j¡ e p¡ C jÉ¡ ¢e −g −ØV¡

Let not ambition mock our useful toil

S°eL C¢aq¡pNË¿ÛlQ¢ua¡ ay¡l fË¢a¢V hC−ul öl¦−a HCi¡−h i¨¢jL¡ öl¦ Ll−ae, ""j¤Mhå ¢m¢Mu¡ L¡q¡lJ
j¤M hå L¢l−a Q¡C e¡; −pSeÉ i¨¢jL¡ ¢m¢M−a¢R''z Bj¡−cl HC j¤Mhå fËL«af−r f¡W−Ll p−‰ HLV¡
B−m¡Qe¡ h¡ pwm¡f hm¡ k¡u, −kM¡−e Bj¡−cl a¡¢aÆL AhÙÛ¡eV¡ f¢l×L¡l Llh¡l HLV¡ p¤¤−k¡N B−pz Bjl¡
−L¡eÚ f¡WL−L Q¡C¢R −pV¡ −kje Bjl¡ f¢l×L¡l Ll−a f¡¢l, f¡WLJ HLV¡ f¢l×L¡l d¡lZ¡ f¡e −k ¢a¢e HC
hC¢V−a ¢WL ¢L Bn¡ Ll−a f¡−lez f¡WL mrÉ L−l−Re HC pwMÉ¡l j¡ep¡C−ul "p¡hV¡CVm' qm "I¢aqÉ,
pwú«¢a J SeS£he'z "C¢aq¡p' hm−a Bf¡jl Sep¡d¡lZ k¡ −h¡−Te −pV¡ ¢WL HM¡−e mrÉ euz C¢aq¡−pl
pw‘¡ BS f¡m−V −N−R, ¢h−c¢n ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡mu…¢m−a "L¡mQ¡l¡m ØV¡¢XS' e¡−j ea¥e ¢Xf¡VÑ−j¾V M¤−m−R Hhw
BNËqSeL N−hoZ¡ Q−m−R, ¢L¿¹¥ Eæ¡¢pL BÉ¡L¡−X¢ju¡l h¡C−l −pC Be¾ck−‘l −L¡e EcÚk¡fe −eCz
p¡lüa Evph p¡hÑSe£e, HC fËhå pwLm−el E−ŸnÉJ a¡C ph¡l L¡−R −fy±R¡−e¡z Bjl¡ HC pwLme °a¢l
Llh¡l pju −c−M¢R ¢hc‡pj¡S−L h¡c ¢c−m HCS¡a£u HLV¡ d¡lZ¡ l−u−R, −k−qa¥ j¡b¡i¡P¡u l¡Sh¡¢s
−eC, a¡C "j¡b¡i¡P¡l C¢aq¡p' HLV¡ Ah‘¡l ¢hou h¡ ¢e−cef−r "−aje HLV¡ …l¦aÆf§ZÑ ¢S¢ep eu'z
HLh¡l Aø¡cn na−Ll −N¡s¡l ¢c−Ll hØVe nq−ll HLam¡, L¡−Wl Olh¡¢sl R¢h −c−M j−e q−u¢Rm, qua
aMeL¡l hØVeh¡p£l¡J HCi¡−h −i−h¢R−mez HMe −pC pjuL¡l HLV¥L−l¡ L¡N−Sl c¡j ¢L¿¹¥ A−eLz HC
fËhå pwLm−el f¡WL −L±a¨qm£, Ae¤p¢åvp¤¤ ¢n¢ra p¡d¡lZ j¡e¤oz a¡C fËb−j Bj¡−cl a¡¢aÆL AhÙÛ¡e
f¢l×L¡l Ll¡ HL¡¿¹ fË−u¡Sez

