See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282886589

PSO based controller algorithm for optimal

allocation & setting of fuel cell in a wind - PV
integrated power system...
Article February 2015
DOI: 10.1109/ICAGE.2014.7050135

CITATIONS

READS

59

7 authors, including:
Emil Skariah

Tibin Joseph

Mahatma Gandhi University

Cardiff University

5 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS

28 PUBLICATIONS 21 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

SEE PROFILE

Sasidharan Sreedharan

Vipin Das

University of Hawaii at Mnoa

Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology

45 PUBLICATIONS 46 CITATIONS

8 PUBLICATIONS 4 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Multiterminal DC Grid for Offshore Wind Farms (MEDOW): EU FP7 Marie Curie Project View

project
Design And Development of FPGA Controller for PEM fuel cell power system View project

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate,

letting you access and read them immediately.

Available from: Tibin Joseph

Retrieved on: 23 November 2016

2014 International Conference on Advances in Green Energy (ICAGE) | 17-18 December 2014 | Trivandrum

PSO Based Controller Algorithm For Optimal

Allocation & Setting of Fuel Cell In A Wind - PV
Integrated Power System for Maximizing
Loadability
Sebin Joseph1, Emil Ninan Skariah2, Tibin Joseph3, Sasidharan Sreedharan4, Chittesh V C1, Vipin Das P1, Vishnu J1
1

PG Scholar, SAINTGITS College of Engineering, Kottayam, Kerala,

Asst. Professor, SAINTGITS College of Engineering, Kottayam, Kerala
3
Marie Curie Early Stage Researcher, Institute of Energy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
4
HOD Dept. of EEE, Vidya Academy of Science & Technology, Thrissur, Kerala.
2

can be instrumental for the system planning engineer. With

optimum placement, the utilities can extract maximum
technical benefits like reduction in system losses; improvement
in voltage regulation and improvement in reliability of supply
[3]. With increased size and complexity of modern power
system, there are chances of cascaded effect of oscillations
from a small disturbance leading to complete system black out.
The oscillatory instability is one of the limiting criteria for
synchronous operation of distributed generators [4]. Also, the
dynamic loadability of a system depends on small signal
stability limit [5]. There are other issues like the optimal
allocation of distributed generators to extract maximum
technical benefits, like higher stability and security margins of
operations, better voltage profile, increased loadability, reduced
losses. Therefore, finding a position for the DG which is
economically viable, through a suitable size and minimization
of losses is of utmost importance.

Abstract Distributed Generators are gaining widespread

applications around the world to facilitate the need for expanding
generation capacity to meet the increasing load demand.
However the integration and high penetration of distributed
generations into the power system poses many issues that need to
be addressed carefully. The main limiting factors for
synchronous operation of distributed generators are voltage and
angle instability and grid control authorities are limiting the
distributed generator penetration level for maintaining grid
stability. This paper attempts to identify the maximum safe
system loading, with the integration of distributed generators, by
the optimization of grid parameters. In this paper, optimal
placement & setting of distributed energy resources (DER) is
formulated so as to maximize the system loadability using PSO.
The impact of optimal integration using PSO algorithm has been
analyzed by studying different system parameters like voltage
profile, line flows and real power generation. The application of
the scheme is illustrated on a standard IEEE 14-bus system and
220 kV Kerala Grid Practical test system using Newton Raphson
power flow method and modal analysis. Results presents the
maximum system loadability in percentage, optimal location and
setting of distributed energy resources, maximum safe bus
loading beyond which system becomes unstable.

N. Mithulananthan et. al. [6] proposed an analytical method

to calculate the optimal size and location of single DG in order
to minimize the system power loss. The design variables
considered for the optimization problem are the size and
location of a single DG. The loads were modelled as constant
power models at one load level. The problem is formulated as a
single objective optimization problem to minimize the system
power loss. In paper [7] a genetic algorithm computes the
optimal number, type, size and location of DGs in distribution
feeders. Multiple DGs are considered for placement and the
optimization problem is formulated as a single objective
function to minimize the benefit/cost ratio. The loads were
modelled as constant power models at one load level. K.H.
Kim, K.B. Song et. al. [8] presents genetic algorithm in
combination with fuzzy goal programming to determine the
optimal location and sizes of DG. A variable power load model
at one load level has been considered for the simulation study.
An optimal DG placement (ODGP) method based on
continuation power flow and determination of most sensitive
buses to voltage collapse is considered in [9]. The objective
here is to find the optimal location of the DG that minimizes
the system power loss. A multiobjective programming
approach based on NSGA is applied in order to maximize the
integration of wind power is presented in [10].

