Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
FINAL REPORT
APRIL 2008
Table of Contents and Executive Summary
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS … … … … … … … … … ii
LIST OF PLATES … … … … … … … … … … vi
LIST OF FIGURES … … … … … … … … … … vii
LIST OF TABLES … … … … … … … … … … viii
LIST OF APPENDICES … … … … … … … … … … x
LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS … … … … … … xi
EIA PREPARERS … … … … … … … … … … xiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT … … … … … … … … … xiv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY … … … … … … … … … xv
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … 1-1
1.2 Project Background… … … … … … … … … … 1-2
1.3 The Proponent … … … … … … … … … 1-4
1.4 Legal and Administrative Framework … … … … … 1-4
1.4.1 Land-use Act 1978 … … … … … … … … 1-4
1.4.2 Petroleum Act … … … … … … … … 1-5
1.4.3 Oil Mining Lease, OML … … … … … … … 1-5
1.4.4 The Mineral Oils Safety Regulations 1963 (Amended 1997)… … … 1-5
1.4.5 Oil Pipelines Ordinances (CAP) 145, 1956 and Oil Pipelines Act 1965 … 1-5
1.4.6 National Inland Water ways authority (NIWA) Act 13 of 1997 … … 1-5
1.4.7 Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry
in Nigeria, EGASPIN (2002) … … … … … … … 1-6
1.4.8 Federal Ministry of Environment, (FMEnv) … … … … … 1-6
1.4.8.1 Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) Act No.58, 1988 … … 1-6
1.4.8.2 National Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 … … 1-6
1.4.8.3 EIA Sectoral Guidelines (Oil & Gas Industry Projects) … … … 1-6
1.4.8.4 FMENV (formerly FEPA) Regulations … … … … … 1-6
1.4.9 Forestry Law CAP 52, 1994… … … … … … … 1-6
1.4.10 State Legislation … … … … … … … … 1-6
1.4.11 Public Health Law: … … … … … … … … 1-7
1.4.12 International Laws and Regulations … … … … … … 1-7
1.4.13 World Bank Guidelines on Environmental Assessment {EA} (1991) … … 1-7
1.4.14 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
(IUCN) Guidelines … … … … … … … … 1-7
1.4.15 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
(Bonn Convention). … … … … … … … … 1-7
1.4.16 Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) … .. … … … 1-8
1.4.17 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage Sites (or World Heritage Convention) (1972) … … … 1-8
1.4.18 Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989) … … … … 1-8
1.4.19 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) … … 1-8
1.4.20 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships (MARPOL) (1973/78) operating on a global scale … … … 1-8
1.4.21 SPDC’s Community Affairs, Safety, Health, Environment and
Security {CASHES}Policy … … … … … … … 1-8
1.4.22 SPDC’s Environmental Assessment Policy … … … … … 1-8
1.4.23 SPDC’s Waste Management Policy … … … … … … 1-9
1.4.24 SCiN Biodiversity Policy … … … … … … … 1-9
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Project Justification … … … … … … … … … 2-1
2.1 Need for the Project … … … … … … … … … 2-1
2.2 Value of the Project … … … … … … … … … 2-1
2.3 Envisaged Sustainability … … … … … … … … 2-1
2.3.1 Economic Sustainability … … … … … … … 2-1
2.3.2 Technical Sustainability … … … … … … … 2-1
2.3.3 Environmental Sustainability … … … … … … … 2-2
2.3.4 Social Sustainability … … … … … … … … 2-2
2.4 Project Objective … … … … … … … … … 2-2
2.5 Project Alternatives … … … … … … … … … 2-2
2.6 Project Location … … … … … … … … … … 2-2
2.6.1 Wells/Flowlines … … … … … … … … 2-3
2.6.2 Process Flow Scheme for the Existing Oben Gas Plant … … … 2-3
2.7 Project Scope … … … … … … … … … … 2-4
2.7.1 Project Activity Overview … … … … … … … 2-4
2.8 Drilling of one (1) New Well … … … … … … … … 2-6
2.8.1 Subsurface (Drilling) Activities … … … … … … 2-6
2.8.1.1 Well Location/Access Road Preparations … … … … … 2-6
2.8.1.2 Drilling of NAG Well … … … .. … … … … 2-6
2.8.1.3 Waste and/or By-Products Generated … … … … … 2-6
2.8.1.4 Risk of Accidents Resulting in Pollution or Hazards … … … … 2-7
2.9 Flowline Contruction … … … … … … … … … 2-8
2.9.1 Flowline Construction … … … … … … … 2-8
2.9.2 Land-take … … … … … … … … … 2-8
2.9.3 Site Preparation … … … … … … … … 2-8
2.9.4 Flushing of Existing Pipeline … … … … … … … 2-8
2.9.5 Excavation and removal of old flowlines … … … … … 2-8
2.9.6 Site Construction (Welding), Non-Destructive Testing [Radiography] … 2-9
2.9.7 Pressure Testing of the New Pipeline Section … … … … 2-9
2.9.8 Pipe Laying and Tie-in … … … … … … … 2-9
2.9.9 Backfilling … … … … … … … … … 2-9
2.9.10 Commissioning of the New Flowlines … … … … … 2-9
2.9.11 Operations/Maintenance … … … … … … … 2-9
2.9.12 Decommissioning … … … … … … … … 2-9
2.10 Operations Philosophy … … … … … … … … 2-10
2.10.1 Maintenance Philosophy & Strategies … … … … … 2-10
2.11 Project Schedule … … … … … … … … … 2-11
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Description of Environment … … … … … … … … 3-1
3.1 General … … … … … … … … … … … 3-1
3.2 Description of Existing Environment … … … … … … … 3-1
3.2.1 Climate/Meteorological Studies . … … … … … … 3-1
3.2.2 Air Quality and Noise … … … … … … … … 3-2
3.2.3 Soil Studies … … … … … … … … … 3-3
3.2.4 Landuse and Agriculture … … … … … … … 3-5
3.2.5 Vegetation … … … … … … … … … 3-8
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts… … … … … … 4-1
4.1 General… … … … … … … … … … … 4-1
4.2 Impact Prediction Methodology... … … … … … … … 4-1
4.3 Rating of impacts … … … … … … … … … 4-1
4.4 Impact Identification … … … … … … … … … 4-5
4.4.1 Project activities and sensitivities interaction matrix … … … … 4-7
4.4.2 Determination of environmental impacts … … … … … 4-7
4.4.3 List of identified impacts … … … … … … … 4-53
4.5 Description of Impacts … … … … … … … … 4-54
4.5.1 Mobilization Phase … … … … … … … … 4-54
4.5.1.1 Pressure on available water for domestic use and other water related activities 4-54
4.6 Construction/Drilling/Flowline Phases … … … … … … 4-55
4.7 Operations Phase … … … … … … … … … 4-58
4.8 Decommissioning … … … … … … … … … 4-59
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Mitigation Measures … … … … … .. … … … 5-1
51 Introduction… … … … … … … … … … … 5-1
5.2 Residual Impacts after Mitigation Measures … … … … … … 5-12
5.2.1 Community Unrest … … … … … … … … 5-12
5.2.2 Influx of People … … … … … … … … 5-12
5.2.3 Increase in Cost of Living / Inflation … … … … … … 5-12
5.2.4 Increase in Social Vices … … … … … … … 5-12
5.3 Enhancing Positive Impacts … … … … … … … … 5-13
5.3.1 Job Creation … … … … … … … … 5-13
5.3.2 Business / Economic Opportunities … … … … … … 5-13
5.3.3 Reduction in Gas Flaring … … … … … … … 5-13
5.3.4 Increase in Revenue to Government and SPDC … … … … 5-13
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 Environmental Management Plan… … … … … … … … 6-1
6.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … 6-1
6.2 Environmental Monitoring … … … … … … … … 6-1
6.3 Hazards and Effects Management Process (HEMP) … … … … 6-1
6.4 Safety and Hazard Identification … … … … … … … 6-3
CHAPTER SEVEN
7.0 Consultation … … … … … … … … … … 7-1
7.1 General… … … … … … … … … … … 7-1
7.2 EIA Scoping Workshops … … … … … … … … 7-1
7.3 Community Expectations about the WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field … … 7-2
7.4 Community Assistance/Community Development Projects … … … … 7-2
CHAPTER EIGHT
8.0 Conclusion ... … … … … … … … … … 8-1
REFERENCES... … … … … … … … … … … 8-2
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LIST OF PLATES
TITLE PAGES
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LIST OF FIGURES
TITLE PAGE
Fig.1.1 Map of Nigeria showing Edo State… … … … … … … 1-12
Fig.1.2 Map showing Oben location and SPDC Facilities… … … … … 1-12
Fig.2.1 Map of the Western Domestic Gas Network showing Oben Location … 2-3
Fig.2.2 Schematic of the Oben LTS Modules … … … … … 2-4
Fig.3.1a Pie chart showing Percentage Distribution of Land Use … … … 3-6
Fig.3.1b Bar chart showing Percentage Distribution of Land Use … … … 3-6
Fig.3.2 Landuse Map of Oben Field Area … … … … … … 3-7
Fig.3.3 Profile diagram of a typical bush fallow surrounding the study area … 3-8
Fig.3.4 Profile diagram of a farm around the Project location … … … 3-9
Fig.3.5 Demographic structure of the host communities of the
WDGS/WAGP at Oben field … … … … … … … 3-30
Fig.3.6 Income Structure … … … … … … … … 3-34
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LIST OF TABLES
TITLE PAGE
Table 1.1 APPR and FDP Study GIIP and GUR Comparison … … … … 1-2
Table 1.2: NAG wells production performance … … … … … … 1-3
Table 2.1: Project Schedule … … … … … … … … 2-11
Table 3.1: Wind Speed and Direction within Oben Field … … … … 3-2
Table 3.2 Air Quality and Noise results for Oben Sampling Stations …` … … 3-2
Table 3.3a: Physicochemical Characteristics of Soil in the Oben Field Area
(Dry Season) … … … … … … … … 3-3
Table 3.3b: Physicochemical Characteristics of Soil in the Oben Field Area
(Wet Season) … … … … … … … … 3-4
Table 3.4a: Heavy metals and THC concentration of Soils in Oben Field Area
(Dry Season) … … … … … … … … 3-5
Table 3.4b: Heavy metals and THC concentration of Soils in Oben Field Area
(Wet Season) … … … … … … … … 3-5
Table 3.5: Land use pattern and Pacentage Distribution … … … … 3-7
Table 3.6: The Composition and Frequency of Plant Species in Oben Field … … 3-11
Table 3.7: Mean Population Density of Key Economic Plant Species in Oben Field … 3-12
Table 3.8: Plant Diseases, Causal Organisms and Severity Index of Infection in the
Project Area … … … … … … … … … 3-13
Table 3.9: List of Wildlife species within the Oben Field Area … … … … 3-14
Table 3.10a: Soil heterotrophic bacterial and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria of the Oben Field
(Dry Season) … … … … … … … … … 3-15
Table 3.10b: Soil fungi and hydrocarbon utilizing fungi of the Oben Field (Dry Season) … 3-15
Table 3.10c: Soil heterotrophic bacterial and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria of the Oben Field
(Wet Season) … … … … … … … … … 3-16
Table 3.10d: Soil fungi and hydrocarbon utilizing fungi of the Oben Field (Wet Season) … 3-16
Table 3.11a: Summary of the Physico-chemical Conditions in the water bodies (Dry Season) 3-16
Table 3.11b: Summary of the Physico-chemical Conditions in the water bodies (Wet Season) 3-17
Table 3.12a: Composition and Abundance of Phytoplankton in the Study Stations
(Dry season) … … … … … … … … … 3-18
Table 3.12b: Composition and abundance of phytoplankton in the study stations
(Wet Season) … … … … … … … … … 3-19
Table 3.13a Composition and Abundance of Zooplankton in the Study Stations
(Dry season) … … … … … … … … … 3-20
Table 3.13b Composition and Abundance of Zooplankton in the Study Stations
(Wet Season) … … … … … … … … … 3-21
Table 3.14a Composition and Abundance of Macrobenthic Fauna in the Study Stations
(Dry season) … … … … … … … … … 3-22
Table 3.14b Composition and Abundance of Macrobenthic Fauna in the Study Stations
(Wet season) … … … … … … … … … 3-23
Table 3.15a: Microbiological Properties of Surface Waters in Oben field (Dry season) … 3-24
Table 3.15b: Microbiological Properties of Surface Waters in Oben field (Wet season) … 3-24
Table 3.16: Fin fishes in the Jamieson river of the Oben field … … … … 3-25
Table 3.17a: Heavy metal concentrations in selected fish species from waters in Oben field
(Dry Season) … … … … … … … … … 3-25
Table 3.17b: Heavy metal concentrations in selected fish species from waters in Oben field
(Wet Season) … … … … … … … … … 3-25
Table 3.18: Physico-chemical Characteristics of Boreholes Waters in Oben Field
(Wet and Dry Seasons) … … … … … … … 3-27
Table 3.19 Population Census of Communities in Oben Field in 1991 and its Projected
Population in 2006 … … … … … … … … 3.28
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Maps
Appendix 2 : Field Methodologies
Appendix 3: Questionaire for HIA
Appendix 4: Questionaire for SIA
Appendix 5: Hazard Rating and Definition (HEMP System)
Appendix 6: Minute of meetings/list of Attendance on Consultation Meeting at Oben Community Hall
Appendix 7: Detailed TOR
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NE North East
NOx Nitrogen Oxides
NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
NW North West
OHGP Open Hole Gravel Pack
o
C Degree Celsius
PAH Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon
pH Hydrogen ion concentration
ppm Parts per million
ppt Parts per thousand
S South
SE South East
sp species
SPDC Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited
SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
SSW South South West
Stb Standard barrels
SW South West
SFAGG South Forcados Associated Gas Gathering
SSAGG Southern Swamp Associated Gas Gathering
STABOR Computer Programme for well bore stability
TBA Traditional Birth Attendant
TDS Total Dissolved Solid
TFC Total Fungal Count
THBC Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Count
THC Total Hydrocarbon Content
UR Undeveloped Reserve
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
W West
% Percentage
< Less than
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EIA PREPARERS
ANALYTICAL PERSONNEL
(SPDC) REPRESENTATIVES
REPORT REVIEWERS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC) wishes to acknowledge the opportunity
granted it by the government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria through its Agencies, to conduct this
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Western Domestic Gas Supply at Oben Field. We have
unequivocally enjoyed the cordial working relationships with the National Petroleum Investment Management
Services (NAPIMS), our Joint Venture Partners, Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), Department of
Petroleum Resources (DPR), Delta and Edo State Governments, Delta and Edo States Ministries of
Environment, the Local Government Council, the Elders, Chiefs and Youths of the host/pipeline communities.
The SPDC thanks Mabotes Nigeria Limited and his team of consultants for the professional way they have
handled the various aspects of the EIA data gathering, collation, analyses and reporting. Your initial
consultation with the host communities is commendable.
The efforts of the project Team comprising representatives from various SPDC departments, viz:- Environment
(EPG-PN-CFHLW), Public and Government Affairs (PRW-PAF), Geomatics (EPG-PN-TTSGM), Area Team A
(EPG-PN-CFHLW) and Legal (CLW LIT) are also recognized.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Background
The West African Pipeline Company (WAPco) is currently engaged in efforts to construct the West
African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) designed to deliver natural gas for power generation and industrial
development from Nigeria to the Republic of Benin, Togo and Ghana. In January, 2003, these countries
signed the WAGP Treaty to foster a stable and harmonised legal environment in which the pipeline will
operate. They also entered into international project agreement with WAPco to realise the objective.
WAPco intends to construct and commission the WAGP by December, 2006. The Volta River Authority
(VRA) in Ghana plans to convert their oil-fired turbines in Takoradi (Ghana) to gas turbines using
Nigerian Natural gas.
In December, 2004, N-Gas (a joint venture company involving NNPC,Chevron and SPDC) entered into
a gas purchase agreement called the “Takoradi Gas Sales Agreement” with NNPC/SHELL joint venture
to supply about 50% of the “Foundation (Initial) Gas” required to commission the WAGP. The WAGP
gas demand forecast shows a build-up from 150MMscf/d at start-up (anchor contracts) to around
350MMscf/d over 20 years.
The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC) is a major oil producing
company in Nigeria. SPDC is the operator of the Joint Venture between the Nigerian National
Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Shell Companies in Nigeria (SCiN), TotalFinaElf Nigerian Limited, and
Nigerian Agip Oil Company (NAOC). SPDC, as the proponent, carried out the Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) of the Western Domestic Gas Supply Project/ West African Gas Pipeline
(WDGSP/WAGP) at Oben Field.
An Environmental Impact Assessment for the project has been carried out in accordance with the
requirement of Nigerian legislation and SPDC’s HSE policy.
1.5 Consultation
This is an integral part of the WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field, the project team, held a series of
stakeholder consultation sessions. The consultation sessions were in form of EIA scoping workshops,
sensitisation of Edo State Government and Orhionmwon Local Government Council and engagement of
stakeholders during data acquisition and open fora as part of the EIA studies. The stakeholders
identified for the project and who participated in the various consultation sessions included communities
within the project area, NGOs (Niger Delta Peace Coalition, Nigerian Environmental Society), regulators
(DPR, FMEnv, Edo State Ministry of Environment), other government agencies, consultants, CBOs,
media, etc. Consultations with stakeholders would improve corporate image through promotion of third
party participation especially during decommissioning activities which would lead to disengagement of
staff, labour issues and third party agitation
Within the project area, rainfall is generally high with an average of about 2480mm per annum, based
on historical records. Climatic conditions portray maximum wind speed of 55m/s in the north-eastern
direction at station 5 and a minimum of 0.9m/s at station 4 in the north-eastern direction
1.6.3 Soils
The texture of the soils in Oben Field ranges from sand to loamy sand. The percentages of silt and clay
are low. Clay particles ranged from 3.60 to 15.2% with a mean of 7.4%. Porosity is high and water
infiltration into the subsoil is fast. The soil pH is strongly to moderately acidic, ranging from 4.30 – 5.35
with a mean of 4.78.
The organic matter values were high and the exchangeable cations were very low. The heavy metal
concentrations of the soils in Oben Field were low except for iron whose concentration ranged between
115 and 340 mg/Kg. Most of the heavy metal values were below permissible limits to elicit
environmental concern. The total hydrocarbon (THC) values were low and below the 50 mg/Kg found in
soils with luxuriant growth of plants.
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1.6.5 Vegetation
The project area is situated within the lowland rainforest belt of Nigeria. The natural vegetation has,
however, been altered in most parts of the project area by human activities. Secondary lowland
rainforests and bush fallows were the predominant types of vegetation cover. Various sizes of
farmlands were also observed in the project area.
The dominant plant species include Chromolaena odorata, Alchornea cordifolia (Christmas bush),
Icacina trichantha, Aspilia Africana ,Trema occidentalis, Musanga cercropioides, Solanum torvum, Ficus
esperata, Emilia coccinea, Tridax procumbens, Euphorbia heterophylla, and Panicum maximum
(Guinea grass). These species are good indicators of secondary succession. The vegetation was
generally found to be in good health.
Dissolved Oxygen values ranged from 1.4 to 3.5mg/l while Biochemical Oxygen Demand values ranged
from 0.8 to 1.2mg/l. The concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca++, and Mg++ ions ranged from 1.14mg/l to
3.74mg/l; 0.27mg/l to 5.31mg/l; 3.21mg/l to 6.41mg/l and 0.97mg/l to 1.94mg/l respectively. The
nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) and volatile organic compounds were low in concentration. The
concentrations of the Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) were also low. The heavy metal concentrations
were generally low. The values of all the measured parameters, with the exception of the pH, were
within DPR/FMEnv acceptable limits.
phytoplankton composition and abundance at Jamieson River are similar to what obtains in similar
water bodies in the Niger Delta. The poor occurrence of euglenoids and cyanophytes in the Jamieson
River indicates the unpolluted state of this river.
The fungal counts of water samples from the Oben Field area ranged from 3.1 x 105 to 9.8 x105 cfu/ml.
The predominant fungal isolates in water samples within the Oben Field area were Mucor sp.,
Cladosporum sp Penicillium sp. and Candida sp. The low ratio of microbial counts to hydrocarbon
utilizers of below 1.0% indicates that there was low total hydrocarbon content in the waters of the study
area.
1.6.7.5 Hydrogeology/Hydrology
The altitude of the Oben Field rises slightly in excess of 50ft above mean sea level. Three (3) chrono-
stratigraphic units - Agbada, Akata and Benin formation have been identified in the sedimentary building
of the Niger Delta Basin. Sediment thickness in sequence in most basins was Quaternary deposits
characterized with geomorphologic units.
The hydrogeological set-up constitutes of fine medium grain sand aquifers, which were more than 15m
thick (Oben closest depth is between 46-60m). A clay layer ranging in thickness from 3.5-9.0m overlies
the aquifers and the static water level at Oben was low. The ground waters are portable and belong to
the Ca-Mg-CO3 facia type with low concentrations of hydrocarbons (<0.03ppm)
The villages are autonomous units but the socio-political organisation structure is the same as in all
settlements in Benin Kingdom. The structure consists of (i) The Council of Elders headed by the Enogie
(Duke) or Odionwere (the eldest male if there is no Duke). The Council is responsible for all customary
and administrative issues. (ii) The Youth Council is made up of elected officials, and is responsible for
social and environmental development. (iii) The women group is responsible for women affairs. The
population structure has a broad youth base as children aged between 0 – 14 constitute 47.4%, while
youths between the ages of 15 and 39 years and elders between 40 and 59 years constitute 34.8% and
16.3% respectively.
The major economic activity of the communities was farming, which constitutes 67.2%. The other
economic activities were trading (15.3%), transportation (6.2%), while other sundry activities constitute
(15.5%). The major economic crops were cassava, yams, plantain, banana, maize, cocoyam and
vegetables.
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The available social and infrastructural facilities in the host communities were primary and secondary
schools, borehole water schemes, teachers’ quarters, petrol station, model agricultural farm, cottage
hospital, electricity, cassava mills and markets.
The standard of living and income in the Oben Field communities were generally low. Over four-fifth of
the residents earned less than N10,000 per annum. The houses in the area were characterised by eight
(8) combinations of materials used in the construction of the walls and roofs. These were unplastered
mud walls with zinc roof; half plastered walls with zinc roof; fully plastered walls with zinc roof;
unplastered cement block walls with zinc; half plastered cement walls with zinc roof; fully plastered
cement walls with zinc roof; stick and mortar walls (Wastle and Daud Technology) with zinc roof and
stick and mortar walls with thatch roof.
The residents identified five (5) environmental problems, namely: gas flaring, flooding, erosion, poor
soils and pests. The expectations of the host communities were grouped into four (4), namely:
employment (15.7 %), electricity (14.4 %), micro-credit (11. %) and water supply (10.8 %).
The common health problems identified among the adult population were malaria (30%), cough/URTI
(28 %), body pains/ rheumatism (26%), dysentery/diarrhea (26%), gastroenteritis (14%) and typhoid
(10%). Other common non-communicable ailments were injuries (16 %) dizziness (16 %), arthritis
(12%), and high blood pressure (12%). Sexually transmitted diseases (STI but not HIV/AIDS 8%) and
skin diseases (6%). Cholera was rare (4%) and worm infestations were low (4% from perceptions).