j¡b¡i¡P¡u Aa£−a J haÑj¡−e NhÑ Llh¡l j−a¡ p¡wú«¢aL ¢œ²u¡Lm¡f q−u−Rz pwlrZ Llh¡l
E−cÉ¡−Nl Ai¡−h BS a¡l ¢Qq²j¡œ −eCz HC pwMÉ¡l SeÉ Bjl¡ j¡b¡i¡P¡ −b−L fËL¡¢na p¡j¢uLf−œl
C¢aq¡p lQe¡ Ll−a −Q−u¢Rm¡jz ¢h¢iæ pwh¡cfœ R¡s¡J j¡ep¡C V¡Cjp, hc−mul, ¢a¢al, j¾c¡œ²¡¿¹¡l
(p−¿¹¡o ¢pwq pÇf¡¢ca) jae k−bø EμQj¡−el f¢œL¡ HM¡−e fËL¡¢na q−u−Rz AbQ NË¿Û¡N¡l…¢m−a ¢LR¥
−eC L¡lZ HCph A¢L¢’vLl ¢S¢ep pwlrZ Ll¡ qu ¢ez ¢n¢m…¢s−a ¢L¿¹¥ Ha M¡l¡f AhÙÛ¡ euz f’¡n
cn−Ll jq¡e¾c¡ l j−a¡ f¢œL¡…¢m f¡Ju¡ k¡uz fË¢a¢V nq−lC ¢LR¥ −m¡L¡m BCLe b¡−Le ky¡l¡
EšlL¡−ml N−hÑl ¢houz j¡b¡i¡P¡u BS i¨−a¡o N¡‰¥¢m h¡ hËSe¡b h¡N¢Ql −L¡e R¢h −eC HV¡ M¤h BÕQ−kÑlz
h¢ql¡Na −LE k¢c h−me jce−j¡qeh¡¢sl f¡−n Bö−a¡o qm Bp−m h¡wm¡l h¡O Bö−a¡o j¤−M¡f¡dÉ¡−ul
Øj«¢alr¡−bÑ °a¢l Abh¡ e¡VÉ¡Q¡kÑ Ad£l dl h−m −LE ¢R−me e¡ a¡q−mJ hmh¡l ¢LR¥ b¡L−h e¡ L¡lZ Hy−cl
Øj«¢alr¡−bÑ L¡kÑLl ¢LR¥C Ll¡ qu ¢ez p¡lüa Evph Øjl¢ZL¡…¢m ¢LR¥V¡ −Qø¡ L−l¢Rm, Hhw ÙÛ¡e£u
h¤¢ÜS£h£l¡ ¢h¢μRæi¡−h hÉ¢š²Na −Qø¡u ¢h¢iæ r¥â fœf¢œL¡u ¢m−M−Rez BS −p…¢mC Bj¡−cl Aa£a−L
S¡e¡l HLj¡œ Ef¡uz j¡ep¡C 2007 J 2008 pwMÉ¡c¤¢VJ ¢e−Sl ja L−l HC n§eÉa¡−L f§lZ Ll−a
−Q−u−Rz ¢L¿¹¥ NË¿Û¡N¡l…¢m H¢N−u e¡ H−m Hhw Øj«¢al ¢X¢SV¡m pwlrZ e¡ q−m L¡−Sl L¡S ¢LR¥C q−h e¡z
−Sm¡u fËbj Se¢h‘¡e B−¾c¡me k¢c j¡b¡i¡‰¡−a q−a f¡−l, a¡q−m fËbj ¢X¢SV¡m m¡C−hË¢l eu −Le?
Hl SeÉ NË¿Û¡N¡l…¢ml HL −L¡Z¡u c¤−V¡ Bmj¡¢l Bl HLV¡ L¢ÇfEV¡l J úÉ¡e¡l q−mC L¡S Q−m k¡uz
abÉ¢hfÓ−hl k¤−N pwNËqn¡m¡ °a¢l L−l hC/c¢mmfœ a¡m¡hå L−l l¡M¡ AbÑq£ez HL¡¢dL J−uhp¡CV °a¢l
q−a f¡−l Hhw ph…¢m−aC HLC c¢m−ml ¢X¢SV¡m R¢h l¡M¡ −k−a f¡−l −k…¢m fª¢bh£l −k−L¡e fË¡−¿¹ h−p
−k-−LE fs−a f¡l−hz Bjl¡ BqÄ¡e l¡Mh, k¢c j¡b¡i¡‰¡u ¢X¢SV¡m m¡C−hË¢l qu a¡q−m f¡WL−cl hÉ¢š²Na
pwNË−q k¡ Aj§mÉ hC/¢Q¢W/c¢mmfœ l−u−R NË¿Û¡N¡−l H−p úÉ¡e L¢l−u −gla ¢e−u k¡−he L¡lZ Bfe¡l
Ešlf¤l¦o −p…¢ml j§mÉ e¡-J ¢c−a f¡−lz
  