Keywords Distributed Generation (DG), Optimization, PSO,

Power System, Stability

I. INTRODUCTION
Rapid population growth, economic growth and developing
industrial sectors are continuously expanding the electric utility
industry. Therefore, it is necessary to expand generation
capacity to meet the increasing load demand. The growth of
Distributed Generators (DG) is obviously increasing recently
due to its significant impacts to the power system performance.
An Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)s study predicted
that by 2010, 25% of new generation will be DG, while in a
similar study carried out by Natural Gas Foundation, the figure
might be as high as 30% [1].
Studies show that inappropriate allocation & setting of DG,
may cause greater system losses than the losses without DG
[2]. Hence an optimization method capable of determining the
best suitable location of DG for a given distribution network
The research leading to these results has received funding from the
People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Unions Seventh
Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under REA grant agreement no
317221.
978-1-4799-8050-5/14/$31.002014 IEEE

2014 International Conference on Advances in Green Energy (ICAGE) | 17-18 December 2014 | Trivandrum

In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based

technique for the optimal allocation & setting of distributed
energy resources (DER) in the power distribution systems for
loadability enhancement is developed considering the stability
margin i.e., small signal stability, voltage stability, and line
stability. A standard IEEE 14 bus test bench and 220 kV Kerala
Grid practical system are considered to validate the proposed
method. The paper is organized as follows, the first section
briefs about distributed generators and optimal DG placement
problem. The optimization problem and constraints are
formulated in Section 2. Section 3 discusses the
implementation of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
algorithm. Results are detailed in Section 4. Section 5
summarizes the conclusions and major contributions.

The load factor represents the variation of system real &

reactive loads PLi and QLi, defined as:

(11)

) = Q Li

; i = m + 1 ., N b

load bus voltage Vm +1 .VNb , generator reactive power

outputs QG and apparent power flow Sk ; x can be expressed
as:

x T = PG 1 ,V m +1 .V N b , Q G 1 Q G m , S 1 .S N

(12)

u represents the control variables. The control variables

considered here are generator real power outputs PG except at
the slack bus PG1 , generator voltages VG , and the locations of

Nb

Li

Q Li (

B. Dependent And Control Variables

In eq. (1), x represents the dependent variables. The
dependent variables in this analysis are slack bus power PG1 ,

A. Maximize the System Loadability within Stability Margins

The optimization problem to find the optimal location of
Fuel Cell DG is formulated as a single objective optimization
problem considering the loadability of all buses as given
below.

P ( )

(10)

where, m is the total number of generator buses, = 1

indicates the base load case.

II. PROBLEM FORMULATION

M axim ize F ( x , u ) =

PL i ( ) = PL i ; i = m + 1 ., N b

(1)

DER device, L:

i =1

u T = PG 2 PG m ,V G 2 V G m , L , f

Subject to the equality constraint

(13)

Nb

PGi = PLi + Vi V j ( G ij cos ij + Bij sin ij ) ; i = 1, 2, N b (2)

C. Dependent And Control Variables

1) Small Signal Stability: For the small signal stability
analysis, the power system with distributed generators is
modelled as a set of differential equations and a set of
algebraic equations as given below:

j =1

Nb

QGi = Q Li + Vi V j ( Gij sin ij Bij cos ij ) ; i = 1, 2, N b (3)

j =1

where, PLi is the total active load at bus i and Nb is the total
number of buses in the system.
The inequality constraints h(x,u) are
Apparent power flow limit:

x = f ( x, y )

(14)

0 = g ( x, y )

(15)

where, x is the vector of the state variables and y the vector

of the algebraic variables. The differential algebraic equations
(DAEs) can be linearized at an operating point to obtain the
system state matrix As

Sij Sijmax

(4)

Vimin Vi Vimax

(5)

x x f y f x Fx Fy x
0 = g g y = G G y
y
y
x
x

Pslack Pslackmax

(6)

Eliminating the algebraic variables, the state matrix As is

given by

Qslack Qslackmax

(7)

As = Fx FyGy1Gx

Bus voltage limit:

Slack generator power output limit

(8)

Qwind Qwindmax

(9)

(17)

where, Fx, Fy, Gx, Gy are Jacobian Matrices as given in eq.