Among the children the most common health problems were malaria (36%) dysentery/diarrhoea (32%),
cough/URTI (24%), worm infestations (16%) typhoid (12%), gastroenteritis (10%) and measles (6%) in
that order.
The most prevalent communicable diseases were malaria, URTI or cough, diarrhoea diseases, skin
infections and worm infestations while the most prevalent non-communicable diseases were body
pains/rheumatism, arthritis, hernia, injuries and hypertension.
The food items consumed by the residents of the communities were starchy staples. Beans, fish,
shrimps, snails and bush meat from antelopes, grass cutter and rabbits are also consumed to a lesser
extent. The residents also reared goats, sheep and fowls for meat and income. Among the children
underweight, stunting and wasting were not common. The immunization coverage of the infants and
children for oral polio and measles vaccine could not be correctly ascertained due to absence of health
records but all parents (respondents) claimed to have given their children complete vaccination at birth
as well as annual house to house polio and measles vaccine.
Most adult males (about 80%) drank alcohol in each community. The male to female ratio in alcohol
consumption was 8:1. About 60% of the males smoked cigarettes or snuffed ground tobacco as against
5% in females who snuffed. Prostitution is known to exist in the communities. A few cases of STI were
reported from the hospitals. No HIV/AIDS cases were reported.
Environmental issues such as poor water supply, toilet facilities and personal hygiene contributed to
poor health conditions in the communities.
involved in the various phases (construction, drilling, flowline installation, operations and
decommissioning) of the project had impacts on the environment. Beneficial and adverse impacts were
identified, described and rated.
1.9.1.1 Mobilisation
Mobilisation involving movement of personnel, equipment and materials will lead to impact such as
pressure on available water for domestic use and other water related activities. There are also
enhanced opportunities for employment, contracting, services and income generation. Other impacts
include increased pressure on existing infrastructure, social vices, third party agitations, cost of
living/inflation, nuisances, accidents and injuries.
Clearing of vegetation could cause loss of habitat for wildlife, provide increased access for hunting and
logging, increased erosion of the cleared area, and might expose field workers/community members to
attacks by poisonous snakes, bees, spiders/other wildlife, and contact with poisonous plants.
Noise, emissions and vibrations from heavy machinery used for site preparation could frighten wildlife
and scare them away. Destruction of vegetation and noise/emissions generated in the process could
lead to third party agitation while recruitment of labour force for site clearing could provide opportunities
for employment.
Other negative impacts that could arise are increased social vices, and road traffic accidents, which
could lead to third party agitation with consequences on corporate reputation.
Effluents and solid wastes could contaminate soil and surface water. Consumption of contaminated
water could cause illness, third party agitation, and pressure on health facilities. The management of
these wastes could, however, provide opportunity for employment and contracting.
1.9.1.5 Incidents
The main incidents that could take place include accidents, injuries and contact with poisonous
organisms. These could lead to third party agitations with effect on corporate reputation.
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Table of Contents and Executive Summary
1.9.2.5 Incidents
Incidents such as emissions, spills, explosions, fires and electrocution which could occur during
operations might lead to loss of assets and properties, increased morbidity and mortality rates, pressure
on existing healthcare and emergency facilities. These incidents could lead to third party agitations and
adverse effect on corporate image.
1.9.3.1 Supplies
Supply of labour, food and materials during this phase could put pressure on available food, water, and
other infrastructure for transportation. The recruitment of workers from communities could create
opportunities for employment, contracting and increased income from provided services.
The packaging, removal and disposal of dismantled equipment and structures could provide
opportunities for employment and contracting.
To ensure the successful execution of the WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field, SPDC shall apply the
following measures:
Effective journey management shall be applied through all phases of the project.
Ensuring that vegetation clearing activities are reduced to the barest minimum. The cutting of
vegetation outside the designated areas and creation of access routes into the forest shall be
prohibited.
HSE training and job hazard analysis shall be conducted to ensure that all staff observes safety
rules at work places.
Exposure to high noise equipment shall be restricted to the recommended 8-hour a day limit
SPDC shall maintain fuel combustion engines at optimal operating conditions to reduce
emissions of exhaust gases.
Routine inspection of wellheads and other facility shall be maintained to ensure facility integrity.
SPDC shall regularly monitor the project environment using an environmental monitoring plan.
Excavation and other activities that may result in the alteration of the landscape and condition of
the land cover shall be limited.
SPDC shall manage wastes generated in accordance with regulatory requirements and
standard practices.
SPDC shall keep to the operational lifespan of the project.
Appropriate warning signs shall be used to alert residents of the presence of
machines/equipment at abandonment and decommissioning.
SPDC shall embark on community development programmes in line with the MOUs.
SPDC shall activate her oil and gas spill contingency plans to minimize impacts of oil and spills
and leaks on the surrounding environment.
Waste management plan for the project is targeted primarily at waste minimisation, waste reuse and
recycling such as, reuse and recycling of drilling mud. Processes already exist to measure and record
quantity of waste generated.
Environmental audit will be conducted on a regular basis for all operations facilities throughout the life
span of the WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field.
The Environmental Monitoring Programmes for the proposed project, which shall cover environmental
components and discharge types, shall comply with DPR/FMEnv regulatory requirements.
1.12 Conclusion
The environmental impact assessment has shown that the WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field could be
executed and operated with minimal negative impacts on the surrounding environment by implementing
recommended mitigative measures, environmental management plan and other provisions of this EIA.
The economic gains to the communities, Local Government Areas, States and the Federal government
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Table of Contents and Executive Summary
from the project outweigh the adverse impacts. The approval of this EIA report for the execution of the
WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field is hereby solicited.
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Chapter One Introduction, Administrative & Legal Framework
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Oben Field is situated in OML 4 ca. 60 km North East (NE) of Warri (Figure 1.1, Appendix I). A
major structural building growth fault separates the field into two blocks. To the south, the downthrown
block is a simple elongated rollover structure trending in the East West (EW) direction parallel to the
major growth fault while the upthrown block is a footwall closure dipping toward the north.
The field was discovered in 1972 on two-dimensional (2D) seismic dataset and came on stream in 1974
with oil production peaking at 40 Mbopd in 1985. A total of 32 wells drilled in the Oben Field
encountered hydrocarbons. Well 33 was drilled off structure. In the shallower reservoirs (C, D and E
sands) the hydrocarbons are located in the downthrown block while in the deeper reservoirs (F, G and
H) sands; the hydrocarbons are mainly in the upthrown block.
Shell International Exploration and Production (SIEP) carried out a detailed Field Review in 1982, which
formed the basis for a limited Field Development Plan of 1990. This led to the drilling of Oben-29 to
Oben-32 in 1990 and 1991. Oben Field supplies non-associated gas through drainage points in 3
Oben Wells (Oben-26, -27, -28) to NGC via ELPS. The existing flow station and gas plant has
throughput capacities of 60 Mb/d and 90 MMscf/d respectively. The 1990-limited FDP suggested that
the reservoir and fluid characteristics (strong aquifer, light crude and high GOR) make the use of gaslift
unattractive due to low commercial value.
A 3D seismic data (290 sq. km of 3000% multiplicity) was acquired over the Oben Field in Q3 1998 and
processed in Q4 1999. This 1998 seismic data formed the basis for the Integrated Petroleum
Engineering Studies (IPES) carried out in 2002. A total of seven key horizons namely C8, D2, E1, E3,
F7, G2 and H1 (Figures 2.1 and 2.2) were correlated over the entire field. Interpretation was done in the
Charisma workstation. The interpretation of the 3D seismic data led to a better understanding of the
structural configuration of the Oben Field with resultant revisions in the volumes booked in the ARPR
1/1/2004. There are significant changes in the structural pattern in the footwall closure against the major
boundary fault compared to the previous 2D maps. The seismic interpretation and mapping of the year
2002 were extended to cover the NAG reservoirs, however, no detailed study in terms of 3D static and
dynamic reservoir modeling and integrated study were carried out for any of the NAG reservoirs.
Due to the increasing Western Domestic Gas demands from both existing and new customers in the
network and the demand occasioned by the West Africa Gas Pipeline (WAGP), an Oben Field NAG
reservoirs study team was set up in 2003 to carry out a detailed study of the NAG reservoirs.
Eight (8) major gas reservoirs (D2000M, D6500M, E6000M, E7000M, E8000M, F7000M, G1000M and
D5000M--selected on the basis of FGIIP and depth), constituting about 60% of the field GUR, were
modeled using SPIDER and MoReS.
These models were considered sufficient by the team since they captured the subsurface uncertainties
in the reservoirs and hence have been used for this study.
Compared to 1/1/2005 ARPR there was a 1.2 % and 17 % reduction in Exp FGIIP and UR
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Chapter One Introduction, Administrative & Legal Framework
Table 1.1 APPR and FDP Study GIIP and GUR Comparison.
Forecasting of the NAG reservoir production performance was done for three gas scenarios with the
aim of optimizing ultimate gas recovery.
In December 2004, N-Gas (a joint venture company involving NNPC, Chevron and SPDC) entered into
a gas purchase agreement called the “Takoradi Gas Sales Agreement” with NNPC/SHELL joint venture
to supply about 50% of the “Foundation (Initial) Gas” required to commission the WAGP. The WAGP
gas demand forecast shows a build-up from 150MMscf/d at start-up (anchor contracts) to around
350MMscf/d over 20 years.
The SPDC gas supply to WAGP is planned to come from the Utorogu and Oben Non-Associated Gas
(NAG) plants and the Nigeria Gas Company (NGC) stations in Odidi, Escravos Beach and Jones
Creek. The Oben and Utorogu gas plants in their current operating conditions will not be able to meet
the WAGP specifications and therefore a major plant modification will be required. This EIA covers
activities proposed at the Oben project area.
The construction of the WAGP 620km offshore gas pipeline and related infrastructure that will transport
and commercialize Nigerian gas taken from the Escravos-Lagos Pipeline System (ELPS) to the
aforementioned neighboring West African countries by WAPco is in progress’ The offshore portion was
proposed to have land fall spurs in Benin (Cotonou) , Togo (Lome) and Ghana (Tema , Takoradi and
Effasu) .
The WAGP GSA provides the prevailing gas specification in the western gas network from 2007. These
new data include 3D seismic volume, 3D based top and base structural maps, revised volumetric and
reserves estimate, production data, pressures, PVT samples and fluid contact movements.
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Chapter One Introduction, Administrative & Legal Framework
The principal objective of the proposed development project is to carry out an upgrade of the Oben Gas
Plant in order to satisfy existing and future gas specifications thereby contributing to Nigeria’s ability to
sustain its growing energy needs and meet contractual obligations on the part of SPDC. The summary
of works to be carried out at the WDGSP/WAGP project at Oben Field are listed below:
Oben field is located on OML 4, about 90km South of Benin -city (Figure 1.1). It is located in Edo State.
Thirty-three (33) wells have been drilled in the Oben field of which 3 are gas wells. It has 56 evaluated
hydrocarbon-bearing sands out of which 28 are non-associated gas (NAG) reservoirs. Oil production
from the field started in 1974 and peaked at 40 Mbopd in 1985, and has declined to about 1.3 Mbopd,
with a very significant loss in the number of wells in 2004 as a result of well interventions.
The field is of two accumulations “A and “M” blocks separated by a growth fault; the “M” block is further
intersected at the deeper levels by a antithetic fault which gives rise to a southern “B” block. Twenty two
of the 28 NAG reservoirs are in the downthrown block (M & B) with the remaining in the upthrown block
(A). The Oben Integrated Petroleum Engineering Study (IPES) previously carried out in 2002 identified
and mapped these reservoirs. The 2002 IPES study also estimated probabilistic gas volumes and
recovery factors using Shell proprietary softwares PROTEUS and SUITE respectively. The total Oben
Field Gas Initially In Place (FGIIP) and Gas Ultimate Recovery (GUR) recorded in the IPES report were
3051 Bscf and 2003 Bscf respectively.
A total of three gas wells have been completed in the Oben Field; Wells –26T, 27T and 28T. The three
wells have largely produced at varying rates due to fluctuation in the gas demand (Table 1.2).
Well Reservoir FGIIP Peak Prod. Current Production Cumulative OBEN 028T
Bscf MMscf/d MMscf/d Bscf(1/10/2005) quit
26T D6500M 270.9 58.3 32.3 117.9 production in
27T D2000M 321.6 57.8 33.4 120.2 April 2004
28T E8000M 113.7 40.7 0 61.1 due to water
encroachment; its recovery from the E8000M reservoir was 61.1 Bscf or 54% of the FGIIP. This leaves
only two wells producing in Oben. If the same recovery factor found for the E8000M were applied to
both the D2000M and D6500M reservoirs the remaining life of OBEN026T and OBEN027T would be
4.3 and 2.6 years respectively. There is considerable risk of failing to meet gas supply obligations if
OBEN028T is not replaced before 2007. However, with the drilling and hook up of the two new Utorogu
wells (32 and 33) the replacement for Oben 28T might as well come in 2007 without posing any threat
to meeting the overall western gas supply obligations which requires the Oben plant to contribute as
much as possible of the station capacity of 90MMscf/d.
This project therefore proposes to drill one (1) infill gas well on the D5000M reservoir by Q4 2007 to fill
and maintain the 90 MMscf/d plant capacity. Additional wells will be required by 2011 - to keep the
facility full. Expansion of Oben gas plant in line with increasing domestic gas demand cannot be
proposed now until other supply alternatives like Ughelli-East and Utorogu have been studied. In
addition to the imperative for replacing well potential at the Oben Field, some of its facilities require
modifications for meeting the WAGP gas hydrocarbon dew point specification of 10oC at 27 bars, which
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Chapter One Introduction, Administrative & Legal Framework
is more stringent than the current specification of 15oC at 76 bars. The Oben gas plant suffers from a
catalogue of technical integrity problems including glycol regeneration unit, metering, valves, etc.
Operating envelope studies on the gas plant show that by restoring technical integrity no process
modification is required to meet the WAGP gas specifications. However, new facilities will have to be
installed to address the WAGP metering and monitoring requirements.
SPDC first discovered oil in commercial quantities in Nigeria in 1956, although it had been operating in
Nigeria since 1938.
The company finally adopted the name Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited in
1978 after previously changing its name from Shell D’ Arcy to Shell-BP.
The company has 92 producing oil fields. These fields are located in the Sedimentary basin of the Niger
Delta region with a production potential of over one million barrels of oil per day (about 50% of Nigeria’s
Oil production capacity), the SPDC is the largest Oil Exploration and Production Company in Nigeria.
The following surface rights are permitted under Section 51 of the Land use Act:
• Fishing rights
• Buildings and other structures, juju shrines, objects of worship
• Farms, cultivated crops, economic trees, roads
• Loss of use of the land
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Chapter One Introduction, Administrative & Legal Framework
1.4.2 Petroleum Act – Cap 350 1990 and Exclusive Legislative List, (Constitution of Federal Republic
of Nigeria)
These legal provisions vest the entire ownership and control of all petroleum (natural gas included) in,
under, or upon any lands and anywhere in Nigeria, its territorial waters, continental shelf areas as well
as the exclusive economic zone areas in the Federal Government.
In the course of land acquisition oil companies are enjoined to pay adequately for any damage caused
to the land surface, including the surface rights.
1.4.5 Oil Pipelines Ordinances (CAP) 145, 1956 and Oil Pipelines Act, 1965
The oil pipelines ordinance (CAP 1945), 1956, as amended by the Oil Pipelines Act 1965 provides
under section 4(2) for a permit to survey (PTS) the pipeline route to be issued to the applicant by the
Minister of Petroleum resources, for the purpose of transporting mineral oil, natural gas or any product
of such oil or gas to any point of destination to which such a person requires such oil, gas or product,
thereof, for any purpose connected with petroleum trade or operations. Such a survey should include
the approximate route or alternative routes proposed, in order to determine the suitability of the land for
laying and construction of the pipelines and ancillary installations. Section 15(1) of the Oil Pipelines
Ordinance (CAP) 145 prohibits the holder of an OPL to enter upon, take possession of or use any of the
following land unless the occupiers or persons in charge thereof have given their assent.
(a) Any land occupied by a burial ground or cemetery;
(b) Any land containing any grave, grotto and trees or things to be held sacred or the object of
veneration;
(c) Any land under actual cultivation.
Further, the Federal republic of Nigeria Official Gazette on 2nd October 1995 Vol. 82 No: 26 on Oil
Pipelines Acts provides in details all the regulations on pipelines, proposed routes, construction
activities and the associated protection measures. Consideration for public safety shall be in
accordance with the provision of API/RP 1102 or any other recognized equivalent standards. The
overall implication is that pipelines are constructed, in conformity with ASME B31.8 standards.
The following permits must be granted by NIWA for the execution of any pipe-laying project:
i) Permit to survey (PTS) pipeline route that falls within the ROW and declared waterway.
ii) License to lay pipe (OPL) for the approved pipeline routes stated in (i) above.
iii) Permit for dredging activities within the declared waterways and ROW.
iv) Any other relevant requirement as contained in Act No. 13 of 1997 and its operating Tariff
thereof.
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Chapter One Introduction, Administrative & Legal Framework
1.4.7 Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria, EGASPIN ( 2002)
The DPR Environmental Guidelines and Standards of 2002 stipulates in part VIII (A), the manner of
preparing EIA. Section 6 provides guidelines for preliminary EIA Report. The content of detailed EIA
Reports is outlined in Section 5 of Part VIII (A).
Federation of Nigeria, Edict No 3 of January, 1994 as enacted by Military Administrator of Edo State of
Nigeria to establish the Edo State Environmental Protection Agency (ESEPA), now State Ministry of
Environment. They are important stakeholders in the Western Domestic Gas Supply Project/West
African Gas Pipeline (WDGSP/WAGP) at Oben Field
• Biological Diversity
• Coastal and Marine Resources Management
• Cultural Properties
• Hazardous and Toxic Materials and
• International waterways.
1.4.15 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention).
(1979)
The Bonn Convention concerns the promotion of measures for the conservation (including habitat
conservation especially for endangered species listed in Bonn) and management of migratory species.
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Chapter One Introduction, Administrative & Legal Framework
1.4.17 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites (or
World Heritage Convention) (1972)
The convention sets aside areas of cultural and natural heritage for protection. The latter is defined as
areas with outstanding universal value from the aesthetic, scientific and conservation points of view.
1.4.18 Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their
Disposal. (1989)
The convention focuses attention on the hazards of the generation and disposal of hazardous wastes.
The convention defines the wastes to be regulated and control their trans-boundary movement to
protect human and environmental health against their adverse effects.
1.4.20 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) (1973/78)
operating on a global scale
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of Ships, 1973 was adopted in 1973. This
Convention was subsequently modified by the Protocol 1978 relating thereto, which was adopted in
1978. The Protocol introduced stricter regulations for the survey and certification of ships. It is to be
read as one instrument and is usually referred to as MARPOL 73/78.
This Conventions deals with pollution from land- based sources and dumping from ships, aircrafts,
offshore drilling, underwater pipelines, nuclear plants and artificial islands. It includes a prohibition on
the dumping of radioactive substances, including wastes.
1.4.21 SPDC’s Community Affairs, Safety, Health, Environment and Security {CASHES}Policy
SPDC operates under the guidelines of Shell International and complies strictly with them. Where
national standards and regulations are more stringent than Shell guidelines, SPDC’s policy is to comply
with the existing national legislation.
It is SPDC's policy that all activities are planned and executed in a manner that:
• Preserves the health, safety and security of its employees, the employees of SPDC contractors,
and all members of the public who may be affected by SPDC operation.
• Minimizes the impact of its operations on the environment.
• Is sensitive to the needs and concerns of SPDC’s host communities.
• Carry out Environmental Impact Assessments and Evaluation in relation to all aspects of the natural
and social environment that may affect or be affected by its activities;
• Identify any such interface for the complete life cycle of both new and existing facilities and
operations;
• Enhance positive effects, prevent intolerable impacts from occurring;
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Chapter One Introduction, Administrative & Legal Framework
• Limit the nature and extent of any residual negative impacts, however caused, such that they are as
low as practicable;
• Consult relevant stakeholders;
• Leave the environment at the end of the useful life of any operation in a condition suitable for future
use;
• Routinely monitor the environmental status of each operation and take corrective action as
necessary.
By 2008, all SPDC operated flowstations and processing facilities will be provided with equipment to
gather and harness a Associated Gas (AG), and SPDC and its customers will be able to utilize this gas
under normal operating conditions. Continuous venting of gas shall be eliminated by 2003. Also by
2008, facilities shall be installed to utilize more than 90% of AG and by investing to achieve continuous
improvement to the level of best Group practice thereafter.
• Gather High Pressure (HP), Low Pressure (LP) and Surge Vessel (SV) gas, unless SV volumes are
fully required for flare purge;
• Upgrade flares systems with Knock Out (KO) pots and clean-combustion tips. Low-purge flare tips
shall be considered when units are replaced;
• Consider shielded flares for sensitive locations;
• Standby spare compressors shall not be provided;
Chapter 1 introduces the project, presents the legal and administrative framework, while Chapter 2
provides the project justification, objectives, design considerations and project description, Chapter 3
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Chapter One Introduction, Administrative & Legal Framework
describes the existing environment. Chapter 4 highlights the associated and potential impacts of the
proposed project, Chapter 5 is on the mitigation measures of the envisaged Impacts, Chapter 6
provides the Environmental Management Plan. Chapter 7 talks about the consultation programme
embarked upon for the project. while. Chapter 8 gives the conclusion and recommendations.
Literature review
Baseline Data Collection:
• Field Work
• Laboratory/Data Analyses
Assessment and Prediction of Potential Impacts
Determination of Appropriate Mitigation Measures
Environmental Management Plan
Biophysical
Climate and meteorology
Air quality and noise
Vegetation
Land use/cover
Wildlife
Geology and hydrogeology
Soil/sediment quality
Aquatic studies
Groundwater quality
Hydrobiology and fisheries
Social
Demography
Social conditions of communities
Socio-economic condition of the communities
Socio-political structure/organisation, political/dispute resolution institutions and mechanisms
Archaeological and historical data
Social structure/trends and social groups
Social facilities
Social needs of the communities and
Community perceptions/view/opinions/benefits of the projects
Health
Socio-economics/vital health statistics
Individual/family/community health determinant
Health outcomes
Environmental health determinants
Institutional health determinants
Knowledge, attitudes and practices
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Chapter One Introduction, Administrative & Legal Framework
1.7 Declaration
SPDC shall abide with all applicable international conventions, protocols and agreements; national,
state and local government laws/regulations and guidelines governing effective environmental
management and good practices in the Western Domestic/WAGP Gas Supply Project at Oben Field.
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Chapter Two Project Justification
CHAPTER TWO
In December 2004, N-Gas (a joint venture company involving NNPC, Chevron and SPDC) entered into
a gas purchase agreement called the “Takoradi Gas Sales Agreement” with NNPC/SHELL joint venture
to supply about 50% of the “Foundation (Initial) Gas” required to commission the WAGP. The WAGP
gas demand forecast shows a build-up from 150MMscf/d at start-up (anchor contracts) to around
350MMscf/d over 20 years.
The SPDC gas supply to WAGP is planned to come from the Utorogu and Oben Non-Associated Gas
(NAG) plants and the Nigeria Gas Company (NGC) stations in Odidi, Escravos Beach and Jones
Creek. The Oben and Utorogu gas plants in their current operating conditions will not be able to meet
the WAGP specifications and therefore a major plant modification will be required. This EIA covers
activities proposed at the Oben project area.