öl¦−a HLV¡ Lb¡ f¤el¡hª¢š Ll¡ fË−uu¡Se −k C¢aq¡p j¡−e l¡SL¡¢qe£ - HC d¡lZ¡ Bj¡−cl
pjp¡j¢uL L¡−m jªaz ¢hwn na−Ll öl¦−a C¢ C¢aq¡p pÇf−LÑ −k d¡lZ¡ f¡ÕQ¡−aÉ fËQ¢ma ¢Rm a¡l ¢i¢š ¢Rm
¢mJ−f¡ô ge lÉ¡−ˆl f¢S¢V¢iSjz AeÉ¡eÉ ¢hi i¡N…¢ml ja C¢aq¡pJ HLV¡ fy¡¢Qm−Ol¡ ¢hi¡N ¢Rm -
i¨−N¡m, pj¡SaaÆ, AbÑe£¢a h¡ p¡¢q−aÉl p−‰ a a¡l −L¡e −me−ce ¢Rm e¡z Hdl−Zl d¡lZ¡ Bj¡−cl j−dÉ
HM−e¡ B−R, Cw−l¢Sl AdÉ¡fL qu−a¡ h−m hpp−me ay¡l ¢hou Cw−l¢S p¡¢qaÉ, AaHh ¢a¢e n£−oѾc¥ fsh¡l
fË−u¡Se −h¡d L−le e¡ h¡ ýj¡u¤e Bq−j−cl e¡j ¡j LM−e¡ −n¡−ee¢ez HL ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡m−ul Cw−l¢S ¢hi¡−Nl HL
AhplfË¡ç AdÉ¡fL hRl fy¡−QL B−N C¢¾cl¡ −−Q±d¤¢ll HL¢V e¡jLl¡ hC−ul Lb¡ ö−e ¢Øjaq¡−pÉ
h−m¢R−me, "E¢e −a¡ ¢WL Cw−l¢Sl −m¡L e¡z J Je¡l L¡SV¡ p¡¢qaÉ e¡ pj¡SaaÆ a¡C −h¡T¡ k¡u e¡'z
HV¡ L¡E−L −qu Llh¡l SeÉ hm¡ euz Bp−m ¢¢LR¥¢ce B−N fkÑ¿¹ HlLj d¡lZ¡ M¤h ü¡i¡¢hL ¢Rmz HMe
‘¡eQQÑ¡l ¢h¢iæ ¢hi¡N…¢ml j−dÉ −cu¡m HLV¡¡ e¡−jj¡œ b¡L−mJ −p…¢m A−eLV¡C p¢μRâ, i¡la-h¡wm¡−cn
p£j¡e¡l ja, Hf¡l −b−L Jf¡−l (AÉ¡L¡−X¢jL L) f¡p−f¡VÑ R¡s¡C −h¢nli¡N pju k¡a¡u¡a Ll¡ k¡uz
j¡b¡i¡P¡ jq¡¢hcÉ¡m−ulC HL AdÉ¡fL ¢gmS¢g ¢g ¢e−u N−hoZ¡ Ll−a Ll−a ¢g¢S„-H Y¥−L f−s−Rez k¡C
−q¡L, aMe I¢aq¡¢pL −k ¢hou ¢e−u hm−ae a a¡l Jfl ¢LR¥ p¡ma¡¢lM J c¢mm-cÙ¹¡−h−Sl E−õMpq
OVe¡…¢m œ²j¡eÄ−u h−m −k−ae, "aaMeL¡l ¢c−e HC ¢Rm, JC ¢Rm, a¡C ¢Rm' CaÉ¡¢c Hhw i¡l−a
j§ma −pV¡ ¢Rm l¡S¡-l¡Ss¡l N−è¡è¡z hm¡ qa "History is written through the use of
texts". l¡Sh¡¢sl fy¡QV¡ −m¡L −RR−s cn mr p¡d¡lZ fËS¡ −Lje ¢Rm −pV¡ S¡e¡l clL¡l ¢Rm
e¡z ýj¡u¤e h¡cn¡l pju −c¡L¡ec¡¡ll¡ h¡ Q¡o£l¡ h¡ −fË¢jLl¡ −Lje ¢R−me, p¤¤L¡¿¹l i¡o¡u,
""a¡l Mhl −L l¡−M?''
HC C¢aq¡p¢mMefËZ¡m££ h¡ historiographyl ¢hl¦−Ü phÑfËbj fË¢ah¡c L−l¢R−me
Revue de Synthese Historique f¢œL¡ pÇf¡cL By¢l −hl, ky¡−L ¢noÉ m¤¢p−ue −gil
hy¡d¡N−al C¢aq¡pQQÑ¡l −r−œ −VÊ¡¡S¡e
S qpÑ h−m−Rez −hl−L ¢O−l eh£e I¢aq¡¢pL−cl HLV¡
cm N−s E−W¢Rm, −k¢V f−l "Be¡m m ú¥m' e¡−j MÉ¡a qu (École des Annales) −gil hm−me