(16).
The eigenvalues of As provide the information of small
signal stability. Power system is considered stable in the small
signal sense if all the eigenvalues of As lie on the left side of
the imaginary axis. Then the power system is said to be
asymptotically stable and would be able to withstand small
disturbances. The small signal stability analysis is
incorporated in the constraint by the equation in PSAT [17]:

Wind Power output limit.

The wind power dispatch should not exceed the available
wind power from the wind park:

Pwind Pwindmax

(16)

In eq. (1), is a load parameter of the system, which

maximizes the total power that the network can supply within
the system stability margin.

Ei (Fx , Fy , Gy , Gx ) = 0

(18)

2014 International Conference on Advances in Green Energy (ICAGE) | 17-18 December 2014 | Trivandrum

The new particle position is given by

2) Fast Voltage Stability Index: The safe bus loading of
the system is assured by incorporating the Fast Voltage
Stability Index (FVSI) proposed by I. Musirin and A. Rahman
[15].

FVSI ij =

4 Z 2Q j

X ki +1 = X ki + Vki+1
Where

(19)

Vi 2 X

A. System Description
The proposed methodology has been tested on IEEE 14 bus
standard test bench and 220 kV 25 Bus Kerala Grid System.
The IEEE 14 bus test system, shown in fig. 1 consists of 5
generators, of which one is slack and there are 20 lines. Bus 2,
3, 6 and 8 are PV buses and 3, 6 and 8 are synchronous
compensator buses. It has generators located at buses 1, 2, 3, 6,
and 8 and four transformers with off nominal tap ratio in lines
4-7, 4-9, 5-6 and 8-9. SOFC has been connected at bus 10 as
slack generator and Solar PV Generator (Spv) is connected at
bus 14 as static generator. The lower voltage magnitude limits
at all buses are 0.9 p.u. and the upper limits are 1.1 p.u. Total
real and reactive power of load is 259 MW and 81.4 MVAr
respectively. Total generation includes real power generation
of 272.6 MW and 108.83 MVAr of reactive power. Load bus
voltages are maintained to be between 0.9 and 1.1 p.u. Total
active power loss is 13.597 MW. Wind farm consisting of 300
wind turbines and 600 MVA/69 kV capacity has been
connected to bus 3 as identified using wind farm placement
index [13]. Maximum penetration of wind power can be
achieved by connecting wind turbine generator at bus 3.

3) Line Stability Index: The line stability index

symbolized by Lmn proposed by M. Moghavemmi and F.M.
Omar [9] is formulated based on a power transmission concept
in a single line. The line stability index Lmn is given

4Qr X
Vs sin ( )

(20)

where X is the line reactance, Qr is the reactive power at

the receiving end, Vs is the sending end voltage, is the line
impedance angle, and is the angle difference between the

Lmn

supply voltage and the receiving voltage. The value of

R1 and R2 are random numbers.

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS & DISCUSSION

If FVSI1.00: bus connected to the line is approaching its

instability point. If FVSI1.00: one of the buses connected to
the line will experience a sudden voltage drop and the bus will
collapse due to overloading.

Lmn =

(23)

must be less than 1.00 to maintain a stable system.

4) Line Stability Factor: System Stability is also assured
by Line Stability Factor (LQP) proposed by I. Musirin and A.
Rahman [15]. The LQP should be less than 1.00 to maintain a
stable system.