The construction of the WAGP 620km offshore gas pipeline and related infrastructure that will transport
and commercialize Nigerian gas taken from the ELPS to the aforementioned neighboring West African
countries by WAPco is in progress. The offshore portion was proposed to have land fall spurs in Benin
(Cotonou) , Togo (Lome) and Ghana (Tema , Takoradi and Effasu) .
with minimal environmental, social and health impacts shall be utilised in the execution of the proposed
project. The proposed project will also ensure technical and operational integrity of the gas plant for a
minimum of 25 years.
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Chapter Two Project Justification
Escravos Lagos
Pipeline System (ELPS)
Abuja
Ota
Ikorodu Ajaokuta
Agbara
Aba
Afam
os
Lag
ct
Proje
eline Utorogu
as Pip
t African G Bo
Wes
os
nn
rav
y
Esc
t
ur
rco
Ha
rt
Po
Existing Facilities
Figure 2.1: Map of the Western Domestic Gas Network showing Oben Location
2.6.1 Wells/Flowlines
There are three (3) existing wells and associated flowlines in Oben gas plant (Fig. 2.2). These flowlines
are 6”, class 2500, carbon steel material. The flowlines lengths are as follows:
Well 26 1.0km
Well 27 1.0km
Well 28 0.5km
As part of normal flowline replacement strategy, accentuated by integrity from prolonged use without
corrosion inhibition it is proposed to replace the flowlines using identical flowline specifications (6”,
class 2500, carbon steel material). Each of these wells has existing 1” (carbon steel, class 2500)
corrosion inhibitor lines to the wellheads, which will also be replaced.
The proposed new NAG well on the D5 reservoir (Well 29) shall be drilled near the existing Well 28 slot
and will be hooked up using the replaced Well 28 flowline - 0.5km, 6”, class 2500, carbon steel flowline.
2.6.2 Process Flow Scheme for the Existing Oben Gas Plant
Oben gas plant has two (2) LTS Gas Process Modules. Gas from the production header is routed to
either of the LTS modules each rated for 45MMscf/d. Gas entering each module is stripped of entrained
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Chapter Two Project Justification
liquids in a Free Liquid Knock-out Vessel (FLKO). Liquids from the FLKO vessels are separated in a
three-phase classifier vessel into water, condensate and gas. Water is spiked into the oil saver pit.
Condensate is sent to the condensate header, from where condensate can be routed to the condensate
surge vessel or to existing Oben flowstation. Condensate routed to the surge vessel and flow station is
pumped to the trunkline enroute to Forcados Terminal.
Gas from the FLKO vessel passes through the inlet/sales gas heat exchanger, and is cooled to about
9oC, choked to 76-bar at the main choke valves. 75% by weight Diethylene Glycol (DEG) is injected
upstream of the heat exchanger to inhibit hydrates downstream of the choke valves. Gas at 76-bar after
choking enters the LTS separator via the hydrate Catcher. It is the low temperatures achieved in the
LTS, below zero degree centigrade under normal operation, by the Joule Thompson effect that is the
dew point control mechanism. Gas out of the LTS separator is sent into a 16-inch sales gas header,
where it is metered via a senior Daniel orifice (DOF) meter connected to chart recorders. The gas from
the sales gas header goes into the Escravos Lagos Pipeline System (ELPS) line.
Glycol
Injection
Classifier Condensate
Sales Gas Surge
Vessel
Glycol Regen
To Flow Station
Phase 1 works: This includes integrity related works covering upgrade of the process control system
and modifications of Oben Gas Plant, necessary to deliver the contractual gas specification which is
scheduled for completion in December 2006.
Phase 2 works covers installation of smart-type metering/monitoring skids at custody transfer point at
Oben Gas Plant with online flow computers, online gas chromatograph and V-SAT data transmission
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Chapter Two Project Justification
system as well as replacement of existing Oben NAG Flowlines. This will also invole the drilling of one
new NAG well at Oben Field.
To achieve the above objectives, the activities to be carried out at Oben gas plant include, but not
limited to the following:
Plant Utilities:
Procurement & Installation of new gas engine and diesel engine driven power generators, packaged
instrument air compressors, LV Switchboards and UPS Batteries.
Painting
Painting of the entire plant with Epoxy-type paints.
NAG Flowlines
Removal of the three (3) existing flowlines and construction of three (3) new ones within the same
Right of Way (ROW).
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Chapter Two Project Justification
Civil Works
There is no new road construction or rehabilitation of existing Oben Location road. The new process
modules to be installed in the gas plant will make use of the existing concrete bays. Hence, no civil
work is envisaged for this plant upgrade.
Logistics
Transportation of Equipment to site and Mechanical Handling:
• The process modules and containerized goods will be transported using trucks and off-loaded on
site with heavy duty cranes
• Cranes will support the site installation works throughout the duration of the construction activities.
• SPDC shall establish lay-down area (size to be provided) near the gas plant, but within SPDC
acquired area to carry out hot work (welding activities). ---Provide site map
Drilling Waste
The drilling waste management principles in this project will focus on waste minimisation and recycling.
Drilling wastes expected to be generated during the drilling operations are:
• Drill cuttings / excess or spent drilling mud and completion fluids
• Rig wash (Detergent) water.
• Cementing waste.
• Discarded consumables.
• Domestic waste (solid and sewage).
• Drilling effluents.
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Chapter Two Project Justification
Drilling a hole/well is achieved by making up the bottom-hole assembly (BHA) below pipes. Rotating this
assembly generates formation cuttings. During this operation, a special fluid (mud) is continuously
pumped through the pipe and comes out of the drilling bit. The mud carries the drilled cuttings through
the annular space between the drill string and the hole to surface. The drilling mud is a mixture of inert
bentonite suspended in a liquid phase with barite as weighting material. The liquid phase may be made
up by water and/or pseudo-oil. The main constituents of the water-based mud are bentonite and barites,
both of which are natural minerals.
The wells will be drilled using water based mud system from surface to 9-5/8” casing depth at + 10,000
ft. Thereafter, POBM will be used to drill to total depth (12,000 ftss). The two mud systems will be
salvaged for re-use. Approximately 190 m3 of drill cuttings would be generated from each drilling
operation.
Wastewater shall be treated/flocculated and used for building new mud and also for the rig and
equipment washing. The wastewater and drilled cuttings from the drilling operations will be channeled
into waste pits. A pay loader shall be used to scoop out the drilling waste from the waste pit into cutting
skips. The tipper transports the cuttings in skips to the approved cuttings re-injection well (Insert well
name) for re-injection.
Human Waste
All human wastes shall be treated on site using internationally standard in-built biological sewage
treatment plant. This provides an excellent way of handling all human wastes on board the rig. Under
normal circumstances, the total number of personnel on board the rig is not expected to exceed one
hundred (100).
referred to as Blow out preventer (BOP) with surface safety valves. This equipment shall be used to
close in a well at the slightest detection of formation fluid ingress/flow into the well bore (mud system).
This equipment shall be tested regularly to ensure proper functionality.
In addition, there would be increased land and air logistics during the proposed drilling operations, since
materials and workers would be moved to site due to operations demand.
2.9.2 Land-take
There shall be no route survey of the flowlines since the proposed routes are on existing SPDC Right-
of-Way (ROW). The existing 15 m corridor of the ROW should be adequate for the flowlines activities.
However, the construction activities may require about 80 m2 additional land within SPDC acquired
area, as temporary lay down area for construction equipment.
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Chapter Two Project Justification
The excavated old flowlines shall be recovered, cut into sections and transported to SPDC metal scrap
yard at Effurun-2 for re-cycling.
In accordance with SPDC’s Standard Construction Specifications - Volume 2, Section 25, and other
relevant regulatory and government standards, the flowlines shall be coated with three layer
polyethylene corrosion coating. The integrity of the lines shall be guaranteed by the installation of pipes
of sufficient thickness taking into consideration commercial activities in the vicinity of the flowlines. The
flowline material specification shall comply with the American Petroleum Industry (API) standard (API-
5L-X52) which is specific to carbon steel pipelines with a specified strength of 52,000 psi. The design
wall thickness for the flowlines is schedule XXS (double extra strong). Thus, this increase in thickness
and coating will ensure stability of the pipe as well as serve as corrosion allowance elongating the
service life of the flowlines.
2.9.9 Backfilling
After the pipe has been inspected to confirm that it has been laid to the correct profile, the fowline
trench will be backfilled using the previously excavated materials. Backfilling shall be done manually.
2.9.11 Operations/Maintenance
After commissioning, the flowlines shall be hooked on to the cathodic protection system for external
corrosion protection. The ROW shall be manually cleared of vegetation for maintenance and
emergency response purposes, as and when necessary.
2.9.12 Decommissioning
The flowline system and its ancillary installations have a design life of 25 years. The operations and
maintenance procedure provides for monitoring the performance and the integrity of the system
components.
A decommissioning team shall be set up to plan and implement the laid down guidelines on
decommissioning.
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Chapter Two Project Justification
To deliver the required gas at a more stringent specification, technical integrity must be improved and
maintained. The approach shall be Total Reliability Centered Maintenance that encompasses the
process reliability and people reliability. This shall aim at increasing plants’ reliability and drive down
cost.
Spares
Commissioning, insurance and initial 2-year operating spares shall be, where applicable part of the
project deliverables. E-SPIR will be prepared for materials and equipment that are being introduced to
SPDC inventory. These include purpose-built calibration and repair tool kits. Input from the Corporate
Discipline Maintenance Team should be solicited.
2-10
Chapter Two Project Justification
Time Now
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Chapter Two Project Justification
2-12
Chapter Three Description of Environment
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 General
This chapter presents the existing environmental conditions of the proposed Western Domestic Gas
Supply Project/West African Gas Pipeline (WDGSP/WAGP) at Oben. Data were acquired from a field
study carried out in November 2005 and March 2006, an Environmental Baseline Study of Oben Field &
Environs (1999/2000) and EER of Oben Flowstation and Gas Plant (2000). It is worthy to note however
that the current project activities are limited in size and are within the existing SPDC facility( Flowstation
and Wellhead)
The sampling location map is shown in Appendix I (w0801001, others w0712006a, w0712006). The
details of the methodologies adopted for data acquisition for each of the environmental components are
described in Appendix 2.
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.2 Air Quality and Noise results for Oben Sampling Stations
Parameters
C0 NH3 VOC SPM NOx SOx NOISE
3 3 3 3 3 3
µg/m µg/m µg/m µg/m µg/m µg/m LEVEL dB(A)
W D W D W D W D W D W D W D
AQ 1 0.10 0.32 9.2 8.11 <0.001 0.005 10.0 32.5 2.1 1.6 3.1 0.0 55.0 70.0
AQ2 0.82 0.30 6.2 9.42 <0.001 <0.001 5.3 11.2 3.3 1.4 5.10 0.1 49.5 66.5
AQ3 0.92 0.56 9.2 10.45 <0.001 0.08 11.2 62.2 12.0 1.2 23.8 0.1 70.5 54.2
AQ4 0.98 0.77 6.11 5.67 <0.001 <0.001 6.8 02.1 3.52 0.8 7.05 0.1 57.5 62.7
AQ5 0.10 0.30 8.11 8.48 <0.001 <0.001 5.2 3.4 2.8 1.3 3.42 0.0 56.6 70.4
DPR/FMEnv 11.4-22.8 25.0 160 150-230 400 350 90.0
STANDARDS
(1-Hour Mean
3
ug/m )
W = Wet season
D = Dry season
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
The organic matter values are high. The values ranged from 2.27 to 4.03% with an average of 2.67% in
the dry season and 2.98 to 5.98% with an average of 3.68% in the rainy season (Table 3.3a and 3.3b).
The high values could be attributed to the old fallows and forest that abound in the area. The Oben
Field is part of the Urhonigbe forest reserve. The total nitrogen values ranged from 0.40 to 0.95% with
an average of 0.61% in the dry season while in the rainy season it ranged from 0.43 to 1.71% with an
average of 0.95%. These values are high (Table 3.3a and 3.3b) due to organic matter decay. The
available phosphorus is moderately high (Table 3.3a and 3.3b). The values ranged from 11.45 – 80.0
mg/Kg with an average of 40 mg/Kg in the dry season and 21.23 to 90.5mg/Kg with an average of
50.5mg/Kg in the rainy season. This is an indication of high soil fertility despite the acidic nature of
these soils.
Table 3.3a: Physicochemical Characteristics of Soil in the Oben Field Area (Dry Season)
S/N PARAMETERS SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5 SS6 SS7 SS8 RANGE
1 Particle Size Analysis
% Sand 78.64 82.32 84.2 85.4 87.9 87.4 82.4 84.4 78.62 – 93.50
% Silt 2.88 3.40 0.50 0.64 2.48 2.42 2.32 0.84 0.50 – 3.40
% Clay 3.88 3.60 14.2 15.2 15.0 14.3 14.3 13.2 3.60 – 15.2
2 pH 4.33 4.81 4.89 5.30 5.31 5.30 5.29 5.31 4.30 – 5.35
3 Electrical Conductivity 123.0 127.4 128.4 128.1 125.6 128.1 123.5 127.9 120 – 129.60
s
(u /cm)
4 Organic matter (%) 2.27 3.11 3.45 2.68 3.78 3.86 4.01 4.03 2.27 – 4.03
5 Total Nitrogen (%) 0.45 0.67 0.78 0.54 0.74 0.72 0.75 0.95 0.40 – 0.95
6 Available Phosphorus 11.45 30.4 28.3 31.2 80.0 44.8 43.8 31.2 11.45 – 80.0
(mg/Kg)
7 Exchangeable Cations
(cmol/kg)
Ca 0.12 0.20 0.26 0.24 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.28 0.12 – 0.28
Mg 0.40 0.72 0.64 0.88 0.70 0.82 0.83 0.81 0.40 – 0.88
Na 0.44 0.50 0.53 0.49 0.49 0.52 0.50 0.44 0.44 – 0.53
K 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.10 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.10 – 0.20
8 Cation Exchange 1.05 1.67 1.87 1.24 1.42 1.29 1.24 1.26 1.05 – 1.87
Capacity
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.3b: Physicochemical Characteristics of Soil in the Oben Field Area (Wet Season)
S/N PARAMETERS SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5 SS6 SS7 SS8 RANGE
1 Particle Size Analysis
% Sand 77.3 81.32 80.3 79.4 78.4 80.3 81.2 79.3 77.3 – 81.32
% Silt 1.81 2.13 2.23 2.21 1.93 2.10 1.90 2.10 1.81 – 2.23
% Clay 3.94 4.24 13.94 13.11 14.10 13.10 12.10 14.11 3.94 – 14.11
2 pH 4.9 5.0 5.1 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.2 6.4 4.9 – 6.4
3 Electrical Conductivity 150.0 165.0 161.0 155.1 161.0 159.1 161.0 162.1 150 – 165.0
s
(u /cm)
4 Organic matter (%) 2.98 3.81 3.95 4.12 4.78 4.10 5.10 5.98 2.98 – 5.98
5 Total Nitrogen (%) 0.43 0.90 0.91 0.81 0.99 1.58 1.67 1.71 0.43 – 1.71
6 Available Phosphorus 21.23 38.1 40.2 39.3 90.5 61.3 62.3 48.4 21.23 – 90.5
(mg/Kg)
7 Exchangeable Cations
(cmol/kg)
Ca 0.25 0.28 0.22 0.36 0.29 0.40 0.32 0.34 0.25 – 0.34
Mg 0.45 0.61 0.75 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.80 0.70 0.45 – 0.80
Na 0.50 0.55 0.70 0.50 0.49 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.49 – 0.50
K 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.24 0.45 0.35 0.24 – 0.45
8 Cation Exchange 1.21 1.87 1.96 1.39 1.41 1.48 1.39 1.42 1.21 – 1.96
Capacity
The calcium values ranged from 0.12 to 0.28 cmol/Kg with an average of 0.16-cmol/Kg soils in the dry
season and 0.25 to 0.34 cmol/Kg and a mean value of 0.29 cmol/Kg in the rainy season. The mean
magnesium and potassium values are 0.61 and 0.16 cmol/Kg soils respectively in the dry season
and0.65 and 0.40 cmol/Kg in the rainy season respectively. The high rainfall from April to October and
high soil porosity encourages leaching of soil nutrients into subsoil outside the reach of most plants. As
with the exchangeable cations, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) values are low. The values ranged
from 1.05 - 1.87-cmol/Kg soil with an average of 1.42-coml./Kg soil in the dry season and1.01 - 1.76-
cmol/Kg soil with an average of 1.52 cmol/Kg soil in the dry season (Table 3.3a and 3.3b).
The heavy metal concentrations of the soils in Oben Field are shown in during the dry and rainy
seasons are shown in Tables 3.4a and 3.4b respectively. The values are low except for iron whose
concentration ranged between 115 and 340 mg/kg in the dry season and 163.4 and 493.7mg/Kg in the
rainy season . Most of the heavy metal values are below limits that can be of environmental concern. In
a decreasing order, the concentration of the heavy metal are as follow: Fe > Zn > Mn > Cr > Cd > Pb >
Ni > V > Cu. The total hydrocarbon (THC) values are low and below the 50 mg/kg found in soils with
luxuriant growth of plants. The values ranged from 2.40 to 25.61 mg/kg with an average of 9.82 mg/kg.
The low THC values may be due to lack of oil spill incidence in the area.
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.4a: Heavy metals and THC concentration of Soils in Oben Field Area (Dry Season)
Table 3.4b: Heavy metals and THC concentration of Soils in Oben Field Area (Wet Season)
S/N PARAMETERS (mg/Kg) RANGE MEAN
1 Iron, Fe 163.4 – 493.7 380.5
2 Zinc, Zn 6.14 – 41.20 20.91
3 Manganese, Mn. 0.24 – 15.9 5.32
4 Chromium, Cr. 0.15 – 0.89 0.63
5 Nickel, Ni 0.11 – 0.86 0.25
6 Vanadium, V 0.005 – 0.22 0.09
7 Copper, Cu. 0.02 – 0.51 0.35
8 Cadmium, Cd 0.018 – 0.54 0.44
9 Lead, Pb 0.11 – 0.82 0.52
10 Total Hydrocarbon (THC) 3.38 – 30.15 10.83
Within the Oben Field, activities, which have influenced land use patterns, include
a. Oil and Gas E & P activities (flow lines, flow stations and compressor station construction)
b. Changes in transportation system (roads, access to well heads, helipad)
c. Expansion due to residential buildings
d. Provision of facilities by SPDC – water works, markets, hospitals, etc.
e. Farmlands
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
0%
3% Water
41% Forest I
Forest II
51% Farmland
5% Urban/bare soil
160
145.41
140
118.62
120
100
Area %
80
Area km2
60 50.26
41
40
14.73
20 9.38
5.09 3.24
0.4 1.16
0
Water Forest I Forest II Farmland Urban/bare
soil
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
3.2.5 Vegetation
3.2.5.1 Floristic Composition and Profile
The project area is situated within the Lowland Rainforest Belt of Nigeria. The natural vegetation has,
however, been altered in most parts by human activities, such as agricultural activities which is mainly
by shifting cultivation. The types of vegetation include secondary lowland rainforest, and bush fallow of
varying ages. The latter is the most extensive vegetation type in the field. There are also farmlands of
various sizes.
The vertical structure of the vegetation types around the study area is illustrated using profile diagrams
(Figs. 3.2 and 3.3). The structure and physiognomy of these forest types were such that four vegetation
strata were encountered viz: the B-and C-stories of trees about 15 -20m and 10-15m high respectively,
the shrubs, less than 2m high (D-storey) and the herb layers (E - Storey). No tree emergents (A-storey)
greater than 20m were encountered since these have been harvested for timber. The dominant plant
species include Siam weed Chromolaena odorata, Christmas bush Alchornea cordifolia, Icacina
trichantha, Haemorrhage plant Aspilia africana, Trema occidentalis, Musanga sp, Solanum torvum,
Ficus esperata, Emilia coccinea, Tridax procumbens, Euphorbia heterophylla, and the Guinea grass
Panicum maximum. These species are good indicators of secondary succession. There were volunteer
economic trees such as Irvingia gabonensis(Dika nut tree), Elaeis guineensis (oil palm), Baphia
nitida(Camwood) and Terminalia superba (White Afara). The relative abundance of the dominant
species in the farmland and the bush fallow are shown in Table 3.6. (Plates 1 - 3).
20m
0
T T A S A E A 25m
Fig. 3.3 Profile diagram of a typical bush fallow surrounding the study area.
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
10m
M M T M M M M I A 20M
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Plate 3: Farmland
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.6: The Composition and Frequency of Plant Species in Oben Field
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.7: Mean Population Density of Key Economic Plant Species in Oben Field.
S/No Scientific Name Common Density (Plants/Ha) Sensitivities
Name
1 Elaeis guineensis Oil palm 23 ± 9 Endemic
2 Irvingia Dika nut tree 17 ± 6 Endemic
gabonensis
3 Manihot esculenta Cassava 1100 ± 21 Endemic
4 Alstonia boonei Stool wood tree 140 ± 35 Endemic
5 Terminalia White Afara 26 ± 10 Endemic
superba
6 Spondias mombin Hog plum 32 ± 11 Endemic
The highest plant population density was recorded for Manihot esculenta (Cassava). Alstonia boonei
(Stool wood tree) had a mean density of 140 plants per hectare while the White Afara (Terminalia
superba) had a mean population density of 26 plants per hectare. The lowest density was recorded for
Dika nut tree (Irvingia gabonensis).
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
The prevalent pathological conditions are leaf spot and chlorosis, which were found in over 50% of the
specimens examined. Other diseases include necrosis, leaf mosaic, wet rot, and powdery mildew. The
causal organisms include Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium sp. and Ganoderma
pseudoferreum among others. The severity index shown in Table 3.8 is based on the extent of spread
of the infection within a plant and among 5 – 10 plants in a population. When more than half of the
leaves on a single plant are infected, it is considered high; when more than five leaves in a group of 3 –
44 plants of the population are infected, it is considered moderate, while if only 1 or 2 leaves of plants
are infected it is considered a light infection.
Table 3.8: Plant Diseases, Causal Organisms and Severity Index of Infection in the Project Area
Key to Severity Index: 0 = No infection, 1 = Light infections, 2 = Moderate infection 3 = Severe infection
The invertebrate fauna were diverse and consisted of forest dwelling species dominated by ants,
beetles and millipedes. Many genera and species of arthropods (Ants, flies, butterflies and
grasshoppers) were recorded. Some species of bugs, dragon flies and damselflies were also recorded.
The Mollusca fauna was represented by the presence of the giant African land snail (Archachatina
marginata suturalis) and the garden snail, Limicolaria aurora.
Most of the mammals are crepuscular, feeding in the early hours of the day or just before dusk.
Rodents and pottos dominated the mammalian class. Forest dwelling species, seed and insect-eating
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
species in both the farm land and fallow areas dominated the avifauna of the Oben Field area. The bird
species recorded by sighting, nest observations and call sounds include the white egrets, kites,
weaverbirds, owls and hawks. Different species of reptiles and amphibians were also noticed.
Prominent among these were Agama agama (common lizard), gecko, frogs and snakes.
Table 3.9: List of Wildlife species within the Oben Field Area
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Some of the Penicillium and Mucor species isolated from the study area were petroleum degraders.
