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ThE WtLDiNO L\STITLT|E

SECTION11

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THE WETDTNGTNS"TTTUTE

DEFECTSWHICH MAY BE DETECTEDBY

SU RFA CEI NS P E CT IO N
Defectswhich may be detectedby visuarinspectioncan be groupedunder four
headings.

1.

Cracks

2.

Surfaceirregularities

3.

Contour defects

4.

Root defects

-Lntgoa-eeeEs suchas cavities

solidincrusions
wi[ be deartwithduringmacroscopic
examination
'-

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T\VI

T1 wELDIv-c-u.{STm,.TE-

SurfaceCracks

60 0 1 5 "

Crack
A linear discontinuity
produced-,/'7
by fracture.

e/acKsmay be

longitudinal,
in the weld metal,
r.e. centreline

longitudinal.
in the parentmetal
',1.'-"i-' ." :-z
.:l, :;
i
: \^ .. ^. -...
I

t-l t,.i...

i^*-1 .. -':..

transverse
"*ral'.1" :' :'1:''

:.-.:l

l ,
, - .1 1

I r i. l'1 '
i

,..

...4...,r-

'i'^;h

rl.

ts-*.
;

. :-.r2*--J

.,-r- : i.r.-a1 r-"..J,^

\.i_r-'o\
'
\
:
1
:\
]-'-Ftrg?irr
-i
l 2 reri'1 , e.'.-';"- ' : L . , - ,. i , ;
1 11.2 -.+
,l
r,D{,*_.^,,,..utsa1.
,.A ^--i-

.--

WELDINGTECHNOLOGY
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THE WELDING INSTFrLTE

Surfacelrregularities

6 . r -: 1 ' ' - ' - , ' . , '

"r '-:

6 0 0 0 6 * U n d e r c u t - .. -' - . : , .

-:

-.,tt.

' ' .,
an irresutalsiooV;.;ii
todtr;

run in the parentmetalor in

previouslydepositedweld
metal.
-"'
l't:'

''

rrr

r . _.

'

5*'

{:

{.
'J

.+---:--{
'

60 007*

'

-.---,1

Sr:.c.,-i r'.
An imperfectionat the toe or.
ile^:
root of a weld causedby metal . . _,.-\
?'l'"'
i .'. :.\'r -)"-i
flowing on to the surfaceof the i:
parent metal without fusingto it. .;,Tr,
".._.,.,,_;,
l

i'-r : ,

\
i

60 038

.-''.''-!<-*
i

Overtap

a:_

Crater pipe --A depressiondue to shrinkage+ etrc F,--.:_,

at the end of a run where the .:-..'.... ).r,

a_Lt)t
Cmtet grya

10031
j2 104

Spatter

Stray flash

(lfrgvarcinsl
r-l-1 ..

. , , _ -- r

WELDING TECHNOLOGY
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TTIE wE t.DrNG r*-siirrt:

Contour Defects
60 003

00000'

Incompletely filled groove _ ,, . ,

A c o n t i n u o u so r i n t e i m i t t e n _t ,
channel in the sur_face
of a weld,
r u n n i n g a l o n g i t s l e n g t h ,d u e
to
rnsufficientweld metal. The
c h a n n e lm a y b e a l o n g t h e
c e n t r eo . a l o n g o n e o r b o t h
: ,,\)\:
edges of the weld.

. . -

B u l b o u sc o n t o u r
(not BS 499 term)

-t

,00'

' :

^. :--

Unequal legs - poa,

(notBS 499rerm) \

. . - -t.a = e . f

V a r i a t i o no f l e g l e n g t ho n a f i l l e t
weid.
N . B . U n e q u a lj e g l e n g t h sm a y
oe specified as part of the
d e s i g n - i n w h i c h c a s et h e y a r e
not defects.

1 a

AA
WELDING TECHNOLOGY
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THE \I'ELDINC NSTrI.LTE

Root Defects
60 022* lncomplete roor penetration
_ a
Failureof weld metal,o "o"nd
)1 ,,, ,.-,
i
lnto the root of a joint.
>../^
l-.._ ^

rO 020

-J 004'

Lack of root fusion

i)

.-

._

":':iri[-?-.

, "
rl u\j

j , t

I
,

r - ,

, - ; -

'

- .\

I
Lackof ,nio"'u'i,nu
..ootof ,-t,r..=^^:,.,.r-.;
jcin:.
-;--.-,---_

Shrinkage groove .-

flF
i

-L

r y .. .: . .:. ;. ;r' .i

A shallowgroovecausedB,.^/'.,-' t.-.'-_l ..,..,i,_..

contractionin the metalalonns.,\\.,...._.
eachside of a penetratron
bead.
60 039

Burnthrough
(melt through)
A localisedcollapseof rhe
motten pool due to excesstve
Penetration,resultingin a hole
rn the weld run.

%--izzzz

WELDINGTECHNOLOGY
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TTE \I'ELDTNC

QUESTIONS

REVIEW OF DEFECTS

Ql

02

Q3

Name two (p) cracl</planar

defects found wjthin

Give two (2) maincauses

of excesspenetration

Sketch a)
b)

Q4

Q5

the weld metal.

lncomplete filled groove

Lack of sidewall
fusion at the weld
toe

Givethree(3) main
causesof undercut

Give three possible

causes of lack of
side waJlfusion

QS1,1I

LIVSTM.]