X X

LQP = 4 2 2 Pi 2 + Q j
Vi Vi

(21)

LQP assures that at no level of bus loading the line is

overloaded.
III. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM
The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) model consists of
a swarm of particles representing the potential solutions. Each
particle flies through the n-dimension problem space to search
the new solutions with a position represented by a positioni
i
vector X k and velocity represented by Vk which is
dynamically adjusted based on its own experience and its
neighboring particle's experience. Each particle keeps track of
i

Fig. 1. IEEE- 14 Bus system.

The Centre of Wind Energy Technology under the Ministry

of Non Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) has identified a
potential of around 875 MW in Kerala [14] and the current
installation is only 25 MW. All the wind resources are located
near the border region of Kerala and Tamilnadu. The state of
Tamilnadu, the neighboring state of Kerala is having total wind
installations of around 3000 MW. There are 3 locations for
wind farms in Kerala. The first one at Kanjikode, even though
has a potential for 10 MW, is generating only 2 MW and hence
have not been incorporated in this study. The next one is
Aggali, with a present generation around 23 MW, but has a
tapping potential for 350 MW. The remaining, the largest is

its own best position PLbest in the problem space. PLbest

represents the best solution (fitness) the particle has achieved
so far. The overall best value obtained so far by any
i

particle among the swarm is then stored in a vector PGlobal .

During the iteration time k, the velocity vector is updated
according to.
i
i
Vki+1 = Vki . + C1R1 (PLbest
. X ki ) + C2 R2 (PGlobal
X ki )

(22)

2014 International Conference on Advances in Green Energy (ICAGE) | 17-18 December 2014 | Trivandrum

seen that at maximum system loading the voltages are

maintained within the stipulated limits of 0.9 and 1.1 p.u.

located in at Ramakkalmedu near Idukki and is under

implementation.
Loads are modeled as static loads (constant PQ) with
constant power factor, and increased according to eq. (10) and
eq. (11). The kV rating of DG is the kV of the bus to which it is
connected. All the lines of the system except line with
generators are selected to be the optimal location of the DER.
Hence in the case of IEEE 14 bus, bus no.s 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13 and 14 are suitable for DG placement. For Kerala Grid
System, the locations suitable for fuel cell placement
considered are bus no.s 2, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 23, 24,
and 25.

Bus voltage (pu)

1.20
1.15

Base Case (with out DG)

Base case (with DG)
Maximum Loading (with DG)

1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Bus no.

The analysis was done using PSAT/MATLAB integrated

environment as suggested by Milano F (2005) [17].
B. Results & Analysis
The DG is placed at arbitrary positions and the resultant
power flow results are analyzed. Different locations of DG
gives different power flow results. The loadability on the buses
is increased gradually in such a way that the base case power
factor is maintained at all loading points. The bus to which DG
(Fuel Cell) is connected is modeled as a V bus and all the
additional load is supplied by the DG resulting in minimum
load disturbance on the conventional generators. Thus the load
generation balance is maintained at all loadings by adjusting
the output from the fuel cell generator.

Fig. 2. Voltage levels at different buses with and without DG for 220 kV
Kerala Grid System.

Real power generation (pu)

Fig. 3 shows the Generations at different buses. It can be

seen that with optimal placement and setting of fuel cell at bus
2, the conventional generations can be reduced and the whole
load disturbance is absorbed by the fuel cell.

Using particle swarm optimization algorithm, the optimal

location of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) for maximum
loadability was found to be at bus 4 for the IEEE 14 bus test
system. The loading of the IEEE 14 bus test system without
integration of DG can only be increased to 1.2 times the base
case loading beyond which the system drives into instability
and collapses. With the optimal placement and setting of SOFC
at bus 4 the loadability can be increased from the base case
loading of 2.59 p.u to 4.9 p.u. Total generation and load at
maximum system loading is given in Table. I.

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Base c ase (with out DG)

Base c ase (with DG)
Maximum Loading (with DG)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Bus no.

Fig. 3. Generations at different buses for 220 kV Kerala Grid System.

For Kerala Grid System the optimal location of SOFC for

maximum loadability was found to be at Areacode (Bus 2).
With the optimal placement and setting of SOFC at bus 1 the
loadability can be increased from the base case loading of
17.04 p.u to 29.87 p.u.