Table3.10a: Soil heterotrophic bacteria and Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria of the Oben Field (Dry
Season)
Table 3.10b: Soil fungi and Hydrocarbon utilizing fungi of the Oben Field (Dry Season)
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table: 3.10c Soil heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria of the Oben Field (Wet
Season)
Table 3.10d: Soil fungi and hydrocarbon utilizing fungi of the Oben Field (Wet Season)
Table 3.11a Summary of the Physico-chemical Conditions in the water bodies (Dry Season)
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.11b Summary of the Physico-chemical Conditions in the water bodies (Wet Season)
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.12b Composition and abundance of phytoplankton in the Study Stations (Wet Season)
Taxa Borrow Pit Jamieson River
CHLOROPHYCEAE
Spirogyra africanum 28 40
Spirogyra setiformis 13
Volvox sp. 2
Mocrospora sp.
Micrasterias sp. 4
Scenedesmus sp. 5
Ankistrodesmus sp. 18
BACILLARIOPHYCEAE
Fragillaria islandica 10
Nitzschia sp. 15
Melosira sp. 6 8
Coscinodiscus sp. 17
CYANOPHYCEAE
Spirulina sp. 18
Microcystis aureginosa 45
Oscillatoria limnetica
Oscillatoria curviceps 60 80
DINOPHYCEAE
Ceratium sp.
Peridinum depressum 2
Total number of taxa 8 9
Total number of individuals 253 181
The phytoplankton community of the borrow pit water within the Oben Field area comprised of 5 taxa
belonging to the Divisions Chlorophyta (1 species), Cyanophyta (3 species) and Euglenophyta (1
species) (Table 3.12a and b). The Cyanophyta (Anabaena cylindricum, Microcystis aeruginosa and
Oscillatoria sp) were the most prevalent followed by the Euglenoids (Euglena acus) and Chlorophyta
(Spirogyra). The water of the borrow pit was poor in phytoplankton species diversity when compared
with the river water. The dominance of cynophytes and euglenoids was indicative of organic pollution of
the burrow pit water. In the Jamieson River, 19 taxa of phytoplankton belonging to the Divisions
Bacillariophyta, Chlorophta, Euglenophyta and Cyanophyta were recorded. The chlorophyta dominated
in terms of taxa number and total abundance. The phytoplankton composition and abundance at
Jamieson River are similar to what obtains in similar water bodies in the Niger Delta (RPI, 1985; Opute,
1991). The poor record of euglenoids and cynophytes in the Jamieson River supports the unpolluted
state of this river (Wetzel, 1975).
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.13a Composition and Abundance of Zooplankton in the Study Stations (Dry Season)
Zooplankton Taxa Borrow Pit Jamieson River
ROTIFERA
ASPLANCHNIDAE
Asplanchna priodonta 5
BRACHIONIDAE
Brachionus patulus 20
Brachionus calyciflorus 9
Platyias leloupi 6
Keratella tropica 22
Keratella cochlearis 19
Beauchampiella eudactylota 1
LECANIDAE
Lecane lunaris 2
Lecane curvicornis 13
Monostyla bulla 4
TRICHOCERCIDAE
Trichocerca cylindrica 6
FILINIIDAE
Filina longiseta 2
GASTROPODIDAE
Ascomorpha sp 1
CLADOCERA
BOSMINIDAE
Bosmina longirostris 15
Bosminopsis deitersi 4
CHYDORIDAE
Alona excisa 10
Alona monacantha 5
MOINIDAE
Moina micrura 11
MACROTHRICIDAE
Macrothrix spinosa 5
Ilyocryptus spinifer 7
Echinisca triseralis 18
COPEPODA
CYCLOPODA
Mesocyclops leukarti 8
Microcyclops varicans 13
Eucyclops serrulatus 15
Thermocyclops neglectus 9
Thermocyclops prassinus 20
CALANOIDA
Tropodiaptomus incognitos 2
Tropodiaptomus laurentii 5
Temora sp 2
Thermodiaptomus galebi 4
HARPACTICOIDA
Bryocamptus birsteini 1
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Stenocypris sp 19
Cytheridella tepida 8
Total Number of Taxa 3 30
Total number of Individuals 40 78
The Jamieson River zooplankton comprised of 30 taxa made of the Rotifera (13 species), Cladocera (8
species) and 9 species of Copepoda. The predominance of rotifers is typical of tropical freshwater
ecosystems (Odum 1971, Ogbeibu 2001, Ogbeibu et al 2006). The zooplankton diversity and
abundance of the burrow pit was poor when compared with the Jamieson River. Zooplankton diversity
and abundance were greater in the rainy season than in the dry season for both borrow pit water and
river water.
Table 3.13b Composition and abundance of Zooplankton in the Study Stations (Wet season)
Taxa Borrow Pit Jamieson River
CLADOCERA
Bosmina longirostris 8 18
Moina micrura 5 10
Macrothrix spinosa 6
Echinisca triseralis 4 36
Ilyocryptus spinifer 7 15
Alona excisa 8 10
Alona monacantha 4
Alona davidi 5 14
COPEPODA
Cyclopoida
Eucyclops serrulatus 1
Mesocyclops leuckarti 5
Thermocyclops negloitus
Thermocyclops crassus 3
Calanoida
Tropodiaptomus incognitos 2 1
Harpacticoida
Bryocampus sp.
Total number of taxa 5 12
Total number of individuals 39 108
3.2.8.4 Macrobenthos
These groups were poorly represented in the borrow pit; only few individuals of Notonecta
(Family Notonectidae) of the insect order Hemiptera were recorded (Table 3.14a & b). In the
Jamieson River, a total of 31 taxa were recorded. The chironomid dipterans are known to be
ubiquitous in tropical aquatic ecosystems (Ogbeibu and Victor 1989, Ogbeibu 2001, Ogbeibu
and Oribhabor 2002). The occurrence of shrimps in this river indicates the unperturbed nature
of the sampled stretch (Edokpayi 1989).
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.14a Composition and Abundance of Macrobenthic Fauna in the Study Stations (Dry Season)
MACROBENTHIC TAXA Borrow Pit Jamieson River
CLASS INSECTA
ORDER COLEOPTERA
FAMILY DYTISCIDAE
Dytiscus marginalis 7
FAMILY ELIMIDAE
Stenelmis sp. 3
Heterlimnius sp. 1
FAMILY HYDROPHILIDAE
Hydrophilus sp. 1
ORDER DIPTERA
FAMILY CHIRONOMIDAE
Chironominae
Chironomus (Nilodorum) 2
fractilobus
C. (Nilodorum) 18
transvaalensis
Stictichironomus caffrarius 8
Pentaneura sp. 20
Polypedilum sp. 7
Tanytarsus balteatus 3
Orthocladinae
Corynoneura sp. 8
Tanypodinae
Clinotanypus maculatus 2
FAMILY CULICIDAE
Chaoborinae
Chaoborus sp. 3
EPHEMEROPTERA
FAMILY BAETIDAE
Baetis sp. 15
Centroptilum sp. 10
Cloeon bellum 5
C. cylindroculum 7
FAMILY CAENIDAE
Caenis sp. 1
FAMILY
TRICHORYTHIDAE
Dicercomyzon sp. 1
ORDER HEMIPTERA
FAMILY Belostomidae
Sphaerodima nepoides 1
FAMILY Gerridae
Gerris lacustris 5
FAMILY Nepidae
Nepa apiculata 1
FAMILY Notonectidae
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Notonecta sp. 28
ODONATA
ANISOPTERA
FAMILY Cordulidae
Somatochlora metallica 1
FAMILY Libellulidae
Sympetrum navasi 3
ZYGOPTERA
FAMILY
COENAGRIONIDAE
Ceriagrion sp. 3
C. pulchelum 2
Ischnura elegans 1
Class Crustacea
Order Decapoda
Caridina africana 14
Desmocaris trispinosa 20
Macrobrachium 4
macrobrachium
Macrobrachium felicinum 2
Table 3.14b Composition and abundance of Macrobenthic Fauna in the Study Stations (Wet Season)
Taxa Borrow Pit Jamieson River
PLACOPTERA
Isoperia sp. 1
EPHEMEROPTERA
Baetis rhodani 6
Centroptilum sp.
Stenonema sp. 3
ODONATA
Lestes sp. 1 2
Macromia sp.
Libullula sp. 3
DIPTERA
Chironomus sp. 6 2
Ablabesmyia sp. 3 1
Chaoborus sp. 2
Antrichopogon sp.
COLEOPTERA
Stenelmis sp. 2
HEMIPTERA
Gerris sp. 2
Sigara sp.
DECAPODA
Caridina africana
Desmocaris trispinosa
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Macrobrachium felicinum
OSTRACODA
Cypris sp. 2
Cypridopsis sp.
Total number of taxa 4 10
Total number of individuals 12 20
The fungal counts of surface water samples (borrow pit and Jamieson river) from the Oben Field area
ranged from 2.0 x 10 to 5.0 x10 cfu/ml in the dry season and 6.0x10 to 8.0x102 in the rainy season.The
predominant fungal isolates in water samples within the Oben Field were Mucor sp., Cladosporum sp
Penicillium sp. and Candida sp.
Table 3.15a: Microbiological Properties of Surface Waters in Oben Field (Dry season)
Table 3.15b: Microbiological Properties of Surface Waters in Oben Field (Wet season)
The condition factor of these fishes range from 1.63 – 4.50 (a high factor) indicating that they were in
good health. The fishes observed ranged from small to large sizes. At the downstream stretch of the
Jemison River, fishing activities are very intensive. Compared to the fishing potential at the study area
as reflected by the results of this study, the activity is relatively under-utilised.
The heavy metal concentration in tissues of selected fish species from the Jemison River in Oben field
is presented in Table 3.17a. The heavy metal contents of the fish tissues were generally low and within
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
allowable WHO limits. The degree of bioaccumulation of metal differs in relation to the fish species as
well as the type of metal.
Wet Season
Few fish landings from the Jemison River were observed but these were comparatively higher than the
dry season observation. These include typical freshwater species (Edokpayi and Gbugbemi, 1998) like
Tilapia zilli, Alestes nurse, Hemichromis fasciatus, and Hemichromis bimaculatus. A checklist of the
finfishes is presented in Table 3.17b. The Condition Factors of the fishes were high (range 2.86 –
6.50). The fishing gears which were mainly line-hooks, traps and baskets were not different from the
dry season observation. The heavy metal content of tissues of selected fish species from the Oben
waters was generally low (Table 3.17a) and within allowable WHO limits (FEPA, 1991).
Table 3.16: Fin fishes in the Jamieson River of the Oben Field
Family: CICHLIDAE
Tilapia zilli
Hemichromis fascia tus
Hemichromis bimaculatus
Family: MOCHOKIDAE
Auchenoglanis occidentalis
Synodontis eupterus
Family : CHANNIDAE
Channa obscura
Family : GYMNARCHIDAE
Gymnarchus niloticus
Family : MORMYRIDAE
Mormyrus …phthalmus
Family: POLYTERIDAE
Calamoichthys calabaricus
Family: OSTEOGLOSSIDAE
Heterotis niloticus
Table 3.17a: Heavy metal concentrations in selected fish species from waters in Oben field (dry
season)
Table 3.17b: Heavy metal concentrations in selected fish species from waters in Oben field (Wet
season)
3.2.9 Hydrology/Hydrogeology
The altitude of the Oben Field rises slightly in excess of 50ft above mean sea level. Three (3) chrono-
stratigraphic units have been identified in the sedimentary building of the Niger delta basin. These are
Agbada, Akata and Benin formation. Sediment thickness in sequences in most basins is Quaternary
deposits characterized with geomorphologic units.
The hydrogeological set-up constitutes of fine medium grain sand aquifers, which were more than 15m
thick (Oben closest depth is between 46-60m). A clay layer ranging in thickness from 3.5-9.0m overlies
the aquifers and the static water level at Oben was low. The ground waters are potable and belong to
the Ca-Mg-CO3 facia type with low concentrations of hydrocarbons (<0.03ppm)
3.2.9.1 Geology/Hydrogeology/Geophysics
3.2.9.1.1: General Geology
The Oben field whose origin is from the Niger-Basin, is located in an area whose altitude rises slightly in
excess of 50ft above mean sea level. Structurally, the Oben Field is situated within the Northern
Depobelt. Three (3) chrono-stratigraphic units have been identified in the sedimentary build-up of the
Niger Delta Basin (Short and Stauble, 1967; Allen, 1965). Sediment thickness is in excess of 8000m
(24000ft) in the central portion of the basin. These units are:
Overlying these sequences in most of the basin are Quaternary deposits. Four
geomorphologic units characterise these deposits (Wigwe, 1975). These are:
b) The Freshwater Swamps and Meander Belts: These are represented by abandoned
meander loops (ox-bow lakes) and extensive point bars. It is capped by natural levees
with the crevasse splay deposits typifying flood plains. The stratigraphy in places
consists of a top grey-black organic clay or silty clay overlying a predominantly sandy
lithology with intercalating clay.
c) The Saltwater Mangrove Swamp Belt: These areas surround the estuaries, creeks
and lagoons, and are dominated by a system of interconnecting fairly rectangular meandering tidal
creeks, cut-off meander loops surrounded by centrally depressed tidal flats in places. Thick under-
growths and a rich mangrove vegetation characterise this belt. The stratigraphy is highly variable,
made up of a top layer of black silty clay/clay underlain by a predominantly sandy lithology intercalated
with clay fenses.
d) Coastal Islands and Beach Ridges: This belt includes both the active and abandoned ridges
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
facing tile sea, separated by the various river mouths which dissect
them into small islands - 5 - 47Km long and approximately 12Km wide. The upper layer is made up of
fine to medium grained sand below which is an organic peaty silty clay or clay. A predominantly sandy
lithology with some gravely characteristic is found deeper below:
3.2.9.1.2: Hydrogeology
The Oben study areas are underlain by fine medium grain sand aquifers more than 15m thick (Oben,
closest depth is between 46-60m). A clay layer ranging in thickness from 3.5 - 9.0m overlie the aquifers
and the static water level at Oben was low. Cr, Hg, Ni and V concentrations were not detected in any of
the borehole water samples. The ground waters are portable and belong to the Ca - Mg - CO3 facie
type with the concentrations of hydrocarbon < 0.03 ppm.
Table 3.18 Physico-chemical Characteristics of Borehole Waters in Oben Field (Wet and Dry Seasons)
BH1 BH2 BH3
Parameters W D W D W D
Temperature oC 26.3 28.2 26.5 28.1 26.2 27.8
Total Dissolved Solids 20.6 22.3 22.1 25.3 20.1 26.4
(mg/l)
Total Suspended Solids 1.0 <1.0 1.5 <1.0 1.0 <1.0
(mg/l)
Turbidity (NTU) 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
Conductivity (uS/cm) 10.1 14.72 11.2 10.50 11.3 12.10
Dissolved Oxygen 2.5 1.0 2.5 3.0 2.5 1.5
(mg/l)
BOD5 (mg/l) 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8
Salinity (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total Hydrocarbon <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Content (mg/l)
Volatile Organic <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Carbon (VOC)
Nitrate (mg/l) 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.25
Chloride (mg/l) 3.35 4.10 3.50 3.89 3.10 3.30
Sulphate (mg/l) <1.00 <1.00 <1.00 <1.00 <1.00 <1.00
Cyande (mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Magnesium (mg/l) 0.97 0.85 0.85 0.80 0.93 0.89
Sodium (mg/l) 2.85 3.10 2.75 2.90 2.70 2.90
Calcium (mg/l) 4.81 4.85 4.50 4.20 4.18 4.10
Zinc (mg/l) 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02
Cadmium (mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01
Manganese (mg/l) 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02
Nickel (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Mercury (mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Lead (mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Chromium (mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01
Iron (mg/l) 0.12 0.01 0.13 0.04 0.05 0.01
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
The villages are autonomous units but the socio-political organisation structure is the same as in all
settlements in Benin Kingdom. The structure consists of:
1. The Council of Elders headed by the Enogie (Duke) or Odionwere (the eldest male if there is no
Duke). The Council is responsible for all customary and administrative issues.
2. The Youth Council, which is made up of elected officials, and is responsible for social and
environmental development
3. The Women group, that is responsible for women affairs.
These organs are charged with various responsibilities, which help to ensure peace, development and
good neighborliness in the communities. All the settlements often meet to dialogue on issues of
common interest. The hierarchy of authority and representatives’ standing and functional roles at such
meetings is based on well-known practiced and accepted cultural history and procedures. The people
are generally well informed, highly mobilized and sensitive to their rights. Women are accorded
reasonable level of social recognition.
Table 3.19: Population Census of Communities in Oben Field in 1991 and its Projected Population in
2006
3.3.1.1 Totems
There is no universal totem in the communities. However some families forbid the consumption of
private totems such as cricket, cat, dog, puff adder, etc.
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.20: Demographic structure of the host communities of the WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
80
70
Oben
60 Iguel aba
Ikobi
Population (%)
Obozogbe
50
40
30
20
10
0
0-15 16-24 25-34 35-50 >50
Age
Fig.3.5: Demographic structure of the host communities of the WDGS/WAGP at Oben Field
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Community
Oben 2 9.5 16 76.2 2 9.5 - - 1 4.8 9 60.0 6 40.0 - -
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
20% of respondents fall between N11,000 – N20,000 where as 13% earn above N80,000 per annum.
The least income group amongst the respondents (N1,000 – N10,000) constitute 7%.
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
20
Oben
Population (%)
15 Iguelaba
Ikobi
10
Obozogbe-Nugu
0
<10 20-50 20-50 50-80
Income in '000
Annual Income Distribution in Oben Communities
The Table shows that eight (8) combinations of materials used for the construction of the walls and
roofs of the houses in the area were identified, namely: unplastered mud walls with zinc roof; half
plastered walls with zinc roof; fully plastered walls with zinc roof; unplastered cement block walls with
zinc; half plastered cement walls with zinc roof; fully plastered cement walls with zinc roof; stick and
mortar walls with zinc roof and stick and mortar walls with thatch roof.
If stick and mortar, and unplastered mud are considered the lowest quality walling materials then the
worst houses were in Ikobi and Obozogbe-Nugu. On the other hand, if plastered cement block,
especially when fully plastered, are considered the highest quality walling materials, the Table 3.27
shows that the best houses were in Oben, followed by Iguelaba. Although majority of the houses are of
low quality. They were assessed to be in good physical condition. They were neat and structurally
stable.
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.27: Housing Types and Structure in Oben Oil Filed Host Communities
House Type (%) Iguelaba Oben Ikobi Obozogbe- Average
Nugu %
Mud wall un-plastered & zinc roof 28.6 8.3 37.2 29.5 25.9
Mud wall half plastered with cement & zinc roof 12.2 18.8 16.5 14.4 15.5
Mud wall plastered with cement & zinc roof 26.5 6.0 7.4 9.8 12.4
Cement block wall un-plastered & zinc roof 8.2 18.1 3.3 10.6 10.1
Cement block wall half plastered & zinc roof 2.0 6.0 0.8 2.6 2.8
Cement block wall plastered & zinc roof 22.4 37.6 1.7 17.0 19.7
Stick and mortar wall & zinc roof - 5.3 32.2 14.9 13.1
Stick and mortar and thatch roof - - 0.8 1.2 0.5
% of total of 417 houses 11.8 31.9 29.0 27.3 100
Source: Fieldwork, 2006
Our study showed that the pit latrine was the method of human waste disposal in 98.4 per cent of the
houses. Solid waste was gathered at designated dumpsites in each compound and burnt periodically.
3.3.7.1 Roads
A tarred road that runs from Jesse in Delta State to Ugo in Edo State links the four communities. The
road that is also known as the “Crewe-Read Road” is named after the British Colonial District
Commissioner, Offley Stuart Crewe-Read, under whose administration it was contructed in the 1900s.
The road was recently re-surfaced by SPDC. The road to Oben Field is also tarred. All others are earth
roads, but are in good condition.
3.3.7.2 Electricity
The defunct Oil Mineral Producing Area Development Commission (OMPADEC) provided electricity for
the four communities. However, the area had been without electricity for several years because many of
the poles have broken and the conductors and insulators vandalized. In 2003, the Niger Delta
Development Commission (NDDC) intervened by installing a transformer at Ikobi. In the other
communities, only those who can afford private generators have electricity.
3.3.7.3 Water
The defunct Bendel State government had in the early 1980s constructed water schemes in all the
communities. Our study revealed that none of these facilities is presently functional. The borehole
constructed by SPDC at Obozogbe-Nugu, had also since broken down. SPDC recently constructed a
comprehensive borehole at Oben, with an overhead storage tank and a diesel generator. However,
water supply is not regular because of the inability of the community to bear the running cost. NDDC
has constructed a borehole at Iguelaba. The other two (2) communities get their water from the SPDC
facility at Oben.
3.3.7.4 Markets
Each of the four (4) communities has a traditional market. While the market at Oben operates daily, the
others are periodic and operate every fourth day. While the market at Oben has 40 modern open stalls,
constructed by SPDC, as well as traditional makeshift sheds, the three (3), others have only traditional
sheds.
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
3.3.7.5 Schools
Each of the four (4) communities has a primary school. SPDC had constructed a six-classroom block in
Oben (1995), Iguelaba and Obozonogbe-Nugu (1984). There were two (2) secondary schools in the
area. The older one is located at Oben, while the one at Ikobi was established only in 2003. Both of
them run JSS 1-3 and SSS 1, only. Both of them had benefited from SPDC through the donation of
books and the construction of staff quarters.
Our study shows that the respondents mentioned five (5) environmental problems, namely: gas flaring,
flooding, erosion, poor soils and pests. Generally, the one that was perceived to be most serious in the
area was pollution from gas flaring, which accounted for 44.9 per cent of the responses. This was
followed by erosion (22.8 per cent) and poor soils (19.0 per cent). However, the severity of these
problems varied from community to community. Thus, in Obozogbe-Nugu, all the respondents identified
gas flaring was the only environmental problem. In Ikobi erosion, poor soils and pests were seen as
equally serious.In Iguelaba, gas flaring and flooding were perceived as equally serious, while in Oben
ggas flaring was identified as the most serious environmental problem followed by poor soils.
Table 3.29: Needs and Desires of Oben Oil Field Host Communities
Employment Market Town Micro- Electricity Industry Health Water School Others
Hall credit Centre
Oben 14.1 13.6 2.5 1.7 18.6 - - 15.3 11.0 22.9
Iguelaba 11.5 2.6 - 9.0 15.4 2.6 11.5 11.5 12.9 23.1
Ikobi 12.7 18.9 13.9 11.4 15.2 3.8 - 16.5 1.3 6.3
Obozogbe- 24.6 - 9.8 22.9 8.2 24.6 3.3 - - 6.6
Nugu
Average 15.7 8.8 6.6 11.3 14.4 7.8 3.7 10.8 6.3 14.7
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
In relative order of priority the four (4) most desired areas of need indicated were: employment (15.7
%), electricity (14.4 %), micro-credit (11. %) and water supply (10.8 %). However, the survey shows that
the areas of desired assistance varied from community to community. For instance, in Oben, the priority
need was electricity (18.6 %) followed by potable water (15.3 %) and employment (14.4 %). In Iguelaba,
electricity was also indicated as the number one need (15.4 %), followed by school (12.9 %), while
employment, health centre and water, tied for the third place (11.5 % each). In Ikobi what the people
said they needed most was a market (18.9 %), followed by potable water (16.5 %) and electricity (15.2
%). In Obozogbe-Nugu employment and electricity were indicated as the equally most desired areas of
assistance (24.6%) followed by micro credit (22.9 %).