Textts certainly, but all kinds of texts... and not texts

alonne".
C¢aqq¡p qm HL¢V Se−N¡ù£l S£hek¡f−el c¢mmz fËb¡Na
L¨V°ee¢aL C¢aq¡p LM−e¡ NZB−¾c¡m−el am −f−a f¡−l e¡, HC
B−¾c¾c¡m−el "−j¡¢Vi' LM−e¡ c¢mm-cÙ¹¡−h−S f¡Ju¡ k¡−h e¡z
p¡q¡kkÉ ¢e−a q−h AbÑe£¢a, i¨−N¡m, eªaaÆ −b−L Blñ L−l
NZppwN£a J pwú«¢a, Hje¢L jeÙ¹aÆ¢hcÉ¡- pjÙ¹ ¢hou…¢m −b−LC;
AeÉbb¡u HLV¡ HL−f−n C¢aq¡p lQe¡ q−a h¡dÉz HM¡−e fË¡L-
−l¡j¡¡¢¾VL k¤−Nl Cw−lS L¢h Vj¡p −NËl Lb¡ j−e fs−a h¡dÉ, Bl
a¡C a ay¡l m¡Ce…¢m Bjl¡ ¢LR¥V¡ àÉbÑ−h¡dL, self reflective
i¡−hh HC j¤Mh−ål H¢fNË¡g ¢q−p−h hÉhq¡l L−l¢Rz I¢aq¡¢pL
j¡LÑÑ hhÓM p¡j¿¹a¡¢¿»L é¡−¾pl −k AehcÉ C¢aq¡p lQe¡ Ll−me
x 

La SSociete Feodale (Feudal Society) hC−az Ef¡c¡e

¢q−p−
p−h öd¤C c¢mm-cÙ¹¡−hS eu, H−l¡−fÓ−e −Q−f B’¢mL
fªù¡

−V¡−ff¡NË¡¢g −c−M−Re, aMeL¡l ¢c−el q¡m-m¡P−ml ej¤e¡ −k¡N¡s

L−l L«¢oL¡−Sl ¢h¢iæ fÉ¡l¡¢jV¡l…−m¡ −h¡T¡l −Qø¡ L−l−Re,
i¡o¡a aaÆ à¡l¡ p¡gÑ, h¤−SÑ¡u¡ fËi«¢a n−ël A−bÑl ¢hhaÑe
−c¢M−−u−Re, −m±¢LL L¡¢qe£l ja Ef¡c¡e hÉhq¡l L−l−Re,
 
  