Fig. 4 shows the maximum loadability at different buses

with & without DG.
6

Base case (with out DG)

Base case (with DG)
Maximum Loading (with DG)

Real power load (pu)

From the table it is obvious that with optimal placement &

setting of SOFC, more load demand can be met. In the present
work, for IEEE 14 bus test system 2.31 p.u additional active
load i.e an increase of 89% loading could be handled without
driving the system into instability. In the case of 220 kV Kerala
Grid System, with optimal placement & setting of fuel cell,
75.29 % additional load can be accommodated. The increased
accommodation of system loading is on the assumption that the
system equipments and protective devices are capable of
delivering the increased load demand without exceeding their
operating limits. Accordingly the line limit settings and slack
limit settings are considered in the control algorithm.

4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Bus no.

Fig. 4. Active loads at different buses for 220 kV Kerala Grid System.

The results for the 220 kV Kerala Grid System is only

shown further due to space constraints.

In fig. 5 line power flows with and without DG is shown.

The line active power flow increases as the system loading is
increased but the stability constraints assures that the increase
is within the stability and security margins of the power
system.

Voltage profile of 220 kV Kerala Grid System with fuel

cell at bus 2 and without DG is compared in fig. 2. It can be

2014 International Conference on Advances in Green Energy (ICAGE) | 17-18 December 2014 | Trivandrum

GENERATION AND LOAD AT MAXIMUM SYSTEM LOADING

TABLE I.

Kerala Grid System

PG
(p.u)

QG
(p.u)

PL
(p.u)

QL
(p.u)

PG
(p.u)

QG
(p.u)

PL
(p.u)

QL
(p.u)

Base Case
At Maximum Loading
Difference (max load - base load)

2.73
4.99
2.26

1.09
1.65
0.56

2.59
4.90
2.31

0.81
1.50
0.69

17.31
31.15
13.84

12.31
27.76
15.45

17.04
29.87
12.83

13.03
22.71
9.68

Base Case (w/o DG)

8

Line Real power flow (pu)

IEEE 14 Bus

System Loadability

Base Case (with DG)

From the figures 2 to 7 it is proved that the PSO algorithm

together with the stability constraints is better able to optimally
place the DG to maximize the system loadability assuring grid
stability at all levels of system loading.

Maximum Loading (with DG)

V. CONCLUSION

In this paper, a new methodology for optimal placement of

distributed energy resources has been proposed to maximize
the system loadability by taking into consideration the power
system stability and security constraints. The concept of robust
controller has been introduced for maximizing the wind
penetration to the grid by taking into account grid voltage and
angle stability. The impact of optimal integration using PSO
algorithm has been analyzed by studying different system
parameters like voltage profile, line flows and real power
generation. Fuel Cell DGs and Solar PV being a stable
renewable source of energy, when integrated to a power system
not only improves its loadability but also improves its
reliability as well as power quality. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell finds
application as combined heat source and hence is incorporated
more as DGs. Incorporation of Small signal stability, Fast
voltage stability index (FVSI) and Line stability factor (LQP)
constraints in the optimization problem ensures grid stability at
various levels of system loadability. The proposed
methodology using PSO was implemented on a standard IEEE
14-bus system and a practical 220 kV Kerala Grid System and
the results were verified using Newton Raphson power flow
method and modal analysis.

2
0
1

11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33
Line no.

Fig. 5. Line Active Power flows for 220 kV Kerala Grid System.

15

Eigen Value (0 to -1)

10
5

Eigen value (Real part)

0
-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0
-5
-10

Eigen value real Part (0 to -5)

Eigen value (Imaginary part)

The stability constraints at the best compromise solution

represented by their eigenvalue, FVSI, LSI and LQP are shown
in fig. 6 & fig. 7. It is evident that the incorporation of small
signal stability constraint into the PSO controller assures grid
stability with all the eigenvalues in the left hand side of the Splane for the best compromise solution. Also it can be seen that
voltage and line stability indices (FVSI & LQP) are well within
acceptable limits. This maintains grid stability at various
loading ensuring no bus collapses due to overloading and no
line is overloaded under any grid condition.