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.30 Prevalent diseases at Oben communities (obtained from questionnaire survey and clinical/physical
Examination)
n=100
Age Group and 6-20yrs 21-30 31-40 41-50 Above 50year Total
Gender M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T
Disease
Number examined 9 7 16 10 10 20 11 11 22 11 11 22 11 9 20 52 48 100
Number affected 5 6 11 5 5 10 5 6 11 8 6 14 7 5 12 30 28 58 (58)
Communicable disease
Malaria fever 3 3 6 3 3 6 2 3 5 4 3 7 2 4 6 14 16 30
URTI/cough 3 2 5 5 3 8 2 3 5 2 1 3 2 3 5 14 12 26
Diarrhea/Dysentery 3 1 4 3 3 6 2 2 4 4 8 4 2 6 16 12 28
Typhoid 2 1 3 1 - 1 1 1 2 1 - 1 1 2 3 6 4 10
Cholera 1 1 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 4
Gastroenteritis 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 8 6 14
Scabies - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 4 6
Chicken pox - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Measles - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -
Rashes 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 - - - 4 2 6
Worm infestation 1 1 2 1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 4
STIs 4 - 4 2 - 2 2 - 2 - - - - - - 8 -4 8
Non-communicable
Body pains/ Rheumatism - - - 2 - 2 4 2 6 6 4 10 4 4 8 16 10 26
Arthritis (joint paints) - - - 2 - 2 2 - 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 8 4 12
Dizziness - - - - - - 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 8 8 8 16
Injuries/sores 2 - 2 2 2 4 2 - 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 10 6 16
Accident/ (roads) 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 6 2 8
Cancer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
High Blood Pressure - - - - - - 2 - 2 2 2 4 4 2 6 8 4 12
Note (1) some individuals have multiple ailments; (2) Prevalence (%) in parenthesis.
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.31 Prevalent diseases among children at Oben communities (obtained from
questionnaire survey and clinical/physical Examination)
n=100
The most prevalent communicable diseases were malaria, URTI or cough, diarrhoea
diseases, skin infections and worm infestations while the most prevalent non-communicable
diseases were body pains/rheumatism, arthritis, hernia, injuries and hypertension.
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Most people (85%) eat twice a day i.e morning and evenings (50%) or afternoons and
evenings (35%). The rest 15% claimed to only a single meal in a day and usually between
afternoon and evening.
There are no special food items for breakfast, lunch or dinner but the people simply eat any
of the following food items as available at any time of the day: rice, yams, Eba (Garri with
soup), beans, plantain, porridge etc.
The Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for the adults and it is the weight in kilograms
over the height in square metres. The results showed 52.3% of the respondents have
normal nutritional status (Table 3.32).
Table 3.32: Nutritional status of Adult respondents as estimated by the Body Mass Index
(BMI)
Health indicator Standard Number of Percentage of
Reference value of respondents Respondents
BMI
Under Nutrition <20 17 38.6%
Normal 20-24.9 23 52.37%
Overweight 25-29.9 4 9.1%
Obese 30-39.9 - -
Grossly obese >40 - -
Total 44 100.0%
For the children, anthropometric indices for stunting, wasting and underweight were
calculated.
- Underweight (Malnutrition) was obtained by comparing the mean weight over the
mean age with standard or reference values.
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
- Stunting was obtained by comparing the mean height over the age with
standard or reference values.
- Wasting was obtained by comparing the mean weight over the height with standard
or reference values.
Table 3.33: Indices of Underweight, stunting and wasting among children in Oben
community
n=50
Health indicator Value National Cut-off points (percentages of Interpretation
reference reference)
date (2003)
Underweight 208.3 28.7 Severe malnutrition = <60% No underweight
(weight-for-age) Moderate malnutrition = 60-70%
Mild malnutrition = 75-90%
Stunting (height- 119.2 38.3 Severe stunting= <85% No stunting
for age) Stunting = 85 – 90%
Wasting (weight- 20.9 9.2 Severe wasting <70% No wasting
for-height) Wasting = 70-80%
(ii) Smoking: about 60% of the males smoke cigarettes or snuff ground tobacco while
5% of the females agreed to taking snuff / ground tobacco only but no female
smoked cigarettes / tobacco. A few respondents pointed out that some unknown
numbers are said to smoke Indian hemp but other drugs like cocaine, heroine etc
are said to be non-existent
(iii) Physical exercise/leisure: except for the very elderly people (about 1%) that can no
longer move about, others inhabitants in the communities are very active and get exercise
during physical manual labour in their daily occupations (mostly farming and transportation
riding bicycles). Almost everybody rides the bicycle daily to farm and to fetch water and this
constitutes the physical exercise of the community. Youths play various games like tennis,
draughts, ludo and also engage in competitive football matches with other communities.
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
(iii) Prostitution: prostitution is known to exist in the communities but only about 5% of
the women are said to be involved. The prostitutes are not officially known and every
woman claims to have a husband in the community, which is polygamous. Sexually
transmitted infections are said to be very low in prevalence and only 0.5% infection
rate with STI was recorded in all the communities under study. Oral interviews and
analysis of questionnaire showed that all (100%) members of the communities are
aware of the HIV/AIDS but no AIDS cases have been recorded in the communities.
(v) Sexual behaviour: Most members of the communities are highly promiscuous and
highly active sexually. Polygamy is practiced in all the communities and child-bearing starts
by the age of 15-17 years.
Records supplied by the Cottage Hospital for the period between 2002 and 2005 showed
that various communicable and non-communicable diseases were treated: malaria 27316
cases, URTI/cough 264 cases, dysentery/diarrhoea 310 cases as the common
communicable diseases while body pains/rheumatism 11,353 cases, and arthritis 6,211
cases.
Sores/wounds/accidents (15.76 cases) and high blood pressure (326 cases) were the
common non-communicable diseases (Table 3.35). The least reported communicable
diseases were STI (20 cases) and chickenpox (12 cases).
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.35: Prevalent diseases recorded at Oben Cottage Hospital during the period 2002-2005
3-43
Chapter Three Description of Environment
Monthly treatment of patients during the year 2005 as obtained from the Cottage Hospital records
showed that malaria was the most prevalent with the highest cases recorded between May and
August. Other common diseases were URTI / Cough (with high case recorded in April and again in
September/October months) Rheumatism/Body pains and sores/injuries (with high cases recorded
between February and June during the peak period of farming activities).
The Oben community where the hospital is located has the highest patronage for in-patients and
outpatients due to proximity while the farthest Obozogbe nugu communities has the least
patronage. Outpatients recorded at Oben cottage Hospital during 2005 are given in Table 3.36
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.36: Outpatients recorded at Oben Cottage Hospital during 2005 and the distribution pattern according to the
communities
OBEN IKOBI IGUELABA OBOZOGBE GRAND
Disease TOTAL
M F CH Total M F CH Total M F CH Total M F CH Total
Communicable
disease
Malaria 2040 2405 2500 6945 1620 2235 2167 6472 1704 2007 2510 6221 1823 1892 2168 5883 25.521
URTI/cough 12 15 21 58 9 19 26 54 11 15 22 48 5 10 25 50 210
Diarrhea/Dysentery 10 17 38 65 17 14 26 57 8 10 32 50 9 18 33 60 232
Typhoid 10 10 12 32 7 10 18 35 4 5 14 23 2 2 16 20 110
Cholera 2 2 6 10 - 2 6 8 1 4 5 9 1 2 8 11 38
Gastroenteritis 6 4 15 25 2 3 16 21 4 3 9 16 5 6 10 21 38
Scabies 2 - 3 5 1 - 3 4 1 - 3 4 2 2 6 8 83
Chicken pox - - 4 4 - - 2 2 - - 2 2 - - 4 4 12
Measles - - 7 7 - - 6 6 - - 5 5 - - 7 7 25
Rashes 4 3 7 14 1 2 8 11 - 1 8 9 1 1 10 12 46
Worm infestation 4 2 10 16 22 2 9 13 2 1 8 11 1 2 12 15 55
STDs 4 2 - 6 5 - - 5 5 - - 3 6 - - 6 20
Non-
communicable
Body pains/ 1650 1422 - 3,072 1802 1048 - 2850 1,304 697 - 2001 1400 644 - 2044 10,467
Rheumatism
Arthritis (joint 867 658 - 1,525 768 596 - 1,364 824 592 - 1416 860 401 - 1261 5,566
paints)
Sores, wounds and 172 103 59 334 126 101 83 310 97 105 107 309 110 104 88 302 1255
Accidents
Dizziness 33 20 15 68 30 26 12 68 25 20 15 60 27 21 15 63 259
Cancer 7 5 - 12 10 - - 10 8 - - 8 7 4 - 11 41
High Blood 42 23 - 65 38 26 - 64 32 26 - 58 31 18 - 49 226
Pressure
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.37: In-patients recorded at Oben Cottage Hospital during 2005 and the distribution pattern according to the
communities.
OBEN IKOBI IGUELABA OBOZOGBE GRAND
Disease TOTAL
M F CH Total M F CH Total M F CH Total M F CH Total
Communicable
disease
Malaria 130 142 213 485 152 147 165 464 116 123 191 430 118 105 193 416 1795
URTI/cough 6 5 9 20 - 2 10 12 - 2 10 12 2 1 7 10 54
Diarrhea/Dysentery 2 2 16 30 2 3 12 17 3 5 13 21 8 10 14 32 80
Typhoid 1 1 8 10 - 1 4 5 2 1 2 5 1 2 5 8 28
Cholera - - 2 2 - - 2 2 - - 3 3 - - 3 3 10
Gastroenteritis - 2 8 10 2 - 6 8 2 2 5 9 2 1 7 10 37
Scabies - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chicken pox - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Measles - - 2 2 - - 2 2 - - 3 3 - - 4 4 11
Rashes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Worm infestation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
STDs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Non-
communicable
Body pains/ 204 102 - 306 138 113 - 251 132 81 - 213 71 33 - 104 886
Rheumatism
Arthritis (joint 112 98 - 210 126 77 - 203 88 62 - 150 61 41 - 102 665
paints)
Sores, wounds and 33 26 26 85 30 17 35 82 38 12 26 76 35 12 31 78 321
Accidents
Dizziness 10 4 6 20 7 4 2 13 9 2 5 16 10 4 4 18 67
Cancer 4 2 - 6 4 - - 4 3 1 - 4 3 - - 3 17
High Blood 10 8 - 18 10 4 - 14 12 2 - 14 12 4 - 16 62
Pressure
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Births, Still Births, Deaths and Immunization records for 2005 are shown in Table 3.38 Total
births stood at (an average of 9 /month). The highest number of 14 births was recorded in the
month of April. While the least (4) were in the months of October and December. Male births
were recorded more than female births. Number of children immunized continued to increase
from 2003 to 2005 due to more awareness and campaigns. All children born in or out of hospital
are given complete immunization with the different vaccines.
Table 3.38: Births and Still-births records at the Oben Cottage Hospital during 2005
Birth Still births Deaths
Months M F Total M F total M F total
January 7 3 10 1 - 1 1 - 1
February 6 5 11 1 - 1 - - -
March 4 3 7 - - - - - -
April 5 9 14 - 1 1 - 1 1
May 4 5 9 - - - 1 - 1
June 5 6 11 - 1 1 - - 0
July 8 4 12 - - - - 1 1
August 5 7 12 - - - - 1 1
September 3 3 6 - - - 1 1 2
October 2 2 4 - 1 1 0 - 0
November 4 3 7 - - - - - -
December 1 3 4 - - - - 0 0
Total 54 54 107 2 3 5 3 4 17
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.39: Number of children immunized between 2002 and 2005 at the Oben Cottage
Hospital
Year 2002 2003 2004 2005
Month
January 6 50 67 58
February - 52 76 56
March 3 95 84 47
April - 41 56 54
May - 38 58 67
June - 36 43 105
July - 34 43 94
August - 10 49 27
September - 44 38 59
October 6 46 37 67
November 3 10 36 46
December 13 26 90 58
Table 3.40: Records of Child immunization at the Oben Cottage Hospital during 2005
Months BCG DPT Measles Yellow Polio TT HBV
fever vaccine
January -*67 17 9 8 5 10 10 3
February- 76 26 8 25 3 8 4 2
March 84 32 12 20 4 10 4 2
April -56 18 10 12 4 5 5 2
May -58 22 10 20 - 1 5 -
June -43 10 - 20 - 3 5 -
July-43 8 8 12 - 2 10 -
August -49 10 9 19 5 7 7 6
September – 38 8 6 15 2 3 4 2
October -37 10 15 5 2 2 3 -
November – 36 16 - 10 3 5 2 -
December-90 20 10 20 5 20 5 10
*Numbers adjacent to the month represent total number immunized
Reporting of Stillbirths and Deaths were low and the records showed 11 and 44.
respectively between the years 2002 and 2005. The deaths reported were only of
3-48
Chapter Three Description of Environment
children and causes of death was mainly due to malaria and other unknown causes.
3-49
Chapter Three Description of Environment
Table 3.42: Equipment recorded and their functioning at Oben Cottage Hospital
No. Equipment Responses
1 Consulting table and chairs Three (3)
2. Examination couch One (1)
3. Disposable needless and syringes 4 dozens each
4. Disposable suture kits One dozen
5. Methods for sterilization Not functioning
6. Refrigerators Two (2)
7. Medical waste disposal methods -
8. X-ray facilities One (1) not working
9. ECG Nil
10. Ultrasound Nile
11. Laboratory facilities Not working
12. Pharmacy (WHO Essential Drug Nil
List Available, List)
13 No of beds 20
14 Laundry facilities Yes
15. Catering facilities Yes
16. Operating theatre Yes (one) not fully in use
Logistics
17. Accessibility of the health Yes
institution (average radial distance
of the center from the members of
the community
18. Communication Telephone/radio None
19. Hospital Ambulance Yes
20. Average daily clinic attendance Minimum 10, maximum 60
21. Common diseases treated Malaria, cough, sores/injuries,
Dysentery/Diarrhoea and
Rheumatism etc
Hospital building
22. Clean consultation room Yes
23. Clean waiting room Yes
24. Treatment/minor procedures room Yes
25. Privacy rooms No
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
The discussions revealed that the inhabitants knew very well the nature and causes of
the common diseases / ailments e.g. malaria, dysentery, body pains etc. they generally
suffer. They also knew how such diseases can be prevented or controlled but their major
constraint is their poor financial status (poverty) and lack of good medical care facility in
the community. For the same reason most people resort to self-medication, buy drugs or
obtain herbs when sick. Most pregnant women go to Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs)
to deliver babies rather than go to the hospitals.
The inhabitants also claimed that children particularly those under 10 years of age die
more in the community than the teenagers and adults. This, according to them is due to
lack of proper medical care and self-medication practices. They claimed that people only
go to hospitals when the sickness is very serious and complicated and after self
medication has failed.
On environmental issues on health, the people agreed that although there is regular
good source of borehole water, other environmental conditions such as poor toilet
facilities (pit latrine or bush), lack of electricity supply (which has broken down for over 2
years now) and poor waste disposal methods (open dumping). Flooding and erosion,
poor housing and poor personal hygiene, all contributed to poor health in the community.
3-51
Chapter Three Description of Environment
9. Where do women deliver babies About 80% women use TBA’s while only about 20%
in the community go to the hospital.
10. Any complication or deaths Nil
during deliver in the last 12
months
11. What is the average life span in
the community
Adult males 80-85 years (Average 82 years)
Adult females 80-90 years (Average 85 years)
Life style/ Habits
12. What are the common types of Yam, Eba, Rice, Plantain, starch, Banga soup, Egusi
food eaten in the community soup, Beans, Cocoyam, Bush meat and fish.
13. Is there any food taboos Yes. Crickets and meats of Dogs Puff Adder and
Python snake are forbidden in the community
14 What is the alcohol drinking About 80% of Adult males drink alcohols mostly beer
habit in the community and local gin,. About 40% drink excessively. Male to
female ratio in alcohol consumption is 8:1
15. What is the smoking habit in the About 60% of adult males smoke cigarette or take
community snuff. No female agreed to be smoking. Some youths
are said to smoke Indian hemp.
16. What is the level of prostitution Prostitute not officially known but a very few women
in the community are said to be involved.
3-52
Chapter Three Description of Environment
17. What is the status of sexually STIs are very rare in the communities
Transmitted Infections
18. What about HIV/AIDS No case of AIDS recorded but everybody (10%) is
aware of the disease and its causes
19. What are the sexual habits in the Members of the community arise polygamous, highly
community promiscuous and highly sexually active. Most youths
give birth by the age of 15-17yrs.
20 What is the common leisure People get body exercise through manual labour and
activity activities, riding of bicycles and other domestic
activities. Youths play football;; and other indoor
games
Personal Hygiene Practices
3-53
Chapter Three Description of Environment
(d) Lice No
(e) Black fly Yes
(f) Tse tse fly Yes
(g) Rats/Mice
37 What are the domestic animals Dogs, fowls (chicken) sheep, goats and ducks.
About the Gas Development
Project
38 Do members of the community Most respondents in the FGD were ambivalent. The
think that the Gas project will responses were 50% yes and 50% No
cause any health problems in
the communities
39. If yes, what are the problems Gas may leak into the air causing Air pollution and
wild outbreak of fire
40. How do you think these Proper construction of good pipes carrying the gas
problems can be minimized and proper education/enlightenment of members of
the community on the dangers
41. What do you see as the benefits It will reduce gas flaring and pollution of the
of the gas project environment. It is also likely to bring about
developments in the communities and create more job
opportunities.
42. What are the five most important (1) Hospital with staff, drugs and health facilities
health needs of your (2) Water
communities (3) Electricity to be rehabilitated
(4) Health centres extended to other far away
communities like Iguelaba, Ikobi, and
Obozogbe nugu.
(5) Provision of free leisure and sporting facilities.
43. What are the other community (1) Good market
concerns (2) Good schools
(3) Community empowerment schemes to
overcome poverty and economic problems e.g
micro-credit scheme and establishment of
small-scale industries.
(4) Scholarship and education for youths
(5) Job opportunities for the youths particularly in
the oil industries.
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Chapter Three Description of Environment
3-55
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 General
Projects, such as facility upgrade, gas well drilling and flowlines construction are usually associated with
potential impacts on the biophysical, social and health components of the environment.
The objectives of the assessment are to identify and describe the potential environmental impacts
associated with the proposed WDGSP/WAGP Oben activities, predict the likelihood and magnitudes of
such impacts, evaluate the significance of changes likely to result from them, and thereafter proffer
measures that will be taken to mitigate the predicted impacts.
STAGE 4: STAGE 5:
Degree of Significance Impact Table STAGE 6:
of Impact Lists each impact, Impact Text
Four degrees of its sources and its Describes each
significance: rating impact, its
Major sources and its
Moderate rating
Minor
Negligible
4-1
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
The details of the procedures for the EIA process are as follows:
• Positive/negative (beneficial/adverse)
• Direct/indirect (directly/via intermediate factors that influence the determinants of an impact).
• Duration: Permanent (long term)/temporary (short term)
• Magnitude: local or widespread
• Reversibility/irreversibility: can the impact revert to previous condition or does it remain permanent?
Stage 2: Likelihood of occurrence – this is an assessment of the probability of the effect happening.
Stage 3: Potential consequence – this is the actual result and scale that an effect might have.
The application of each of the two characteristics is described in Tables 4.1 and 4.2.
The potential consequence of an impact depends on two things: the magnitude of the potential changes
to the environment, caused by a hazard, and the level of sensitivity of the receiving environment. This
is depicted in Table 4.3
4-2
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
The definitions for the potential consequence of environmental, social and health impacts are as
follows:
Hardly any: Effect on the biophysical environment (physical: noise, light, air; geochemical: water, soil;
and biological: flora and fauna) that may cause temporary and/or sub-lethal effects on
individual plants and animals. Does not cause any effect on population structure or size.
Causes only temporary and/or minor disruption to habitats and ecosystems.
Little: Effect on the biophysical environment that may cause small impacts with few losses of
individual plants and animals and some adverse effects on population structure and size.
May cause some degradation of habitat and ecosystem quality.
Considerable: Effect on the biophysical environment that may cause long term loss of plant and/or
animal species; local and temporary damage to habitats and dysfunction of communities and
ecosystems.
Great: Effect on the biophysical environment that may cause permanent loss of plant and/or animal
species, resulting in local extinction of flora and fauna; permanent loss of small areas of
habitat and ecosystems.
Extreme: Effect on the biophysical environment that may cause permanent loss of whole populations of
plant and/or animals, with widespread extinctions; widespread and permanent loss of habitats;
and whole communities and ecosystems.
Little: A slight effect on the social environment that causes temporary changes in the way of life of
the community. The local culture and societal structure is negatively affected. There is
disagreement with stakeholder groups but the relationship remains fairly strong.
Considerable: A substantial effect on the social environment. The way of life in the community is
disrupted and fundamental disagreement with stakeholder groups has arisen. There is a
breakdown of trust between the company and its stakeholders although relationships have
remained stable. A single stakeholder group might have started campaigning against the
company.
4-3
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
Great: A big effect on the social environment. There is permanent disruption to communal lifestyle.
The local culture and the societal structure suffer greatly. There is now a fundamental
disagreement between the company and its stakeholders that destabilizes the company-
stakeholder relationship. This may affect the speed and effectiveness of future decision-
making processes.
Extreme: A massive effect on the social environment. There is sustained large disruption of and
changes to the lifestyle of a community leading to a reduction in quality of life. Impacts have
become a concern for all stakeholder groups, irreversible damage to social structure,
traditional culture, and infrastructure and total breakdown of stakeholder relationships.
Hardly any: These are mere nuisances, not affecting work performance or causing disability, e.g.
non-toxic dusts (as an acute hazard), short time sleep disturbance. There is no need to see
medical services or a doctor. These health effects will disappear.
Little: Illnesses that will need the attention of medical services/doctor. They need only a few days to
fully recover and will not have led to chronic diseases, e.g., colds, chicken pox, skin infections
and irritants, or many food poisoning bacteria.
Considerable: Diseases (agents) capable of irreversible health damage causing permanent partial
disability without loss of life. These health effects will need prolonged continuous or
intermittent medical attention. e.g., hypertension, obesity, noise induced hearing loss, chronic
back injuries caused by poor manual handling tasks or inactivity, chronic infections (like sexual
transmitted diseases, schistosomiasis, hepatitis A), chronic skin diseases or respiratory
system diseases like asthma caused by external agents and stress.
Great: Permanent total disability or low number of fatalities: diseases capable of irreversible damage
with serious disability. Low infectious communicable diseases like Ebola, SARS, Avian Flu,
parasitic diseases (sleeping sickness), alcoholism and drug abuse, road traffic accidents,
cancer caused by known human carcinogens (small exposed population), malnutrition, heat
stroke, severe psychological stress leading to suicide.
Extreme: Multiple fatalities: diseases with the potential to cause multiple fatalities: highly infectious
diseases like tuberculosis, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, parasitic diseases as malaria, diseases
caused by acute toxins (hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide), cancers caused by human
carcinogens (large exposed population).
4-4
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
After the rating for each impact, the determination of mitigation measures followed.
From the Table above, only moderate and major impacts were considered for impact mitigation.
