of Observation-theory-revision Jna (theory) & Karma (observation, measure) correct each other.

Chronology 1. After Mahbhrata, America/poles were not known. Srya-siddhnta when 4 quadrant points on globe + planetary distances were known. 2. Pura cardinal towns are earlier. 3. Year started with Mgha. Vivasvn (Srya) started with Chaitra. 4. Lokas or galactic structures known before Magh year. 5. Minerals located in time of Brahm. 6. Luni-solar months named by Brahm-star of full moon time. 7. Brahm started Veda after glacial floods of 31000 BC. 8. Krttikeya time-north pole away from Abhijit-15800 BC-Mgha at start of rains. 9. Vaivasvata Manu after him in 13902 BC. 10. Second glacial floods (10000 BC) in time of Vaivasvata Yama (Jamshed). 11. After floods Matsya in 9533 BC, abha Deva, Maya revision 9323 BC, 12. Ikvku-8576 BC. 13. Dionysus-Bhu of Srya-vama in 6777 BC (Megasthenes) 14. Paraurma death in 6177 BC (Kalamba = Kollam samvat) 15. Rma-4433-4382 BC (Prabhava in both Jupiter cycles-Matsya & Rma) 16. Yudhihira-King (aka) 17-12-3139 BC,Kali Samvat 17-2-3102 BC Ujjain midnight Jaybhyudaya aka 25-8-3102 BC, Laukika era 3067 BC. Two systems after Mahbhrata- (1) rya (Pitmaha, Brahm) (2) Parara (Srya-siddhnta, Viu pura)

Yuga Cycles Yuga is of 4, 5, 12, 18, 19, 60, years within human life. Astronomical Yuga is grand rotation of planets upto 1000 Sun-Diameters. Integral rotation of planets till Saturn is 43,20,000 years. Historic Yuga of 24,000 years parallel to glacial cycle. Joint cycle of Apogee in 100,000 years, precession of 26,000 in reverse direction. This is 21,600 years. More correct is 24,000 years-2 parts of 12,000 years each. Long apogee cycle of 312,000 years taken. First half-Avasarpi (A) -Satya, Tret, Dvpara, kali of 4,3,2,1 parts Second half-Utsarpi (U)-in reverse order of Yuga parts. Now 3rd cycle running Kali of 3A starts in 3102 BC. Cycle 1 (day 1 of Brahmbda)-A =61902-49902 BC, U= till 37,902 BC Brahmbda 2-A-37902-25902 BC, U=25902-13,902 BC Brahmbda 3 (from Vaivasvata Manu)-A-13902-1902 BC (Kali from 3102 BC) U-1902-702 BC-Kali, 702 BC -1699 AD-Dvpara 1699-1999-Tret-sandhy Information technology Now proper Tret till 4099 AD. Glacial foods in 31000, 10000 BC-in A-Tret Glacial Ice in 69,200 BC (4th cycle before now), 45000, 20,000 BC- in U-Tret Brahm (Svyamhuva Manu) in 1st Tret (Vyu pura 9/46, 31/3, 33/5)

Types of Texts No text book available-only calculation manuals Description of Instruments missing. gveda (5/40-Atri), Tya mahbrhmaa (6/6/8) Turya (4th) yantra-Telescope using 4 aspects of light-ray Intensity, spectrum, polarization, Doppler Shift, Coding Grva (gravel) Heavy machine, grinder Avi-Linear path of ray (like motion of Avi = ram) 4 colurs of Avi-4 aspects of light ray analysed by telescope Svarbhnu, Rhu, Asura Node of moon orbit causing eclipse Viuvat (Viuva) upyan = measured with ref. to equator/zodiac Drapsa (drops)-Galaxy in space, stars in galaxy, planets in solar-system Nakatra-100 billion galaxies, 100 billion stars in galaxy, Pultonic bodies = number of Lomagarta (75000 parts of second) in year -(atapatha brhmaa 12/3/2/5, 10/4/4/2) Zones of solar system-Indra-Bhaspati, 3 Vikrama of Viu, 6 Vaakra, 30 Dhma, (3 within earth)-33 Devas as Pra of these zones

Classification of time, sects arbitrary 1. Units of measure cannot be different in same country in same era. 2. Measures of earth, moon, planets will not differ for sects/persons 3. Measures of length, time linked with other countries-trade, world map. 4. World map, measure of moon, planets, solar syatem/galaxy in ancient era. 5. Copy in later periods 6. Confusion by similar names of solar/galactic zones as on earth surface. 7. Different texts for different purposes 8. Slight change with time, text books in languages of region/time Indian Texts 1. Vedic texts-Unity or mutual image of cosmic/physical/inner systems 2. Vednga jyotia-luni-solar tropical calender 3. Siddhnta jyotia-Cosmology, galaxy, planetary system. 4. Jaina jyotia-Local language, knowledge, errors in translation -Map of 3 dimensional space on paper-2 suns, moons. -Projection of motion on earth surface -Different measures of Yojana etc.