REFERENCES
[1]

[2]

-15

[3]
Fig. 6. Eigen values at maximum loading for Kerala Grid System
STABILITY INDICES
FVSI
LSI

0.4

LQP

[4]

0.2
0
-0.2

11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33

[5]

-0.4
-0.6

[6]

-0.8

Fig. 7. Stability Indices at maximum loading for Kerala Grid System

Mansooreh Zangiabadi, Rene Feuillet and Hamid Lesani, An Approach

to Deterministic and Stochastic Evaluation of the Uncertainties in
Distributed Generation Systems, In Proceedings of 20th International
Conference on Electricity Distribution, pp. 1-4, Prague, 2009.
William Rosehart and Ed Nowicki, Optimal Placement of Distributed
Generation,14th PSCC, Sevilla, 24-28 June 2002.
G. Celli and F. Pilo, Optimal distributed generation allocation in MV
distribution networks, Power Industry Computer Applications, 2001.
Pica 2001. Innovative Computing For Power - Electric Energy Meets
The Market. 22nd IEEE Power Engineering Society International
Conference, May 2001, pp. 81-86.
D. Lee, L. Wang, Small-Signal Stability Analysis of an Autonomous
Hybrid Renewable Energy Power Generation / Energy Storage System
Part I: Time-Domain Simulations, IEEE Trans Energy Convers March,
pp. 311-320, 2008.
S. Dahal, N. Mithulananthan, Assessment and Enhancement of Small
Signal Stability of a Renewable-Energy-Based Electricity Distribution
System, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.
407-415, July 2012.
D. Q. Hung, N. Mithulananthan, R. C. Bansal, Analytical Expressions
for DG Allocation in Primary Distribution Networks, IEEE Transactions
on Energy Conversion (Volume:25 , Issue: 3 ) pp. 814-820, September
2010.

2014 International Conference on Advances in Green Energy (ICAGE) | 17-18 December 2014 | Trivandrum

[7]

J.-H. Teng, Y.-H. Liu, C.-Y. Chen, and C.-F. Chen, Value-based
distributed generator placements for service quality improvements, Int.
J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 268-274, Mar. 2007.
[8] K.-H. Kim, K.-B. Song, S.-K. Joo, Y.-J. Lee, and J.-O. Kim,
Multiobjective distributed generation placement using fuzzy goal
programming with genetic algorithm,Eur. Trans. Electr. Power, vol. 18,
no. 3, pp. 217-230, Apr. 2008.
[9] H. Hedayati, S. A. Nabaviniaki, and A. Akbarimajd, A method for
placement of DG units in distribution networks,IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1620-1628, Jul. 2008.
[10] L. F. Ochoa, A. Padilha-Feltrin, and G. P. Harrison, Time-series-based
maximization of distributed windpower generation integration,IEEE
Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 968-974, Sep. 2008.
[11] I. M. Wartana, J. G. Singh, and W. Ongsakul, Optimal Placement of
UPFC for Maximizing System Loadability and Minimize Active Power
Losses by NSGA-II, International Conference on Electrical Engineering
and Informatics (ICEEI), pp. 1-6, July 2011.
[12] Takur D and Mithulanthan N., 2009. Influence of constant speed wind
turbine generator on power system oscillation., Electric Power

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

Components and Systems,Electric Power Components and Systems,

2009, Vol. 37, pp. 478- 494.
S. Sreedharan, W. O. Member, and J. G. Singh, Development of PSO
Based Control Algorithms for Maximizing Wind Energy Penetration,
IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1-6, 2011.
Ishan Purohit and Pallav Purohit, Wind energy in India: status and future
prospects. Journal of renewable and sustainable energy, Vol.1, pp. 1-19,
2009.
I. Musirin and A. Rahman, Estimating Maximum Loadability for Weak
Bus Identification Using FVSI, IEEE Power Engineering Review,
(Volume:22 , Issue: 11 ), November 2002.
M. Moghavemmi and F.M. Omar, Technique for contingency
monitoring and voltage collapse prediction, IEE Proc. Generation,
Transmission and Distribution, vol. 145, pp. 634-640, Nov. 1998.
F. Milano, An Open Source Power System Analysis Toolbox, IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, (Volume:20 , Issue: 3 ), pp. 1199-1206,
August 2005.