Continuous improvement practices will address low impacts. The positive impacts shall be monitored
and enhanced when expedient.
4-5
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
A diligent application of the criteria in the EIA system for the identification and management of impacts
associated with the different phases (construction, drilling, operations and decommissioning) of the
WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field involves:
The production of project activities and environmental sensitivities matrix
Determination of associated and potential impacts
Mitigation measures
Management plans
The identified negative impacts were rated as minor, moderate and major. Beneficial impacts arising
from the project were rated as positive and were therefore not further classified.
4-7
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
• Direct
A2 Reduction of soil quality E • Negative
Medium Little
• Short term Minor
• Local
• Reversible
• Direct
Increase in employment/ • Positive
contract opportunities • Short term
A4 S • Local Medium Little
• Reversible
Minor
•
4-8
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
• Direct
• Positive
A2 Opportunity for S High Positive
• Short term
contracting Positive1
• Widesprea
d
• Reversible
2 Supply of food & other 8, 12, 14,15, 27, 30, A3 Pressure on available E, H, S • Direct High Little Moderate
consumables (2.1) 31, 33, 34, 38, 7, 1, food • Negative
40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, • Short
49, 59 term
• Local
• Reversibl
e
• Direct
A4 Opportunity for • Positive High Positive
contracting Positive
• Short
term
• Widespre
ad
• Reversibl
e
• Direct
A6 Disturbance of ecosystem ESH • Negative Low Little
in the event of chemical Negligible
• Short term
spills
• Local
• Reversible
Medium Considerable
A8 Pressure on existing • Direct high
roads S • Negative
• Short term
Moderate
• Local
• Reversible
4-10
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-11
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
• Direct
A11 Pressure on existing S, H • Negative Medium Great
infrastructure (health, High Major
• Short
facilities)
term
• Local
• Reversible
• Direct
• Negative
A12 Increased social vices S, H • Short High Great
term /
long term Major
• Local/
widesprea
d
• Reversible
/Irreversible
• Direct
• Negative
A13 Third party agitation S, H • Short Medium Great
term High
• Local
• Reversible Major
4-12
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
A17
Exposure of field workers/ H, S • Direct
community members to • Negative Medium low
Moderate
attacks by poisonous • Short Great
snakes, bees, spiders, term
scorpions/other wildlife • Local
and contact with • Reversible
poisonous plants. / irreversible
• Reversibl
e
4-13
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-14
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-15
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-16
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-17
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-18
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-19
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-20
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-21
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-22
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-23
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
11 Generator use (11.1) 9, 11, 31, 35, 37, 38, A60 Hearing impairment from H • Direct Medium Considerable Moderate
2, 1, 3, 4, 43, 50, 55, noise generation • Negative
59 • Short
term
• Local
• Irreversibl
e
A61 Improved access to S • Direct Medium Positive
electricity Positive
• Positive
• Long
term
• Local
• Reversible
4-25
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-26
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
• Direct
A69 Decrease in income • Positive
generation from reduced S • Short Medium Considerable
traditional occupations term
• Widesprea Moderate
d
• Reversible
• Direct
• Negative
• Short
term
• Local
• Reversible
4-27
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-28
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-29
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-30
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-31
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-32
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-33
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-34
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
• Direct
• Negative
• Long term
B20 • Local
Impairment of surface
• Reversible
water quality
ESH
4-35
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
S/ Impact Type of
Project Activities Sensitivities Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating
N code impact
21 Waste generation – 5, 8, 13, 20, 25, 38, 40, B21 Third party agitation S • Direct Medium Extreme Moderate
Effluent (21.1 – 21.3) 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 59 • Negative
• Short term
• Widespread
• Reversible
B22 Poor sanitary conditions H • Direct Medium Little Minor
and hygiene • Negative
• Short term
• Local
B23 Contamination of surface ESH • Reversible Medium Considerable Moderate
water • Direct
• Negative
• Short term
• Widespread
B24 Impairment of health of ES • Reversible Medium Considerable Moderate
aquatic and terrestrial life • Direct
• Negative
• Short term
• Widespread
• Reversible
B25 Increased morbidity, HS • Direct Medium Little Minor
pressure on health care • Negative
facilities • Short term
• Local
• Reversible
4-36
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
S/ Impact Type of
Project Activities Sensitivities Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating
N code impact
22 Waste generation - solids 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, B26 Increased level of disease H • Direct Medium Considerable Moderate
(22.1-22.2) 5, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, vectors (mosquitoes, rats, • Negative
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, cockroaches, flies, e.t.c) • Long term
34, 37, 38, 58, 7, 4, 1, • Local
40, 45, 44, 43, 47, 49, • Reversible
56, 59
• Direct
B27 Increased potential for road S,H • Negative Medium Great Moderate
accidents. Low
• Long term
• Local
• Reversible
4-37
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
S/ Impact Type of
Project Activities Sensitivities Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating
N code impact
23 Generation of nuisance – 11, 5, 20, 24, 37, 2, 7, B29 Habitat disruption and ESH • Direct Medium Little Minor
Noise, vibration & lighting 39, 42, 47, 48, 49, 51, human discomfort • Negative
(23.1) 59 • Long term
• Local
• Reversible
4-38
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
S/ Impact Type of
Project Activities Sensitivities Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating
N code impact
24 Incidents (24.1 – 24.2) 9, 12, 1, 14, 15, 16, 17, B33 Contamination of surface ESH • Direct Medium high Little Minor
18, 19, 5, 20, 22, 23, 24, water • Negative
25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, • Long term
32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 7, • Local
4, 1, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, • Reversible
47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55,
59 B34 Impairment of health of ES • Direct Medium Considerable Moderate
terrestrial life • Negative
• Short term
• Widespread
• Reversible
B35 Increased opportunity for S
employment and contracting • Direct High Positive Positive
• Positive
• Short term
• Widespread
• Reversible
4-39
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
S/ Impact Type of
Project Activities Sensitivities Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating
N code impact
24 Incidents (24.1 – 24.2) 9, 12, 1, 14, 15, 16, 17, B37 Increased morbidity and HS • Direct Medium Extreme Major
18, 19, 5, 20, 22, 23, 24, mortality rate • Negative
25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, • Long term
32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 7, • Local
4, 1, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, • Reversible/
47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, irreversible
59 B38 Pressure on existing health SH • Direct Medium Considerable Moderate
care and emergency • Negative
response facilities
• Short term
• Widespread
Third party agitation
B39 S • Reversible Medium Extreme Major
• Direct
• Positive
• Short term
Loss of assets and • Local
B40 properties S • Reversible High Extreme Major
• Direct
• Negative
• Long term
• Widespread
Effects on corporate • Irreversible
B41 reputation S • Direct High Extreme Major
• Negative
• Short term
• Widespread
• Reversible
4-40
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
S/N Type
Impact
Project Activities Sensitivities Impact of Description Likelihood Consequence Rating
code
impact
25 Pre- 21, 57, 2, 3, C1 Improve corporate image and promote S • Direct High Positive Positive
decommissioning 66, 6, 58, 41, third party participation • Positive
(25.1 – 25.2) 46, 51, 52, 53, • Short term
54, 55, 63, 64, • Widespread
65, 59 • Reversible
C2 Third party agitation S • Direct High Considerable Major
• Negative
• Short term
• Widespread
• Reversible
4-41
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
S/N Type
Impact
Project Activities Sensitivities Impact of Description Likelihood Consequence Rating
code
impact
26 Supplies (26.1 1, 7, 8, 12, 14, C4 Opportunities for contracting and S • Direct High Positive Positive
– 26.2) 15, 23, 27, 28, employment • Positive
29, 30, 31, 32, • Short term
33, 34, 38, 49, • Widespread
40, 44, 45, 47, • Reversible
48, 55, 59
C5 Increased cost of living SH • Direct Medium Little Minor
• Negative
• Short term
• Local
• Reversible
C6 Increased road traffic S
• Direct Medium Considerable Moderate
• Negative high
• Short term
• Local
• Reversible
4-42
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
S/N Type
Impact
Project Activities Sensitivities Impact of Description Likelihood Consequence Rating
code
impact
27 Mobilisation to site 16, 17, 18, 19, C8 Reduction of access to natural ESH • Direct High Hardly any Moderate
(27.1) 5, 20, 22, 25, environment and its resources • Negative
26, 27, 28, 29, • Long term
32, 34, 37, 6, • Local
4, 1, 40, 49, • Reversible
59
C9 Third party agitation • Direct
S • Negative High Considerable Major
• Long term
• Widespread
• Reversible
4-43
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
S/N Type
Impact
Project Activities Sensitivities Impact of Description Likelihood Consequence Rating
code
impact
28 Dismantling of 9, 11, 13, 14, C12 Increased level of nuisances (sound, ESH • Direct Medium Considerable Moderate
structure (28.1 – 15, 5, 24, 25, noise, emissions and vibrations etc) • Positive
28.2) 26, 27, 28, 29, • Short term
30, 35, 43, 44, • Widespread
47, 49, 62, 51, • Reversible Major
52, 59. C13 Increased accidents /injuries SH • Direct Medium Extreme
• Negative
• Short term
• Widespread
• Reversible
C14 Pressure on health care facilities H • Direct Medium Considerable Moderate
• Negative
• Short term
• Widespread
Third party agitation • Reversible
C15 S • Direct High Great Major
• Negative
• Short term
• Widespread
Opportunity for contracting, employment • Reversible
C16 and increased income S • Direct High Positive Positive
• Negative
• Short term
• Widespread
• Reversible
4-44
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
S/N Type
Impact
Project Activities Sensitivities Impact of Description Likelihood Consequence Rating
code
impact
29 Waste generation 8, 12, 13, 14, C17 Contamination of surface water and soil ESH • Direct Medium Great Moderate
(29.1 – 29.3) 15, 16, 18, 5, • Negative
20, 22, 23, 24, • Short term
25, 27, 28, 29, • Widespread
30, 31, 32, 33, • Reversible
34, 37, 38, 58, Habitat disruption
7, 4, 1, 40, 45, C18 ESH • Direct
44, 43, 47, 49, • Negative Medium Considerable Moderate
56, 59
• Short term
• Widespread
• Reversible
Third party agitations
C19 S • Direct Medium Considerable Major
• Negative
• Short term
• Widespread
• Reversible
4-45
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
S/N Type
Impact
Project Activities Sensitivities Impact of Description Likelihood Consequence Rating
code
impact
30 Nuisance – Noise 11, 5, 20, 24, C20 Habitat disruption and human ESH • Direct Medium Little Minor
& vibration (30.1) 37, 2, 7, 39, discomfort • Negative
42, 47, 48, 49, • Long term
51, 59 • Local
• Reversible
C21 Pressure on existing health facilities H • Direct Medium Great Moderate
• Negative
• Long term
• Local
Third party agitation • Reversible/Irreversible
C22 S
• Direct Medium Considerable Moderate
• Negative
• Long term
• Local
• Reversible
Impairment of hearing
C23 HS • Direct Medium Considerable Moderate
• Negative
• Short term
• Local
• Irreversible
31 Incidents (31.1 – 9, 12, 1, 14, C24 Contamination of surface water • Direct
31.3) 15, 16, 17, 18, ESH • Negative High Great Major
19, 5, 20, 22, • Long term
23, 24, 25, 27, • Local
28, 29, 30, 31, • Reversible/Irreversible
32, 33, 34, 35,
37, 38, 7, 4, 1,
39, 40, 42, 43,
45, 47, 48, 49,
50, 51, 55, 59
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Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-47
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-48
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-49
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts
4-50
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental I
Mobilization Phase
• Pressure on available water for domestic use and other water related activities.
• Enhanced opportunities for employment, contracting, services and income.
• Increased pressure on available/existing infrastructure (health, housing, recreational,
educational, transport and waste management facilities) due to increased population.
• Increased social vices, drug abuse, commercial sex workers (CSW), teenage
pregnancies, etc.
• Increased third party agitation.
• Increased cost of living/inflation.
• Nuisances (noise, emission, vibrations) from heavy machinery.
• Increased potential for accidents and injuries.
Construction/Drilling/Flowline Phases
• Pressure on available water for domestic use and other water related activities.
• Enhanced opportunities for employment, contracting, services and income.
• Increased pressure on available/existing infrastructure (health, housing, recreational,
educational, transport and waste management facilities) due to increased population.
• Destruction of vegetation (medicinal, economic and food).
• Increased erosion of the cleared area/alteration of topography.
• Loss of habitat for wildlife.
• Increased social vices, drug abuse, commercial sex workers (CSW), teenage
pregnancies, etc.
• Increased third party agitation.
• Increased cost of living/inflation.
• Increased level of disease vectors.
• Exposure of field workers/community members to attack by poisonous snakes, bees,
spiders, scorpions/other wildlife and contact with poisonous plants.
• Shift from traditional occupations (farming, hunting).
• Nuisances (noise, emission, vibrations) from heavy machinery.
• Reduction of soil quality.
• Increase in population leading to diffusion of culture and tradition.
• Consequence on corporate reputation.
• Impairment of air quality.
• Increased morbidity and mortality rates.
• Decreased quality/loss of habitat.
• Increased potential for accidents and injuries.
• Improved access to electricity.
• Enhancement of development.
Operations Phase
• Increased opportunities for employment/contracting, services and income.
• Pressure on available food and existing infrastructure (health, recreational,
educational, housing facilities).
• Increased social vices, (drug abuse, CSW and teenage pregnancies).
• Increased third party agitation.
• Impairment of air quality.
• Increased morbidity and mortality.
• Contamination of surface water.
• Shift from traditional occupations.
• Increased level of disease vectors (mosquitoes, rats, cockroaches, flies etc.).
4-53
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental I
Decommissioning
• Improved corporate image and third party participation.
• Loss of jobs and third party agitation.
• Pressure on transportation.
• Increased opportunity for employment, contracting, income and service
provision.
• Increased levels of nuisance (sound, dust, vibration, emissions etc.).
• Pressure on available water, food and existing infrastructure.
• Increased accidents/injuries and morbidity.
• Decreased access to electricity and communication facilities.
• Contamination of surface water, soil and vegetation from handling of hazardous
substances and materials.
4.5.1.1 Pressure on available water for domestic use and other water related activities
Water supply could be required for human consumption during mobilisation activities. The
additional water required could lead to pressure on available water and thus result to
scarcity. This could induce unhygienic habits with its consequent effects on morbidity and
mortality rate, and might lead to third party agitation. This impact was described as direct,
negative, short term, local and reversible, with a rating of moderate.
• Pressure on available water for domestic use and other water related activities
Water supply could be required for human consumption and construction activities. The
large volume of water required during construction could lead to pressure on available
water for domestic and other water related activities. The pressure could lead to scarcity of
water, which could induce unhygienic habits with its consequent effects on morbidity and
mortality rate, and might lead to third party agitation. This impact was described as direct,
negative, short term, local and reversible, with a rating of moderate.
attack and/or capture. This could further threaten the population of endangered species.
The impact was direct, negative, long term, local, and irreversible. The overall rating was
moderate.
4-56
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental I
Laying of, flowlines involves the excavation of soil, installation of flowlines and backfilling
with dug out soil. These activities could destroy the habitat of soil dwelling organisms or
displace them from their natural habitats. The implication of this is that the soil could
become nutrient deficient because some of these organisms are responsible for the
breakdown of complex organic matter in the soil. These impacts were assessed as direct,
negative, short term, local and reversible. They were rated as moderate.
4-57
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental I
• Enhancement of development
The effort of SPDC towards implementing the MOUs for this project will accelerate
development through the provision of infrastructural facilities, which could boost the local
economy. The impact was rated positive.
4-58
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental I
4.8 Decommissioning
The expected life span of the WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field (gas well, flowlines, gas
plant) is 25 years after which decommissioning would take place. It will involve the
dismantling and removal of structures. The associated impacts are:
• Pressure on transportation
4-59
Chapter Four Associated and Potential Environmental I
The need for vehicles during demobilization would put pressure on available means of
land transportation The impact was described as negative, direct, short term, local and
reversible and was rated major.
• Increased accidents/injuries
During dismantling of structures, the potential for accidents resulting in injuries could be
high. The resultant effect would increase pressure on healthcare facilities. The impact was
described as negative, direct, short term, local and reversible and was rated as moderate.
4-60
Chapter Five Mitigation Measures
CHAPTER FIVE
MITIGATION MEASURES
5.1 Introduction
The impact magnitude and significance as shown in chapter four were used in the evaluation of
mitigation measures for the impacts of the proposed WDGSP/ WAGP at Oben Field.
Mitigation measures were provided for those impacts rated as moderate and major. The mitigation
measures proffered are intended to reduce the severity of identified negative (moderate/major)
impacts and enhance the positive (beneficial) effects. The residual impacts that could arise despite
the mitigation measures are discussed. The proposed mitigation measures for the potential impacts
associated with the different phases of the project along with the residual impacts are provided for in
the Environmental Management Plan.
The mitigation measures suggested for the predicted environmental impacts from the project took
cognizance of:
Environmental Laws in Nigeria, with emphasis on permissible limits for waste streams {FEPA
(1991) now FMEnv, EGASPIN (2002)};
Best available technology for sustainable development;
Feasibility of application of the measures in Nigeria;
Social well being, etc.
The mitigation measures for the various phases of the project are contained in Table 5.1:
5-1
Chapter Five Mitigation Measures
5-9
Chapter Five Mitigation Measures
5-10
Chapter Five Mitigation Measures
Mitigation
As a mitigation measure, SPDC shall establish and maintain channels of communication with the
communities during all phases of the project.
Furthermore, SPDC shall require contractors to hire local labour where feasible. SPDC shall also
ensure that its contractors adopt transparent approaches in matters of employment.
SPDC shall also honour all MOU items agreed with the local communities.
From the foregoing, the impact rating should drop from medium to low, since it is impossible to
completely eliminate all sources of community disagreements in a project such as this.
Mitigation
Contractors shall provide adequate accommodation with standard facilities to their migrant
workforce to reduce anticipated pressure on community facilities. Medical facilities (clinic) and
emergency rescue and medrescue/medevac procedures shall be provided at the worksites.
The impact is considered to be of medium significance, but following mitigation, it should drop to
low. It will not be eliminated completely because some of the workers may want to remain to seek
employment in the gas plant.
Mitigation
SPDC shall support skills development and sustainable economic enhancement of the local
communities through training, complemented by formation of cooperatives and introduction of
micro-credit schemes where these have been identified during a PRA exercise.
Inflation is of medium significance and after mitigation it will drop to low. This is because at the end
of the project activities, it is expected that the local economy will stabilise. Also it is likely that those
that acquired skills may migrate to other areas in search of better opportunities. Furthermore,
inflation is a national phenomenon and responds to other factors that originate outside the project
area.
5-12
Chapter Five Mitigation Measures
Mitigation
SPDC shall carry out sustained campaigns to raise awareness and achieve behaviour modification
amongst the workforce. SPDC shall also enforce the alcohol and drug policy of the company at all
her worksites. Access control shall also be maintained at the work and campsites.
The rating after mitigation will drop from medium to low and not completely eliminated since
behaviour change is a difficult process.
To enhance job creation opportunities throughout the life of the project, SPDC shall ensure the
participation of contractors from host communities.
Also, SPDC shall promote the acquisition/ improvement of skills that will better equip the members
of the host communities and enhance their chances for better employment elsewhere.
To sustain stable economic growth, SPDC shall support the local economy through its various
economic empowerment programmes.
To enhance this positive impact, SPDC shall continue to pursue the expansion of the gas market in
the country and the West African sub-region.
Given the increasing demand for cleaner fuels and concerns for the environment, there is likely to
be a steady rise in gas utilisation in the future. This will create the opportunity for increased revenue
for both SPDC and Government, especially if facilities are upgraded and more gas development
projects are executed. This project will also offer SPDC the opportunity to improve the quality of gas
and enhance its commercial value.
5-13
Chapter Six Environmental Management Plan
CHAPTER SIX
6.1 Introduction
The environmental concerns in an EIA must be properly managed. The tool for achieving this is the
incorporation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) into the EIA to ensure future
compliance with legislation, good environmental performance and integration of environmental
issues into project decision. The EMP provides the means of assessing the accuracy of the
predicted project impacts and the monitoring of the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation
measures contained in the EIA report. The EMP should therefore indicate how the environmental
concerns highlighted in the EIA would be managed.
The anticipated impacts of the proposed project, corresponding mitigation measures, residual
impact rating, action party, timing, parameter to be monitored and monitoring frequency are
provided in the Environmental Management Plan (Tables 6.1) for construction, drilling, flowlines,
operations and decommissioning activities.
The detailed plan to monitor the effectiveness of the proffered mitigation measures are provided in
the EMP Tables below.
The above form the fundamental principles of the management and control of environmental
impacts and effects in the EIA process. The impacts are enumerated based on hazard identification,
risk assessment and application of preventive measures. Figure 6.1 shows the details of the Hazard
6-1
Chapter Six Environmental Management Plan
and Effect Management Process. This process will be fully incorporated in the Environmental
Management Plan of the WDGSP/WAGP at Oben.
Evaluate Threats to
Are they Control Techniques
significant?
Yes Is Control
Practicable?