Brahms Calender 1. Both tropical/sidereal 2. Different starts of years in different ages 3. Sidereal months named after moon star on full moon day 4. Tropical year star with either solstice 5. Regular revision-last by Krttikeya in 15800 BC 6. Aayanma limited within 270 7. Change in start of lunar month from new to full moon 8. Tropical motion of sun on earth surface-Vthi = lanes (gveda 1/164/1-3,12-13, 1/115/3, Atharva 8/5/19-20, Viu pura 2/8-10, Vyu chapter 2, Brahma chap. 1/22 etc) Book of Enoch-Ethiopean old testament, chapter 4
240 Jagat 12x4 200 Triup 11x4 120 Pankti 10x4 Equator
Bhat 9x4 Anuup 8x4 Uik 7x4 Gyatr 6x4
-120 -200 00

-240

Later Calenders 1. Krttikeya North Pole shifted away from Abhijit (Mahbhrata, vana (230/8-10) Year start from Dhanih with rains (Var), so year =Vara, Asura system of year from winter solstice Contd-called Asura-dina (SS) 2. Vaivasvat Manu-Calender of Vivasvn (Srya), 13902 BC Start of Brahmbda or Ayanbda yuga (12+12 thousand years), Brahm in dya Tret Year from Equinox day, Chaitra month at start. 71 yugas of 360 years from Brahm (29102 BC) to Vysa (3102 BC)=26000 years 43 yugas till Vaivasvata Manu (Matsya Pura 273/76,77), then 28 yugas till Vysa 3. Revision by Maya at Romakapattana in 9223 BC (121 years before Satyayuga) (a) Long period, (b) Slowing of day by glacial floods, (c) Other long term corrections. 4. Yuga parts-Asura supremacy for 10 yugas =3600 years before Vaivasvata Manu. Yuga count starts from 1 to 28-ending in 3102 BC Datttreya-10th, Mndht-15th, Parurma-19th, Rma-24th (starting in 3102 +4x360 BC) 5. Ikvku-1-11-8576 BC-count of reignal period of Srya-vama kings 6. Paraurma-death 6177 BC-Kalamba samvat 7. Yudhihira aka 17-12-3139 BC, kali-17-2-3102, Jaybhyudaya-25-8-3102, Laukika 3076 8. Jaina Yudhihira aka-2634 BC-Sanysa of Prvantha 9. iunga aka-1954 BC (end of his reign) Kauzad era used in Burma. 10. Nanda aka -1634 BC, 11. draka aka-756 BC, 12. Chhmna aka-rout of Nineve-612 BC (Varhamihira, Bhat samhit 13/3) 13. rhara aka-456 BC, 14. Vikramditya Samvat-57 BC. 15. Slivhana aka-78 AD.

Astronomers 1. ryabhaa-360 Kali =2742 BC-His period just after Mahbhrata (Mahsiddhnta 2/2) No calender after this period till livhana (78 AD), Chedi (219), Valabh (319 AD). 18 digit system used like Maya astronomy as Galaxy is 1017 yojana (earth= 1000). Long term constants of that period, not of 3600 kali. Base of kali start for calculation, Kusumapura, not the later name Paliputra No kingdom in 3600 kali at Patna to attract astronomer from Kerala (Amaka)/ support. 2. Varhamihira-date given by himself-Yudhihira aka 3042, Chaitra ukla 8=6-3-95 BC Death in 5 BC at age of 90 years (Utpala Bhaa), used Chahamna aka of 612 BC. Could not have used livhana aka of 78 AD, 83 years after his death. Pacha-siddhntik date tallies with Chahamna aka (427, Chaitra s1=saumya, budha) 3. Brahmagupta-Famous as son of Jiugupta (used by him, Vaevara etc) Jiugupta contemporary of Varhamihira (Bhat jtaka 7/7, Jyotirvidbharaa 22/8) Jiugupta, son of Avantivarman (103-33 BC) of Nepal where Vikramditya started samvat. Brhma-sphua-siddhnta in 550 aka (Chhamna) = 62 BC. First inscription of Avantivarman in Chhmna aka, rest 11 in Vikrama-samvat. 4. Srya-siddhnta-(a) 13902 BC, (b) Maya 9223 BC, used by Vlmki, Kikindh (40/54) (c) Parara (Viu pura 3300 BC), (d) La (Viudhvaja, 456 BC-Megasthenes) (e) Smaller version by Varhamihira (45 BC).