Hje¢L é−uX J Cu¤w −cl aaÆ fË−u¡N L−l−Rez −gil hÓ−Ml fËnwp¡ L−l h−m−Re, ¢a¢e N−hoZ¡L−rl
AQm¡uae −b−L −h¢l−u ""−M¡m¡ j¡−W, −M¡m¡ q¡Ju¡u, f¢l×L¡l −Q¡−M, W¡ä¡ j¡b¡u h¡Ù¹h−L −c−M−Rez'' hÓM
−a¡ haÑj¡e AhÙÛ¡−L ¢h−nÓoZ L−l Aa£a −Lje ¢Rm −pC ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ −fy±R¡el HLV¡ fÜ¢aJ Q¡m¤ L−l¢R−mez
j¿¹hÉ L−l¢R−me ""S£h¿¹ haÑj¡e−L −h¡T¡C qm I¢aq¡¢p−Ll p−hÑ¡šj …Zz'' HV¡ ö−e dË¥fc£ C¢aq¡p¢hcl¡
Bya−L E−W¢R−me a¡−a p−¾cq −eCz

hÓM J −gi−ll C¢aq¡pQQÑ¡−L flhaÑ£−a H¢N−u ¢e−u −N−Re −gle¡¾c −hË¡−cm, BeÑØV m¡hË¥p J SSÑ c¤¢hl
ja I¢aq¡¢pLl¡z 1970 Hl cn−L Hdl−Zl C¢aq¡pQQÑ¡ ¢Ù¹¢ja q−u H−p−R, mì ‘¡e ¢e−u H¢N−u −N−R
AeÉ¡eÉ d¡l¡l ‘¡eQQÑ¡z H¢lL qhph−jl ja j¡LÑph¡c£ I¢aq¡¢pLl¡ −k cª¢øi¢‰l f¢lhaÑe L−l−Re a¡lC
p§œ d−l öl¦ q−u−R lZ¢Sv …q-f¡bÑ Q−–¡f¡dÉ¡−ul q¡a d−l ¢ejÀh−NÑl C¢aq¡p QQÑ¡, "p¡hmV¡eÑ ØV¡¢XS'z
−j¡Ÿ¡ Lb¡ qm p¡d¡lZ j¡e¤o J SeS£he C¢aq¡p QQÑ¡l −L¾cÊ¢h¾c¥−a a¡−cl ÙÛ¡e My¥−S −fmz pj¡S-
pwú«¢a−L …l¦aÆ ¢c−a C¢aq¡pQQÑ¡u HC −k fÉ¡l¡X¡Cj ¢ngV q−u¢Rm "−pC VÊ¡¢Xne pj¡−e Q¢mu¡−R'z HMe
L¡mQ¡l¡m ØV¡¢XS e¡−j −k d¡l¡l fËQme q−u−R a¡−L Bm¡c¡ ¢hi¡N h¡ ¢X¢p¢fÓe e¡ h−m A−e−L pjÙ¹
¢hi¡N…¢ml j−dÉ HLV¡ −Ty¡L h¡ tendency hm−a Q¡ez

Cultural studies’ continuities come from shared concerns and methods: the concern is the
reproduction of culture through structural determinations on subjects versus their own
agency, and the method is historical materialism.
(Toby Miller, ed. A Companion to Cultural Studies, Blackwell.2001. p.1)