No
Assess
Monitor Yes
Implement Control
Techniques No
Control
Develop Corrective
Action Systems
Recover
6-2
Chapter Six Environmental Management Plan
6-3
Chapter Six Environmental Management Plan
Table 6.1 Environmental Management Plan for the various activities in the WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field
Project Potential Impact Rating Actio Description of Mitigation Residual Responsib Timing Parameter Monitoring
Phase/Activ before n Ref. impact ility for frequency
ity mitigatio rating monitorin
n g
Pre- SPDC shall ensure all vehicles are pre-mobbed and L SPDC During Journey Monthly
mob/ certified mobilizatio manageme
Visible warning signs shall be placed on roads and n nt, site
Mobiliza vehicles report,
tion SPDC shall ensure all drivers undergo the defensive equipment
driving course and are certified certification
Movement of Increase in road traffic M Vehicle monitoring and communication devices shall & IVMS
goods volume and risk of be installed in project vehicles reports
Equipment accidents/injuries SPDC shall ensure journey management and no night
& personnel driving policy are adhered to
SPDC shall ensure compulsory medical fitness test
for all drivers
Increased risk of M Workers shall use appropriate PPE L SPDC During Site report Monthly
injury/fatality of SPDC shall ensure first aid box on site and mobilisatio
workforce emergency response and medrescue/medevac are in n
place
Toolbox meetings shall be held before the start of
daily tasks
Awareness shall be created among site workers on
the likelihood of exposure to poisonous wildlife &
plants
Trained first aiders shall form part of the workforce
(1:25)
Third party agitation H SPDC shall identify and address stakeholder M SPDC During Community Monthly
legacy issues mobilisatio engageme
SPDC shall sustain consultation with relevant n nt & CLO
stakeholders throughout the projects lifespan reports
SPDC shall ensure effective
liaison/communication with communities is
maintained through the community relations
officers
6-4
Chapter Six Environmental Management Plan
Project Potential Impact Rating Actio Description of Mitigation Residual Responsib Timing Parameter Monitoring
Phase/Activ before n Ref. impact ility for frequency
ity mitigatio rating monitorin
n g
Constructio
n
Site Population increase due M SPDC shall ensure access control is implemented L SPDC During Commun Quarterly
preparation/ to influx of persons at work site constructio ity
vegetation SPDC shall ensure health awareness n & site engagem
clearing campaigns are conducted for workforce on the preparation ent
risks of STIs from the services of CSWs to report
discourage patronage Site
SPDC shall ensure sourcing of relevant inspectio
workforce from host communities. n reports
SPDC shall honour all MoU agreements
Lay-down Opportunity for Positive SPDC shall encourage the use of host Positive SPDC During Contract Quarterly
area contracting and community-based contractors constructio documents/
preparation employment SPDC shall ensure sourcing of relevant n register or
workforce from host communities list of
SPDC shall ensure access control is community
implemented at work site members
SPDC shall ensure compliance with all HSE employed
policies and standards
Gas well Spills, blow-outs and M SPDC shall comply with specifications and L SPDC During Waste Quarterly
wastes guidelines constructio consignme
SPDC shall ensure access control is n nt note &
implemented at work site site
inspection/
audit
reports
Flowlines Accidents, injuries, third H SPDC shall ensure safe work practices M SPDC During Site Quarterly
construction party agitations, SPDC shall honour all MoU agreements constructio incident &
reduction of soil quality SPDC shall ensure that effective n CLO
and social vices liaison/communication with communities is reports
maintained through the community relations
officers
SPDC shall use the existing ROW
6-5
Chapter Six Environmental Management Plan
Project Potential Impact Rating Actio Description of Mitigation Residual Responsib Timing Parameter Monitoring
Phase/Activ before n Ref. impact ility for frequency
ity mitigatio rating monitorin
n g
SPDC shall ensure awareness campaigns are
conducted to enlighten field workers on the
implications of alcohol/drug abuse, unprotected
sex, prostitution and the need to sustain cultural
values and low profile lifestyle
Condoms shall be made available at the site clinic
for workers
Alcohol consumption & recreational drugs use
shall be prohibited on site
Waste Soil, water M SPDC shall comply with waste management L SPDC During Field in situ Monthly
generation contamination, specifications and guidelines (especially with constructio report and
(Emissions, impairment of air quality regards to the discharges into the environment) n field site
effluents & SPDC shall deploy best practice and cleaner inspection
solids) technologies that ensures emission reduction report
Power Noise, fumes, third M SPDC shall deploy best practice and cleaner L SPDC During HI report Weekly
supply party agitations technologies that ensures emission reduction constructio (HIR) &
SPDC shall sustain consultation with relevant n CLO report
stakeholders throughout the projects lifespan
Workers shall use appropriate PPE
Decommissi Increase in vehicular M SPDC shall ensure compliance with journey L SPDC During IVMS Monthly
oning traffic, risk of accident management procedures constructio report &
and third party SPDC shall ensure effective n CLO report
agitations liaison/communication with communities is
maintained through the community relations
officers
SPDC shall honour all MoU agreements
Operations
Maintenance Waste generation, M SPDC shall comply with waste management L SPDC During Waste Monthly
and re- biodiversity loss, guidelines & procedures operations consignme
clearing of accidents and incidents SPDC shall ensure that vegetation clearing is nt note &
flowlines limited to ROW field
ROW SPDC shall ensure the use of appropriate PPE inspection
report
Supplies Increase in vehicular M SPDC shall ensure compliance with journey L SPDC During IVMS & Monthly
6-6
Chapter Six Environmental Management Plan
Project Potential Impact Rating Actio Description of Mitigation Residual Responsib Timing Parameter Monitoring
Phase/Activ before n Ref. impact ility for frequency
ity mitigatio rating monitorin
n g
(water, food, movement, road traffic management procedures operations journey
materials, accident, pressure on SPDC shall ensure there is traffic control at manageme
chemicals, existing water and food strategic locations along the route nt reports
etc.) stocks and third party SPDC shall encourage the use of host
agitation community-based contractors
SPDC shall ensure that effective
liaison/communication with communities is
maintained through the community relations
officers
SPDC shall honour all MoU agreements
Energy Noise, fumes, third M SPDC shall deploy best practice and cleaner L SPDC During HI report Weekly
requirements party agitations technologies that ensures emission reduction operations (HIR) &
SPDC shall sustain consultation with relevant CLO report
stakeholders throughout the projects lifespan
Workers shall use appropriate PPE
Labour Third party agitations, M SPDC shall ensure effective L SPDC During Community Monthly
requirements increase in social vices, liaison/communication with communities is operations engageme
pressure on maintained through the community relations nt and CLO
infrastructure officers reports
SPDC shall honour all MoU agreements
SPDC shall ensure sourcing of relevant workforce
from host communities.
SPDC shall ensure appropriate enlightenment
and access control
SPDC shall ensure that adequate infrastructural
facilities are provided to meet the demand.
Waste Soil, water M SPDC shall comply with waste management L SPDC During Waste Monthly
generation contamination, specifications and guidelines (especially with operations consignme
(Emissions, impairment of air quality regards to the discharges into the environment) nt note &
effluents & SPDC shall deploy best practice and cleaner field in situ
solids) technologies that ensures emission reduction report
6-7
Chapter Six Environmental Management Plan
Project Potential Impact Rating Actio Description of Mitigation Residual Responsib Timing Parameter Monitoring
Phase/Activ before n Ref. impact ility for frequency
ity mitigatio rating monitorin
n g
Decommissi
oning SPDC shall ensure that effective
liaison/communication with communities is
Inventorizati Third party agitation M maintained through the community relations L SPDC During Community Monthly
on & officers decommiss engageme
consultation SPDC shall honour all MoU agreements ioning nt & CLO
SPDC shall ensure appropriate enlightenment report
and access control
Supplies Increase in vehicular M SPDC shall ensure compliance with journey L SPDC During Community Monthly
(water, food, movement, road traffic management procedures decommiss engageme
materials, accident, pressure on SPDC shall ensure there is traffic control at ioning nt , CLO
chemicals, existing water and food strategic locations along the route report.
etc.) stocks and third party SPDC shall encourage the use of host Journey
agitation community-based contractors manageme
SPDC shall ensure that effective nt & HI
liaison/communication with communities is reports
maintained through the community relations
officers
SPDC shall honour all MoU agreements
Transport & Increase in vehicular M SPDC shall ensure compliance with journey L SPDC During Community Monthly
logistics movement, road traffic management procedures decommiss engageme
accident, and third party SPDC shall ensure that there is traffic control at ioning nt , CLO
agitation strategic locations along the route report.
SPDC shall encourage the use of host Journey
community-based contractors manageme
SPDC shall ensure that effective nt & HI
liaison/communication with communities is reports
maintained through the community relations
officers
SPDC shall honour all MoU agreements
Dismantling Accidents & injuries, M SPDC shall ensure compliance with appropriate L SPDC During Community Monthly
& packaging opportunity for work procedure and HSE guidelines decommiss engageme
contracting and SPDC shall encourage the use of host ioning nt , CLO
employment, thirty party community-based contractors report.
agitation SPDC shall ensure effective Journey
6-8
Chapter Six Environmental Management Plan
Project Potential Impact Rating Actio Description of Mitigation Residual Responsib Timing Parameter Monitoring
Phase/Activ before n Ref. impact ility for frequency
ity mitigatio rating monitorin
n g
liaison/communication with communities is manageme
maintained through the community relations nt & HI
officers reports
SPDC shall honour all MoU agreements
SPDC shall deploy appropriate technology in
dismantling and packaging.
Waste Soil, water M SPDC shall comply with waste management L SPDC During Waste Monthly
generation contamination, specifications and guidelines (especially with decommiss consignme
(Emissions, impairment of air quality regards to the discharges into the environment) ioning nt note &
effluents & SPDC shall deploy best practice and cleaner field in situ
solids) technologies that ensures emission reduction report
Flowline
installation
Movement of Increase in road traffic M SPDC shall ensure all vehicles are pre-mobbed L SPDC During Journey Monthly
goods volume and risk of and certified flowline manageme
Equipment accidents/injuries Visible warning signs shall be placed on roads installation nt & HI
& personnel and vehicles reports
SPDC shall ensure that all drivers undergo the
defensive driving course and are certified
Vehicle monitoring and communication devices
shall be installed in project vehicles
SPDC shall ensure that journey management
and no night driving policy are adhered to
SPDC shall ensure compulsory medical fitness
test for all drivers
Lay-down Opportunity for M SPDC shall encourage the use of host L SPDC During Community Monthly
area contracting and community-based contractors flowline engageme
preparation employment SPDC shall ensure sourcing of relevant workforce installation nt and CLO
from host communities report
SPDC shall ensure access control is implemented
at work site
SPDC shall ensure compliance with all HSE
policies and standards
6-9
Chapter Six Environmental Management Plan
Project Potential Impact Rating Actio Description of Mitigation Residual Responsib Timing Parameter Monitoring
Phase/Activ before n Ref. impact ility for frequency
ity mitigatio rating monitorin
n g
Excavation, Accidents, injuries, third H SPDC shall ensure safe work practices M SPDC During Community Monthly
removal of party agitations, SPDC shall honour all MoU agreements flowline engageme
old flowlines reduction of soil quality SPDC shall ensure effective installation nt, CLO &
and laying of and social vices liaison/communication with communities is incident
new maintained through the community relations reports
flowlines officers
SPDC shall use the existing ROW
SPDC shall ensure awareness campaigns are
conducted to enlighten field workers on the
implications of alcohol/drug abuse, unprotected
sex, prostitution and the need to sustain cultural
values and low profile lifestyle
Condoms shall be made available at the site
clinic for workers
Alcohol consumption & recreational drugs use
shall be prohibited on site
Welding Accidents & injuries, M SPDC shall ensure safe work practices L SPDC During HI & Monthly
SPDC shall ensure compliance with all HSE flowline incident
policies and standards installation reports
NDT testing Exposure to radiation M SPDC shall ensure compliance with all HSE L SPDC During HI & Weekly
of welds policies and standards flowline incident
SPDC shall ensure safe work practices installation reports
Hydrotesting Effluent discharge, M SPDC shall ensure compliance with all HSE L SPDC During HI & Monthly
injuries policies and standards flowline incident
SPDC shall ensure safe work practices installation reports
SPDC shall ensure compliance with waste
management guidelines for effluents
Flushing of Increase in potential for M SPDC shall ensure compliance with waste L SPDC During HI & Monthly
gas line soil and water management guidelines for effluents flowline incident
contamination installation reports
Decommissi Increase in vehicular M SPDC shall ensure compliance with journey L SPDC During Journey Monthly
oning traffic, risk of accident management procedures flowline manageme
and third party SPDC shall ensure effective installation nt, IVMS
agitations liaison/communication with communities is Community
maintained through the community relations engageme
6-10
Chapter Six Environmental Management Plan
Project Potential Impact Rating Actio Description of Mitigation Residual Responsib Timing Parameter Monitoring
Phase/Activ before n Ref. impact ility for frequency
ity mitigatio rating monitorin
n g
officers nt and CLO
SPDC shall honour all MoU agreements reports
6-11
Chapter Seven Consultation
CHAPTER SEVEN
CONSULTATION
7.1 General
This chapter presents the details of consultations undertaken for the proposed Western Domestic Gas
Supply Project/West African Gas Pipeline (WDGSP/WAGP)
At Oben Field.
It has been recognized in Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC) that apart
from being a regulatory requirement, consultation is part of good business practice.
In addition to regular consultation that is an integral part of the WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field, the
project team, held a series of stakeholder consultation sessions. The consultation sessions were in
form of EIA scoping workshops, sensitisation of Edo State Government and Orhionmwon Local
Government Council and engagement of stakeholders during data acquisition and open fora as part of
the EIA studies. The stakeholders identified for the project and who participated in the various
consultation sessions included communities within the project area, NGOs (Niger Delta Peace
Coalition, Nigerian Environmental Society), regulators (DPR, FMEnv, Edo State Ministry of
Environment), other government agencies, consultants, CBOs, media, etc.
The fieldwork carried out as part of the EIA process for this project was done in partnership with host
communities and community-based NGOs, both stakeholders having able representation in each EIA
study teams, alongside regulators and the EIA consultants.
The EIA scoping workshop and open forum was held as part of public consultation with stakeholders in
Mega Hilton Hotel at Ekpan, Effurun on 7th July 2005. The following communities (Iguelaba, Ikobi,
Oben & Ogbozogbe-Nugu) identified as stakeholders participated during the exercise.
Each community was represented by five (5) persons viz, the paramount ruler, one opinion leader/elder,
Community Development Committee chairman, one youth leader and a women leader. Also in
attendance were the representatives of DPR, Federal Ministry of Environment, Edo State Government
and Orhionmwon Local Government Council, NGOs and Environmental Consultants.
7-1
Chapter Seven Consultation
followed by questions and answer sessions in which concerns and issues raised by the various
stakeholders were responded to. After this, plenary sessions were held to identify the stakeholders to
be involved in the project, and environmental, social and health issues to be addressed in the EIA. The
scoping workshop was well attended and very successful with the following people in attendance;
Oben, Ikobi, Obozogbe-Nugu and Iguelaba communities., the director Edo state Ministry of
Environmental & Solid Minerals, Controller FMEnv Edo state, DPR, Orhionmwon L.G.A Vice Chairman,
Orhionmwon L.G.A Personal Assistance, ,Orhionmwon L.G.A councillor, NGO, Environmental
consultants, head government & public relations (Chief Akeni Charles)and other SPDC
representatives.The feedback note on the workshops and attendance sheets are provided in Appendix
6
SPDC recognizes that stakeholder engagement and consultation is a continuous process and will be
implemented throughout the life cycle of the project. For the WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field, SPDC
consulted with the regulators and the host communities as part of pre-entry formalities.
All the relevant Governmental and non-governmental organizations, agencies, and communities have
been and will continue to be consulted by SPDC as the WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field progresses in
line with statutory requirements and SPDC policy.
The EIA consultants for the WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field also carried out other pre-entry requirements
by holding meetings and discussions with key segments of the host communities. Issues like roles and
responsibilities of the consultant, SPDC obligations, and community expectations were discussed
during these meetings.
Other issues and expectations raised by the communities of the project area include:
Employment of the indigenes by the company
Provision of basic amenities like pipe-borne water and electricity
Provision of Schools and award of scholarships to indigenes
Provision of micro-credit facilities to boost economic activities in the communities
7-2
Chapter Seven Consultation
7-3
Chapter Seven Consultation
7-4
Chapter Seven Consultation
Plate 9: Market
7-5
Chapter Seven Consultation
7-6
Chapter Eight Conclusion and References
CHAPTER EIGHT
8.0 CONCLUSION
This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report was prepared adopting a multi-
disciplinary team approach consistent with the FMEnv Sectoral Guidelines for Oil and
Gas Projects and the DPR’s Environmental Guidelines and Standards for Petroleum
Industries in Nigeria. The EIA study involved detailed literature search, field
observations and in situ measurements, field sampling, laboratory and data analyses,
impact identification, evaluation and reporting.
The WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field presents opportunity to monetize SPDC gas and
secure the company’s ‘Licence to Operate’ (LTO) in Nigeria by developing existing gas
resources and facilities to satisfy the gas purchase agreement (GPA) signed with N-Gas
for the West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) project, whilst maintaining supply/demand
balance for existing gas contracts and commitments in the western domestic gas
network in Nigeria. The Oben Gas Plant has the flexibility to support the low-pressure
customers as well as supply at higher pressures to the ELPS and the Ajakouta Power
Plant.
Among other things the project is intended to: meet contractual gas demand of the
Western Domestic Gas Market, secure additional sources of gas supply to the proposed
West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP), develop large gas reserves and enhance SPDC
reputation as a reliable gas supplier.
The WDGSP/WAGP at Oben Field is thus designed to ensure optimal utilisation and
recovery of the huge gas deposits within the Oben Field. This will, in addition to
increasing the national gas reserves, increase the national foreign earnings as well as
boost SPDC gas production target. The project will also create employment
opportunities and consequently increase the standard of living of many Nigerians.
However, the EIA report has highlighted the potential and associated adverse impacts
on the environment. These impacts are mainly short-term, residual, highly localized and
reversible on the immediate environment. Also some aspects of the project are
expected to elicit positive impacts on the environment. The EIA recommends that such
positive impacts should be sustained and enhanced.
Mitigation measures have been proffered for each of the identified potential and
associated adverse impacts of the project. Also, an Environmental Management Plan
(EMP) has been developed to ensure that the identified potential impacts can be
reduced to “as low as practically reasonable” (ALARP). Most importantly, monitoring
programmes and environmental auditing of the project have been recommended
throughout its life span. This is to ensure that all impact indicators for the various
environmental components at every phase of the project are within statutory limits.
8-1
Chapter Eight Conclusion and References
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319 pp.
FEPA (1991): National Guidelines and Standards for Industrial Effluents, Gaseous Emissions
and Hazardous Wastes Management in Nigeria. 59 – 66.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (1974). FAO – UNESCO Soils Map of the world. Vol. 1:
Legend. Paris UNESCO.
Greig-Smith, P. (1988). Quantitative Plant Ecology 2nd edition. Wiley Eastern Limited, New
Delhi. 413pp. http: // Inweb 18.Worldbank.org
Ibia, T. O. (1994). Evaluation of the phosphorus status of soils of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Industrial and Energy Operations Division, West Central Africa Department (1995). Defining an
Environmental Developmrnt Strategy for the Niger Deltal Vol. I and II.
Leopold, L. B., Clarke, F. E., Hanshaw; B. B. and Balsley, J. R. (1971). A Procedure for
Evaluating Environmental Impacts. US Geological Survey Circular 645. Department of
Interior, Washington, D. C., 13p.
Longhurst, A. R. (1965). The coastal oceanography of the Gulf of Guinea Bull. IFAN XXVI No.2
8-3
Chapter Eight Conclusion and References
Maidment, D.R. and Reed, S.M. (1996). Soil water balance in West Africa. FAO/UNESCO
Water Balance of Africa.
Mc. Harg, I. A. (1968). Comprehensive Highway Route Selection Methods. Highway Res.
Record No.246, pp. 1 – 5.
Odu, C.T.I., Nwoboshi, L.C., Esuruoso, O. F., Ogunwale, J.A. and Chindah, A. (1987).
Environmental Study of the Nigerian Agip Kwale Plant. Submitted to Nigerian Agip Oil
Company.
Odum, E.P. (1971). Fundamantals of Ecology. 3rd Edition Saunders Coy, Philadelphia, 574P.
Oomkens, E. (1974). Lithofacies relations in the late quarternary Niger Delta complex.
Sedimentology 21, 195 – 222.
Oosting, H.J. (1956). The Study of Plan Communities. Introd. to plant Ecology. 2nd Edition.
W.H. freeman & Co. San franscisco. 440p.
Peterson , G. L., Gemmel, R. S., and Shofer, J. L. (1974) Assessment of Environmental Impact,
Multiple Disciplinary Judgement of large scale projects. 218: 23 – 30.
Powel, C. B. (1996). Wildlife Study 1. Report to the Environmental Affairs Department, SPDC
of Nigeria, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Raunkareir, C. (1934). The Life Form of Plants and Statistics Plant Geography. Clarendos
Press, Oxford.
Reijers, T.J.A., Nwajide, C.S., and Adesida, A.A. (1997). Sedimentology and Lithostratigraphy of
the Niger Delta. Paper presented at the AAPG conference, Vienna (September 1997)
and the NAPE Conference, Lagos (November, 1997).
RPI, (1985). Environmental baseline studies for the establishment of control criteria and
standards against petroleum related pollution in Nigeria. Research Planning Institute,
Inc. Columbia, South Caolina, USA.
Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F. J. (1995). Biometry. Colt Freeman and Company, New York. 887pp.
The Mineral Oil Safety Regulations: 1969 Petroleum Act, revised 1995.
Tobor, J. G. (1991). The fishing industry in Nigeria. Status and potential for self sufficiency
in fish production. NIOMR tech. Paper No. 54. NIOMR Lagos 33pp.
8-4
Chapter Eight Conclusion and References
UNEP. (1985). The impact of Water based Drilling Mud discharges on the Environment. Industry
and Environment Overviews Series.
Van Wambeke, A. R. (1962). Criteria for classifying tropical soils by age. J. Soil Sci. 13:124 –
132.
Wahden, A. A., M. M. El-Bahal and A. A. Moustafa. (1984). Drainage effect on root distribution
systems. Egypt. J. Soil Sci. 24: 201 – 208.
Wathern, P. (1986). Environmental Impact Assessment (Theory and Practice). John Wiley &
Sons Ltd. 17-97.
Whiteman, A. (1982). Nigeria: its petroleum geology, resources and potential. 2 volumes.
Graham and Trotman, 394pp.
8-5
Environmental Impact Assessment of OBEN GAS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
FMENV COMMENTS UPDATE STATUS
Page 1-6, forestry law CAP 52 1994, cross check Edo State Forestry Law is
the statement that the imputed
forestry law CAP 52 of Lagos is the only
substantive legislation
applicable to all part of the federation.
There is the Bendel State forestry
Edict applicable to present Edo and Delta
State.
3. CHAPTER TWO
The Sources of all their tables in this Sources included where they
chapter should be provided. This were not derived from the fied
became important since all the data for study
the study are not from the same
source.
Page 3-4 3.2,4 land use and agriculture, through land use Inserted a Table,a Pie Chart and
pattern could be presented in maps, a a Bar Chart of the Percentage
percentage distribution of the land use Distribution of Land use Pattern
will give a better analytical picture. Page 3-6, 3-7
Page 1 of 5
Environmental Impact Assessment of OBEN GAS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
FMENV COMMENTS UPDATE STATUS
Page 7-3, plate 6
"Oben potable water project" should be Corrected
"Oben potable water project".
4. ECOLOGY – DR ZUOFA
Ecological aspect of the report appears to Seasonal variation updated.
be a one season study as
shown by various results presented in
tasks. How can this be justified ?
The sampling map in Appendix I appears Sampling map has been updated
not to be clear on the number of sampling and now shows sampling points
points. Find adequate coverage of the for ecological parameters listed.
proposed
project site. How many why samplings Coordinates for other parameter
for vegetation? Did you s included. (See sampling map)
provide sampling points coordinates for
soil on page A-4 and not
for other parameters.
Page 3-5 "The land use Map" of Oben field Area (a)The distance between the
identified forest undisturbed forest to the gas
Reserve as one of the major element of plant is between 3-4 km.
the founding Environment (b) Addressed in paragraph 3 of
(a) How far is the undisturbed forest to page 3-5
the gas plant
(b) Is there any activity of the proposed
project (like flowline
flares that may constitute to the
deterioration of ambient environment etc)
that will transverse impact undisturbed
forest.
Page 3-9 to 3-11, The density and percentage Updated. Pages 3-11, 3-12, 3-13,
on tables 3.6. 3.7,
of the key tree species and herbaceous 3-14
3.8. layer were determined but
column rare and endangered plant species
were not provided.
5. AQUATIC STUDIES
Page A-6 Appendix A barrow pit and Jamieson River (until Ecological data from Jamieson
rare River and burrow pit updated.
sampled for surface water, photoplankton, Pages 3-16, 3-17, 3-18, 3-19, 3-
zooplankton, benthos 20, 3-21, 3-22, 3-23
and micro biological analysis.
(a) The distance of gas plant to Jamieson Distance is 7km (Corrected)
River (control) should
be stated, as certain portion of the report
stated 7Km while in
another section of the report it is 15km.
(b) The composites water samples taken Water data quality of Jamieson
for surface water, River represents surface water
photoplankton, zooplankton, bel1thos and quality of the area. Tables 3.11a
microbiological & 3.11b. Pages 3-16, 3-17, 3-18
Page 2 of 5
Environmental Impact Assessment of OBEN GAS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
FMENV COMMENTS UPDATE STATUS
analysis in borrow pit could not haee
provided as standard
representative of the water body in the
area for a good result
How many sampling point for water One point (composite sample) at
surface? Jamieson River and one point at
The species diversity indices of the Burrow pit. Table 3.13a &
phytoplankton and 3.13b. pp 3-20, 3-21
zooplankton are generally low, which
may be as a result the
source of tile composite samples.
Page 3.2.3 “soil studies" lines 1-3, the statement that Corrected. See section 3.2.3 p 3-
"the dominant 3
texture is loamy sand with a mean
percentage sand of 83.2% (Table 3.3)
but from table 3.3 "physiochemical
characteristics of soil in the Oben field"
the particle size analyses (sand, silt and
clay) and not loamy soil it
is better to say that “sand” is the dominant
component of 83.2%" instead
of loamy sand.
The source and date of data acquisition of See 3-1 for date.
tables 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, Acquisition was through field
3.10, 3.11. 3.12, 3.13 should be stated. study
Result for stations BH2 and BH3 on page Corrected. See Table 3.18, p 3-
3-14. table 3.10 not shown. 27
Page 3 of 5
Environmental Impact Assessment of OBEN GAS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
FMENV COMMENTS UPDATE STATUS
6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC COMMENTS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) OF THE PROPOSED DOMESTIC
GAS SUPPLY PROJECT/WEST AFRICA GAS PIPELINE BY
SPDC
I have gone through the draft EIA report
on the proposed project with
specific reference to the socio economic
aspects. The socio-economic
section provides an adequate overview of
the study devout just a few
pages to this important aspect. This an
attempt by SPDC to follow the
global paradigm shift to more emphasis
on the social, economic and
health impacts of development projects.
However there are some specific
gaps to be filled.
Page 3-22. under political and socio-cultural history, Corrected. See Table 3.19, p 3-
it is stated that 28
the geographic locations and some of the
features of the host
communities are shown in table 3.14. the
table does not show the
geographic features rather if presents the
demographic structure.
Also page 3-23, under demographic characteristics the Updated – see Table 3.19
1991
population figures of these communities
should have been presented
and the figures projected to year 2006
based on the population growth
rates for such settlements.
Page 4 of 5
Environmental Impact Assessment of OBEN GAS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
FMENV COMMENTS UPDATE STATUS
earning less than
NI0,000.00 per annum (which is less than Figures corrected
N1,000 per month) for
communities with about 6 persons per See Table 3.26
household. There is need to re-
examine the figures.
Page 5 of 5
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT STAKEHOLDER "ENVIRONMENT"
Project Activities and Sensitivities Matrix Physico-chemical Biological Environment Socio-economic environment Socio-cultural environment Issues (that were not already identified
environment Supporting economic Supporting social equity Protecting as sensitivities)
for Construction Protecting the Production Function Protecting Integrity Protecting resources Protecting health
House Social development Protecting and integrity
Mixed Ecosys. Protecting and supporting the social
water Forestry Ecosystem function ecosystem supporting the built Protecting and controlling health determinants Direct health protection
farming comp. infrastructure
provision function environment
Exposure to STIs/HIV/AIDS
Sense of Place / Wellbeing
Access to housing
Poverty alleviation
Balance in gender
Rainforest system
Personal Hygiene
Access to forests
Quality of habitat
Farmland system
Physical activity
Access to roads
Ethnic balance
Balance in age
Morbidity Rate
Mortality Rate
participation
Soil quality
Air quality
Lifestyle
aA aB aC aD aE aF aG aH aL aM aN aO aP aQ aR aU aV aW aX aY aZ bA bB bC bD bE bF bG bH bI bJ bK bL bM bN bO bQ bR bS bT bU bV bW bX bY bZ cA cB cC cD cE cF cG cH cI cJ cK cL cQ cR cS cT cU cV cW cX cY
1 Mobilization
1.1 Pre-mobilization x x x x x x x
1.2 Erection of lay down area x x x x x * x * * x x x x x x x x x x * x x
7 Site preparation
8.3 Flowlines X x x x x x X * X * * x X X X X X X x X X X X X X X X * X X X X X
9 Waste Generation-Emmisions
APPENDIX I (Maps)
A-1
Appendixes
APPENDIX 2
Since their analysis may be required in legal proceeding, it is essential to establish sample
authenticity. Samples were properly sealed and labeled. All data collected were labeled and
information such as the following were provided:
A-2
Appendixes
Where samples were sent to another laboratory for examination, a duplicate copy of this
information was sent along with the samples. All movements of the samples were included on
the samples record. Basic information were recorded together with results of analysis in a
register.
The details of the methodology of data acquisition for each of the environmental components listed above are
discussed as follows:
Temperature was monitored using thermo-anemometers, relative humidity with a self-recording hair
hygrograph, rainfall with a rain gauge, wind speed with a cup anemometer and wind direction with a wind vane.
Air quality
The same sites used for meteorological data acquisition were used for air quality and noise level studies.
Digital air quality equipment (Photoionization Detector - Perkin Elmer model; ToxiRae Detector - Toxi model
and MicroDust pro - Trem model) were used to determine the concentrations of SOx, NOx, VOC, SPM and
CO2 in the air. At each sampling station readings were taken continuously for 15 minutes and extrapolated to
give an hourly reading for three hours per sampling site taken as three replicate readings.
Noise
Noise levels at various distances from point sources were measured using a decibel noise meter - Sound
Level Meter : model SC 200L . Measurements were taken for 15 minutes at each point. The ranges of the
noise level were noted and the true mean computed. (The 15 minutes interval per every reading is a
quality control measures to take care of fall-out reading caused by vehicular movements)
Soil studies
The sampling points were initially pre-determined during desktop studies using maps and other materials
provided by Shell. However, during the field study, the exact positions of the sampling points were slightly
modified at some sites as a result of factors such as accessibility, nature of terrain, the ability of the Global
Positioning System (GPS) to receive signals and safety considerations.
Field Sampling
The field was divided into grids and composite soil samples were colleted from these grids. At each point,
samples were collected at two depths (0-15 and 15-30) using a stainless steel hand auger. The samples
were placed in black polythene bags and stored in containers. Soil samples for microbiological analysis was
taken with aluminum foil and stored in ice-chest. A total of twenty two (22 i.e. 8 composite samples of top and
subsurface soil, and 3 composite random samples) soil samples were collected. The co-ordinates and
physical descriptions of the soil samples are shown in the table below.
A-3
Appendixes
Laboratory Analysis
A combination of standard on site measuring requirement and the DPR EGASPIN 2002 recommended
analytical procedures (Part VIII Section D, 2.0) were used in this EIA study. Aquatic (biological and physico-
chemical) parameters were subjected to APHA analytical procedures for water quality. Trace metals will be
analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Analysis of all samples will carried out in DPR
accredited laboratories (i.e. Thermosteel laboratories for all physico-chemical and microbiological analysis). All
analysis were carried out in triplicate and subjected to statistical analysis.
A-4
Appendixes
Vegetation
Vegetation studies were carried out at the same sampling stations with soil studies to determine the
species composition, diversity, and population of plant species as well as their health status (plant
pathology). The density and percentage of the key tree species and the herbaceous layer were
determined while rare and endangered plant species and all those of special significance to the ecosystem
and the local economy were categorized (Oosting, 1956). The species diversity of the plants was
calculated as the ratio between the number of species and “importance value” which, for the purpose of
this study, were taken as the number of individuals per quadrant (Odum, 1971).
The vegetation studies were carried out using a combination of line transects and quadrant sampling
technique. At each sampling location, two quadrants measuring 10m x 10m and 1m x 1m were used to
study trees and shrubs, and herbs respectively. The plant community structure was observed and the
plant species within each quadrant were identified. The floral and vegetative parts of unidentified plant
species were collected, pressed in the field with herbarium press, and taken to the laboratory for
herbarium studies and identification. The population of the dominant plant species in each quadrant was
determined by counting.
The life form spectra of the various plant communities within each of the sampling locations was analysed
using the Raunkerian life form classification scheme ( which divides the life form into the following:
CHAMAEPHYTES (Ch) - Plants with surviving buds close to the ground surface. In this
study, climbers were included in this class.
HEMICRYTOPHYTES (Her) - Plants with surviving buds at the ground level.
CRYPTOPHYTES (Cry) - Plants with surviving buds below the ground level. This includes
rhizomes, corms, tubers and geophytes.
THEROPHYTES (The) - These are annual plants. Mature leaves of the commonest plants were
collected for plant tissue analyses.
Pathological investigations were carried out by moving across each of the various micro ecotypes and farms
within and around the sampling locations. This was aimed at determining, as well as listing the pests and
A-5
Appendixes
diseases of crops. Disease severity for each crop was determined by the use of standard disease severity
index expressed as infection indices.
Diseased plant/crop parts were aseptically collected using a sharp knife into sterilized polythene bags for
further pathological studies in the laboratory.
Photographs were taken of the key vegetation types and other features of interest
Wildlife
The wildlife studies was carried out using the following:
• Visual observation and documentation of their droppings
• Oral discussions with natives of the study area
• Tree beating, purpose mark, feathers, shells etc.
• Observation of wildlife sold in the local market by hunters.
Information on available species and relative abundance were also obtained through oral interview and
discussion with indigenous hunters.
The following parameters were particularly considered in the study:
* Species composition/abundance
* Reproduction method
* Feeding method
• Wildlife
Aquatic studies
A borrow pit and Jamieson River (as control) were sampled for surface water, phytoplankton, zooplankton,
benthos and microbiological analyses.
Sampling Methodology
At each water sampling station, composite water samples were taken from the surface of the water body and
mixed. The resulting sample was poured into appropriate sample bottles , preserved as appropriate (viz.
A-6
Appendixes
acidified to a pH of 1.5 for heavy metal analysis and the others kept at 4oC) and then transported to the
laboratory for analyses.
Water temperature was measured in situ using Radiometer, while transparency was determined with a
Turbidimeter. Sample for dissolved oxygen (DO) was fixed in the field using 1.0 ml each of Winkler’s Solutions
A and B (APHA, 1989).
Samples for BOD5 determination were collected in black 250ml reagent bottles and taken to the laboratory for a
five-day incubation, fixing and analysis.
Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) , conductivity, turbidity, salinity, and total dissolved solids were measured in
situ using Radiometer (portable digital meters).
Dissolved oxygen and BOD5 samples were analysed in the laboratory using the Winkler’s titrimetric method.
The elevation of each borehole above mean sea level was also measured. The water in each borehole was
subtracted from the elevation of the borehole point to obtain the total head of water in the borehole.
The boreholes were then located on the map and a triangle was drawn on the map with the boreholes and their
respective total head value at the apices. Equipotential lines were drawn using the total head data, and
perpendicular lines drawn to these equipotential lines gave groundwater flow direction in the area.
The groundwater flow direction in this area is from the North to the Southern direction, and the flow rate is
1.2m/s.
Socio-economic studies
This SIA was executed, using the following, best practice, methodology:
A-8
Appendixes
Other major facilities and landmarks, such as water and electricity projects, school buildings, health care
facilities, markets, town halls, small scale (informal sector) activities, community shrines, among others, were
physically inspected. Their geographical locations were recorded with the hand-held Global Positioning System
(GPS).
Health studies
The EIA study design adopted was the same as that used for the EIA of the SPDC-W land Associated Gas
Gathering Project of 2001 as follows:
(A) Community Consultation
(B) Health Survey
(C) Physical Examination of the Environment
(D) Anthropometric measurement of health indicators
(A) COMMUNITY CONSULTATION
With a map of the location, the selected communities were visited and in each community the Chief, Elders,
Opinion leaders, Women leaders, and Youth Leaders were first contacted informally, various meetings were
A-9
Appendixes
held with the Chairman of Development Committee and Traditional Heads. These meetings were intended to
sensitize the communities on the need for such studies and sought full cooperation and participation in the
survey. This also helped in expelling any misconceptions and wrong notions existed on some of the SPDC oil
development project activities. When such misconceptions were noticed among some of the community
members, they were promptly addressed and resolved during the consultation.
The Health Impact Assessment Studies is a vital aspect of EIA and EER studies of any development project in
order to evaluate the impact of the project on the communities. The four Oben communities involved in the
study were Iguelaba, Oben (which is the capital), Ikobi and Obozogbe’ Nugu. This necessitated the present
HIA studies in the proposed Oben Field project The HIA studies broadly addressed the assessment of the
healthcare facilities, prevalent diseases and general health status of the people in the area. The studies
involved assessment of the environmental living conditions that affect health viz. type of water supply and
availability, types and adequacy of toilet facilities, drainage and sanitary conditions, types and condition of
houses, and waste disposal practices. Anthropometric measurements of children and nutritional status of
communities were also assessed. The studies also identified possible health hazards and health risks in the
project area. Mitigation measures against the identified hazards were proffered. The HIA studies of the host
communities were carried out using the recommended guidelines of DPR and FMEnv.
A-10
Appendixes
houses are built all along the major road. Every 5th house was sampled starting from the first house at
the beginning of the community. The senior most or available adults in the household were interviewed.
(b) Instrument of Data Collection: The Questionnaire used in the data collection contained questions
addressing the socio-demographic data: housing infrastructure, physical environment , health
conditions and well being, pattern of communicable and non-communicable diseases, health seeking
behaviours, nutritional status, occupational health, lifestyles and social habits which are determinants of
health. (Appendix 3).
(c) Physical Examination: Adults, children and infants in the surveyed households were physically
examined to assess the general condition of health. Some of the parameters assessed were weight and
height (used to calculate Body Mass Index) hair quality and colour, the eyes, skin, ears, mouth, breath
and heart beat, presence of communicable and non-communicable diseases, breasts and abdominal
palpation. Samples of blood smear, urine and stools could not be taken for laboratory analysis due to
negative cultural beliefs of the people which are strong in the area.
(d) Nutritional and Health Status in Children: A total of 50 children (25 males and 25 females) between the
Ages of 5 years and 14 years were examined from the Primary school Oben. A rapid appraisal in the
school set up was chosen in view of the shortage of time and to obtain a good mix up of the
communities n the area. Some of the parameters assessed were their Socio-demographic
characteriatics, variable food intake pattern (24 hour meal recall) common childhood diseases,
immunization status and physical examination. Height, weight, mid upper Arm circumference, hair
colour, eyes, skin and general appearance of the individual were recorded (Appendix 3).
(III) Group Assembly Discussions (FGDS)
One Group Assembly Discussion was held in each community. In each of the Group
Assemblydiscussions male elders, youths and women were segregated and discussd separately. The
discussions were conducted using a ‘guide’ specially developed to address issues on knowledge, attitude,
perception and beliefs of common health problems in the community. More specifically, these included:
- Available health facilities
- Life style habits
- Felt needs of the community
- Possible impact of the proposed project on health and wellbeing in the community.
- Possible ways of ameliorating any negative impacts.
Questionnaire Guide employed at the Group Assembly Discussion is given in Appendix 3.
A-11
Appendixes
A-12
Appendixes
A-13
Appendixes
(I) Recruitment and training of Field Assistants: Two field assistant were recruited and trained from
each of the four communities (i.e. a total of 8 Field Assistants) on the modalities of the survey and
the proper administration of the questionnaire. They were closely supervised and even pre-tested
through a mini survey using two respondents per Field Assistant before the commencement of the
main survey. This was to ensure Quality control.
A-14
Appendixes
(f) Population Sampling: The stratified random sampling method was employed. Sampling was done
community by community and within each community household stratification was employed since the
houses are built all along the major road. Every 5th house was sampled starting from the first house at
the beginning of the community. The senior most or available adults in the household were interviewed.
(g) Instrument of Data Collection: The Questionnaire used in the data collection contained questions
addressing the socio-demographic data: housing infrastructure, physical environment , health
conditions and well being, pattern of communicable and non-communicable diseases, health seeking
behaviours, nutritional status, occupational health, lifestyles and social habits which are determinants of
health. (Appendix 3).
(h) Physical Examination: Adults, children and infants in the surveyed households were physically
examined to assess the general condition of health. Some of the parameters assessed were weight and
height (used to calculate Body Mass Index) hair quality and colour, the eyes, skin, ears, mouth, breath
and heart beat, presence of communicable and non-communicable diseases, breasts and abdominal
palpation. Samples of blood smear, urine and stools could not be taken for laboratory analysis due to
negative cultural beliefs of the people which are strong in the area.
(i) Nutritional and Health Status in Children: A total of 50 children (25 males and 25 females) between the
Ages of 5 years and 14 years were examined from the Primary school Oben. A rapid appraisal in the
school set up was chosen in view of the shortage of time and to obtain a good mix up of the
communities’i n the area. Some of the parameters assessed were their Socio-demographic
characteristics, variable food intake pattern (24 hour meal recall) common childhood diseases,
immunization status and physical examination. Height, weight, mid upper Arm circumference, hair
colour, eyes, skin and general appearance of the individual were recorded (Appendix 3).
A-15
Appendixes
- Possible impact of the proposed project on health and wellbeing in the community.
- Possible ways of ameliorating any negative impacts.
Questionnaire Guide employed at the Group Assembly Discussion is given in Appendix 3.
A-16
Appendixes
APPENDIX 4
SIA QUESTIONNAIRE
1 NEIGHBOURHOOD/COMMUNITY/SETTLEMENT
1.1 Name of interviewer: ---------------------------------------------------------------------
1.2 Date of interview:--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.3 Neighborhood /comm./settle:------ ----------------------------------------------------
1.4 Local Govt. Area:--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.5 State:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.8.4 Tertiary
2.8.5 No formal education.
3. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 Family size (Husband, wife/wives and children)
3.1.1 1-3
3.1.2 4-6
3.1.3 7-10
3.1.4 11-15
3.1.5 above 15
3.2 Sex: How many are:
3.2.1 Males-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2.2 Females:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.3 How many births in your family in the last 12 months?
3.3.1 0
3.3.2 1
3.3.3 2
3.3.4 3
3.3.5 4
3.4 How many deaths in your family in the last 12 months?
3.4.1 0
3.4.2 1
3.4.3 2
3.4.4 3
3.4.5 4
4. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
4.1 What is your occupation?
4.1.1 Farming
4.1.2 Fishing
4.1.3 Hunting
4.1.4 Civil servant
4.1.5 Trading
4.1.6 Business
4.1.7 Industrial worker
4.1.8 Other (specify):----------------------------------------------------------------------
4.2 If farmer, what crops do you grow? ………………………………………………
4.2.1 Yearly quality of farm produce in the last 5yrs …………………………
4.3 If fisherman, name some fishes …………………………………………………..
4.3.1 Yearly quality of fish caught in the last 5yrs…………………………..
4. 4 How long have you been in the occupation?
4.4.1 0-5 years
4.4.2 6-10 years
4.4.3 11-20 years
4.4.4 21-30 years
4.4.5 above 30 years.
4.5 How many members of your household are employed in Petroleum related companies operating in this
area?
A-18
Appendixes
4.5.1 None
4.5.2 1
4.5.3 2
4.5.4 3
4.5.5 4
4.6 Please state the number of your household who have attained 18 years and above but are not employed.
4.6.1 None
4.6.2 1
4.6.3 2
4.6.4 3
4.6.5 4
4.6.6 5
4.6.7 6
4.6.8 others (specify)--------------------------------------------------------------------
4.7 Does any of the persons above have any form of technical training related to the operations of oil
companies in the area? If yes how many?
4.7.1 1
4.7.2 2
4.7.3 3
4.7.4 4
4.7.5 5
4.8 Please briefly specify the nature of the training and indicate the number of persons who have such training
4.8.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.8.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.8.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.8.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.8.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.9 How much do you realise from farming in a week?
4.9.1 N0.0 - N250.00
4.9.2 N250.00 - N500.00
4.9.3 N501.00 - N750.00
4.9.4 N751.00 - N1000.00
4.9.5 N1001.00 - N1,500.00
4.9.6 N1,501.00 - N1,750.00
4.9.7 N1,751.00 - N2,000.00
4.9.8 Above N2,000.00
4.10 How much do you realise from other activities/sources in a week?
4.10.1 N0.00 - N500.00
4.10.2 N501.00 - N1000.00
4.10.3 N1001.00 - N1,500.00
4.10.4 N1,501.00 - N2,000.00
4.10.5 Others----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.11 What is your annual income?
4.11.1 N11,000 - N20,000
4.11.2 N21,000 - N30,000
4.11.3 N31,000 - N40,000
4.11.4 N41,000 - N50,000
4.11.5 N51,000 - N60,000
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Appendixes
5. SOCIAL/CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
5.1 What is your religion?
5.1.1 Christianity
5.1.2 Islam
5.1.3 Traditional
5.1.4 Others (specify)----------------------------------------------------------------------
5.2 Which of the following do you have around this neighbourhood /community: (Please show us the location)
5.2.1 Shrines
5.2.2 Sacred ground/forest
5.2.3 Historical / archaeological site
5.2.4 Religious houses
5.2.5 Others (Special)
5.3 What of these social problems do you have in your neighbourhood?
5.3.1 Youth /juvenile delinquency/unrest
5.3.2 Land dispute
5.3.3 Chieftancy problem
5.3.4 Inter-village problem
5.3.5 Inter-family problem
5.3.6 Unemployment
5.3.7 Others (specify)
5.3.8 None of the above
5.4 What is your source of water supply?
5.4.1 Pipe-borne water
5.4.2 Hand dug well
5.4.3 Streams
5.4.4 Rainfall
5.4.5 Others (please specify)
5.5 What are your sources of energy?
5.5.1 Wood
5.5.2 Kerosene
5.5.3 Gas
5.5.4 Petrol
5.5.5 Coal
5.5.6 Electricity
5.6 What are you fears about this proposed project?
5.6.1 Loss of land (land acquisition)
5.6.2 Damage of agricultural land
5.6.3 Cultural interference
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Appendixes
6 SOCIAL STATISTICS
(For interviewer only) Note and record the following:
6.1 School statistics
6.1.1 Primary school enrolment data Primary 1 to IV
6.1.2 Secondary school enrolment data JSS 1-3, SSS 1-3
6.1.3 Other educational institutions
6.2 What are the common illnesses in this community?
6.2.1 Malaria
6.2.2 Yellow fever
6.2.3 Dysentery/diarrhoea
6.2.4 Measles/any other contagious disease
6.2.5 Cough
6.2.6 Skin diseases
6.2.7 Others (specify):---------------------------------------------------------------------
6.3 What are the common environmental problems in the neighbourhood/community?
6.3.1 Flooding
6.3.2 Shoreline erosion
6.3.3 Deforestation
6.4 State of infrastructure
6.4.1 Roads
6.4.2 Building materials
6.4.3 Sanitation
6.4.4 Others (specify):---------------------------------------------------------------------
6.4.5 No idea
7 WILDLIFE
7.1 Where do you usually hunt?
7.1.1 Within a few metres from the village
7.1.2 Bush
7.2 Please list the types wild animal and birds you normally see or catch in this area
7.2.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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7.2.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.10 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.3 In the last 5 years have you noticed any changes in the population of animals and birds in the forest?
………………………
7.4 What are the changes?
7.4.1 Increasing
7.4.2 The same
7.4.3 Decreasing
7.5 If decreasing what do you think is responsible? (Record answer verbatim).
7.5.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.5.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.5.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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