pj¡S¢h‘¡−e "p¡h−Sƒ' në¢Vl AbÑ "fËS¡' dl−m j¾c qu e¡z Bmb¤p¡l −c¢M−u−Re l¡øÊ ¢Li¡−h m¡−Wɱo¢dl
Lj fË−u¡N L−l BcnÑ fËQ¡−ll j¡dÉ−j (Ideological State Apparatus) a¡l "fËS¡'−cl j−e¡SN−al
cMm ¢e−a Q¡uz −L¾cÊ£u plL¡−ll A¢hl¡j fËQ¡−l Hhw ¢p−ej¡-¢V¢il Efâ−h Bjl¡ k¡l¡ ¢q¢¾c−L l¡øÊi¡o¡
h−m −j−e ¢e−u¢R a¡l¡ HC A−bÑ p¡h−Sƒ −k a¡−cl j−e¡SNa cMm q−u −N−R, a¡l¡ −pC m¡C−eC ¢Q¿¹¡
Ll−R −k m¡C−e ¢q¢¾c −hÒV Q¡C−Rz fË¡L ¢hcÉ¡p¡Nl k¤−N huú j¢qm¡l¡ kMe ¢nöLeÉ¡−cl fs¡−n¡e¡ hå
Ll−ae "−j−uj¡e¤o fs¡−n¡e¡ ¢nM−m ¢hdh¡ qu' h−m (h‰pj¡−S A¿¹xf¤−l f¤l¦on¡pe ¢Rm e¡, ¢N¢æj¡−ul¡C
−c¡cÑäfËa¡−f l¡SaÆ Ll−ae) aMe ay¡l¡J ¢L¿¹¥ HLV¡ ¢fa«a¡¢¿»L Bc−nÑl p¡h−Sƒ z ay¡l¡ h¡¢m−nl am¡u
m¤¢L−u p¡¢qaÉQQÑ¡ Ll−m −pV¡ ay¡−cl H−S¢¾pz −k −L¡e −N¡ù£l j¡b¡l¡C ¢h¢hd Ef¡−u ¢h¢iæ ¢hnÄ¡p J
pwú¡l L¡−S m¡¢N−u h¡ °a¢l L−l p¤¤−L±n−m p¡d¡lZ j¡e¤−ol j−el cMm −eu J a¡−L Q¡me¡ (mobilize)
L−lz HC rja¡l V¡e¡−f¡−s−el j−dÉ cy¡¢s−u p¡d¡lZ j¡e¤o −ki¡−h a¡l pj¡S-pwú«¢a−L Efm¢ì L−l a¡-
C L¡mQ¡l¡m ØV¡¢X−Sl B−m¡QÉ ¢houhÙ¹¥z

hC¢V−L Bjl¡ ¢hou¢i¢šLi¡−h p¡a¢V i¡−N i¡N L−l¢Rz fËbj ¢hi¡−N (f¤el¦Ü¡l) Bjl¡ Hje ¢LR¥
I¢aq¡¢pL c¢mm/−mM¡fœ/Øj«¢aLb¡ HLœ L−l¢R k¡ j¡b¡i¡‰¡l I¢aq¡¢pL AhÙÛ¡e h¤T−a p¡q¡kÉ Ll−hz
¢àa£u ¢hi¡N "fË¡¿¹QQÑ¡'u j§ma j¡b¡i¡‰¡l A¿¹NÑa Sefc/A’m¢i¢šL −i±−N¡¢mL-I¢aq¡¢pL B−m¡Qe¡…¢m
−l−M¢Rz a«a£u ¢hi¡−N (BbÑp¡j¡¢SL) j§ma HLV¡ AbÑ°e¢aL C¢aq¡p −ch¡l −Qø¡ L−l¢Rz j¡b¡i¡‰¡
xi 
jqL¥j¡ Smf¡C…¢s-X¥u¡pÑ −b−L öl¦ L−l lwf¤l-juje¢pwq fkÑ¿¹ −k AbÑ°e¢aL A’m¢Vl A¿¹i¥Ñš² ¢Rm a¡l
−h¢nli¡NV¡C ¢hË¢Vn i¡l−al j−dÉz HC −fË¢ra −b−LC Hl C¢aq¡p−L −cM−a q−h L¡lZ HC AbÑ°e¢aL
fªù¡

A’m¢Vl i¡NÉ f¢lhaÑ−el R¡f f−s−R j¡b¡i¡‰¡l Jfl-LM−e¡ ¢hnÄk¤Ü-flhaÑ£ j¾c¡u, LM−e¡ −cni¡−Nl
flz
Bl p¡j¡¢SL f¢lhaÑ−el −r−œ "H−S¾V' ¢q−p−h ky¡l¡ B−m¡l ¢cn¡l£ q−u−Re −pC i¨¢jf¤œ−cl Ahc¡e ¢e−u
B−m¡Qe¡ l−u−R Qa¥bÑ ¢hi¡N "L«a£ p¿¹¡e'-Hz NZB−¾c¡me…¢ml fËL«¢a/E−ŸnÉ ¢e−u B−m¡Qe¡ l−u−R f’j

 
  

¢hi¡N "pj¡−hn'-Hz Bj¡−cl Ae¤på¡−el −n−o NË¡j¢nl −pC A−j¡O E¢š²−aC ¢g−l Bp−a q−u−R −k
NË¡j£Z pj¡−S pj¡−h−nl j§−m l−u−R Ce−V−mLQ¥u¡m−cl L¡kÑLm¡f :
One can understand nothing of the collective life of the peasantry and of the germs
and ferments of development which exist within it, if one does not take into
consideration and examine concretely and in depth this effective subordination to
the intellectuals. Every organic development of the peasant masses, up to a certain
point, is linked to and depends on movements among the intellectuals.
(THE DIFFERENT POSITION OF URBAN AND RURAL-TYPE INTELLECTUALS,
Prison Notebooks, Ch.1)

C¢af§−hÑ HC A’−ml C¢aq¡pQQÑ¡u −kV¡l p¢aÉC Ai¡h ¢Rm −pC e¡l£h¡c£ cª¢ø−L¡Z ÙÛ¡e −f−u−R où
¢hi¡N "j¡eh£QQÑ¡'uz e¡l£l p¡j¡¢SL p¤¤lr¡ J rja¡ue ¢ho−u jce ¢S l¡−ul N−hoZ¡¢V Eš−ll j¡eh£QQÑ¡l
−r−œ HL¢V E−õM−k¡NÉ Ahc¡e q−u b¡L−hz j¡b¡i¡‰¡l ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡ J pwú«¢aQQÑ¡ −no ¢hi¡N "¢nr¡ J
pwú«¢a'−a B−m¡¢Qa q−u−Rz j¡b¡i¡‰¡ BS AMÉ¡a, −R¡V nql q−mJ a¡ pN−hÑ h‰£u ehS¡Nl−Zl
Ešl¡¢dL¡l c¡¢h L−lz Bö−a¡o −O¡o −b−L pjL¡m£e e¡Nl pwú«¢al f¡n¡f¡¢n Ešlh−‰l pjªÜ
−m¡Lpwú«¢a−L a¥−m dl¡ q−u−R HC fkÑ¡−uz

Bjl¡ pwNa L¡l−ZC j¡b¡i¡‰¡l −i±−N¡¢mL p£j¡l j−dÉ BV−L b¡¢L ¢e L¡lZ AbÑe£¢a-pwú«¢a
h¡ l¡Se£¢a −L¡eV¡C ¢WL Ha AÒf f¢lp−l L¡S L−l e¡z j¡b¡i¡‰¡ −k AbÑ°e¢aL-p¡wú«¢aL S¡−ml j−dÉ
ÙÛ¡e −f−u¢Rm a¡ ¢hË¢Vnn¡¢pa f§hÑh‰ Hhw Ešlh−‰l pjeÄ−u °a¢l ¢Rm HLb¡ Bjl¡ j¡b¡u l¡M¡l −Qø¡
L−l¢Rz j§ma l¡S Bjm −b−L haÑj¡e Ah¢d p¡d¡lZ j¡e¤o p¡j¡¢SL "−Øfp' Hl j−dÉ −ki¡−h ¢e−S−L My¥−S
−f−u−R −pV¡C Bjl¡ dlh¡l −Qø¡ L−l¢R Hhw Na¡e¤N¢aL d¡l¡l h¡C−l ¢N−u HLV¡ ea¥e historiography
hÉhq¡l Llh¡l −Qø¡ L−l¢Rz HC −jb¢XLÉ¡m ea¥eaÆ ¢e¢ÕQai¡−hC f¡WL−cl −Q¡M Hs¡−h e¡ L¡lZ A¢dL¡wn
pj−u NË¡¢gLpÚ Hhw c¤×fË¡fÉ R¢hl pjeÄ−u a¡l fËL¡n O−V−Rz üi¡haC ¢hl¡V −L¡e p¡g−mÉl Bn¡ Bjl¡
L¢l e¡, ¢L¿¹¥ Bjl¡ ¢e¢ÕQa −k j¡b¡i¡‰¡l p¡lüa pj¡S H¢N−u Bp−he Hhw hÉ¡Ve q¡−a p¡j−el ¢c−L
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